Vertebral Fractures in Newborn Calves

A prospective study on vertebral fractures in newborn calves is described. Vertebral fractures were found in 7.0% of necropsied calves of the Danish Holstein-Friesian (SDM) and Red Danish Dairy (RDM) breeds. Cases were not found in submitted calves of the Jersey breed or beef breeds. At least in beef breeds this was probably due to the low number necropsied. The rate of vertebral fractures in SDM and RDM breeds and between males and females were similar. Most cases occurred in calves born by heifers, and manual traction force had been applied in all cases. All fractures which in most cases consisted of a simple epiphysiolysis were located at the thoraco-lumbar area, and especially the posterior epiphysis of T13 was afflicted.     

新生犊牛衣原体关节炎的研究

2001年4月份,京郊奶牛场新生犊牛出现多发性关节炎。流行特点是:生后3d内发病多,病后3d内死亡多。临床症状是体温升高,腕、跗和冠关节肿大,剖检见关节周围肌肉充血,水肿,筋膜出血,关节液混浊,有纤维素块,关节面出血、溃烂。组织学变化特征是:肝细胞变性、坏死,核内有包涵体;脑神经细胞变性、坏死,血管水肿,周围浆细胞、淋巴细胞浸润形成“血管套”。用关节液与等量衣原体阳性血清混合,37℃中和1h后,卵黄囊接种6日龄SPF鸡胚2枚,每枚0.3mL,同时设病原对照、正常鸡胚对照各1枚,封腊后37℃孵育观察12d,结果关节液中和组鸡胚全存活,病原对照组死亡,表明关节液中存在的病原应为衣原体。犊牛所发生的关节肿大为衣原体所致的多发性关节炎。     

Maximal Ventilation Assessment in Healthy Calves

In order to define a reliable method for estimating maximal ventilation in cattle, 12 healthy calves underwent a rebreathing trial and injections of increasing doses of lobeline, a respiratory analeptic. The effects of these tests on the main ventilatory parameters (tidal volume, VT; respiratory frequency, fRand minute volume,.VE) recorded during the 15 s of maximal response were studied and compared. The sharp rise in.VE(4.8 times higher than the resting value) observed during the rebreathing trial was mainly due to an increase in VT. This rise in ventilation was the highest ever reported in calves. Lobeline dose-dependently enhanced ventilation up to a threshold dose of 0.25 mg/kg, which always produced a maximal response. This maximal response (3.7 times higher than the resting value), reflecting both an increase in fR and VT, was reproducible at an interval of 12 h and was highly correlated with that observed during the rebreathing trial (R = 0.98, P< 0.001). These results suggest that: (1) rebreathing trial is a reliable method to induce and measure maximal ventilation in calves; and (2) lobeline administration (0.25 mg/kg) is a reliable means of accurately estimating this variable. Lobeline administration, unlike the rebreathing trial, is safe and easy to standardize, and the test therefore seems to be the preferred way of studying maximal ventilation in calves.     

新生荷斯坦犊牛胃的形态学观测

对31头新生荷斯坦犊牛胃进行了观测。结果表明,新生荷斯坦犊牛胃总重405.01±68.55g,占体重的1.08%±0.17%,胃总容积2623.58±443.74mL,皱胃容积1586.54±446.86mL,网胃沟非常发达。前胃黏膜乳头细软,无角质层,呈淡粉红色或白色,瓣胃瓣叶分5级,约160余片。皱胃分2型,黏膜光滑、柔软,呈淡黄色,分区不明显,有14片高约1.7cm的黏膜褶。     

Absorption and Synthesis of Immunoglobulins G in Newborn Calves

Newborn calves (n=19) got 4.5 liters of pooled colostrum within three feedings in the first 14 hours post natum (p.n.). The immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 concentrations in the colostrum pool were 54.9 mg/ml and 4.2 mg/ml. The precolostral serum IgG concentrations in calves were 0.15 mg/ml (IgG1; SD 0.24) and 0.06 mg/ml (IgG2; SD 0.14). The highest serum IgG levels p.n. were measured 12 hours after the first colostrum feeding (9.3 mg IgG1/ml (SD 4.0), 0.8 mg IgG1/ml (SD 1.0). Thereafter, the mean IgG1 level was reduced continuously to the significant lowest concentration of 4.9 mg/ml (SD 2.3) at day 28 p.n. and then increased continuously to the significant highest concentration of 9.0 mg/ml (SD 4.8) on day 77 p.n. The mean concentration of IgG2 was lowest on day 11 p.n. (0.5 mg/ml; SD 0.4) and highest on day 77 p.n. (1.2 mg/ml; SD 0.6).
In blood from 198 calves, housed in Germany and sampled between day 4 and 6 p.n., the IgG concentration averaged 4.9 mg/ml serum (SD 3.3). From 93 dams of these calves a sample of the first colostrum could be obtained showing a mean concentration of 22.0 mg IgG/ml (SD 11.0). IgG levels in the colostrum and in the serum showed a correlation of r=0.37.
In Kenia IgG levels of three week old calves from two farms were measured. The calves were always with mother for the first 24 hours. The mean serum IgG concentrations of the calves were 22.5 mg IgG/ml (n=7, SD 6.8) and 15.2 mg IgG/ml (n=15; SD 6.3). Comparing to the serum IgG levels found in calves of our studies in Germany there were significant differences.     

新生牦牛犊奶泻病的综合治疗

笔者从2017-2018年在兽医临床上共收治该病23例,采用综合防治措施,治愈21例,有效率达91.3%,收到良好的治疗效果。     

新生犊牛孱弱症的治疗

新生犊牛孱弱症是指仔畜产出后衰弱无力，生活力低下的一种病态。如果本病得不到及时有效地治疗，很快会导致新生犊牛的死亡。     

新生犊牛异物性肺炎的治疗

新生犊牛异物性肺炎是多种牛肺炎的一种,多由于母牛难产、羊水进入犊牛气管和肺内后引起或犊牛出生后哺乳时导致乳汁进入气管而造成的一种犊牛呼吸道疾病。笔者在诊疗过程中遇到一例典型的新生犊牛异物性肺炎病例,现将诊疗体会分享如下。     

Plasma Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Healthy Calves and Calves with Congenital Heart Disease

Background: The basic and clinical implications of evaluating plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration in calves are unknown.
Objective: To investigate the relationship between the plasma ANP concentration and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in healthy calves subjected to volume overload (Study 1), and to compare the plasma ANP concentration in calves with or without heart disease (Study 2).
Animals: Six healthy calves were used in Study 1; disease calves and sick calves with (n = 9) and without congenital heart disease (CHD) (n = 9) were used in Study 2.
Methods: In Study 1, LVEDP in anesthetized calves was manipulated by IV administration of acetated Ringer's solution (rate of 100 mL/kg/h for 20 minutes) and furosemide. In Study 2, disease calves were identified by blood examination and echocardiography or pathological examination. The plasma ANP concentration was determined by a chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for human α-ANP.
Results: In Study 1, preloading significantly increased the plasma ANP concentration (36 ± 20–185 ± 156, P < .01) and LVEDP (−11 ± 7–2 ± 12, P < .01) from the baseline. Furthermore, plasma ANP concentrations were strongly correlated with LVEDP ( r = 0.61). In Study 2, the plasma ANP concentration was significantly higher in the calves with CHD than in the calves without heart disease (220 [67–970] versus 31 [10–86]; mean [range], P < .001).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Measurement of plasma ANP concentrations in calves can provide additional information useful for predicting hemodynamic abnormalities.     

Sertoli Cell Tumor in Two Related Newborn Shorthorn Calves

Two closely related Shorthorn calves, born into a small herd, each had a single large tumorous gonad. The tumor was diagnosed in each case as a Sertoli cell tumor.     

新生荷斯坦犊牛心脏左心室的解剖学观测

对新生荷斯坦犊牛心脏左心室的结构进行了观测。结果 :左心室内肉柱多集中在两乳头肌下部至心尖的中隔面上 ,心室侧壁上也有肉柱 ,主动脉半月瓣结的出现率为 61 5 4% ;流入道、流出道长度分别为 ( 6 84± 0 5 7)cm和 ( 7 41± 0 61)cm ;左心室侧壁和室间隔厚度分别为 ( 1 14± 0 14 )cm和 ( 1 41± 0 15 )cm ;左房室口和主动脉口周径分别为 ( 5 11± 0 76)cm和 ( 4 2 9± 0 60 )cm。     

A Reevaluation of Routine Force-feeding of Dam's Colostrum to Normal Newborn Beef Calves

Forty-seven beef calves born to a group of second-calf Hereford and Hereford x Angus cows were used to assess the practical value of force-feeding dam's colostrum. The first 40 calves born were assigned alternately to two equal groups (I and II). One group was force-fed up to I L of dam's colostrum per calf. All these animals were bled at 0 and 48 h after birth. A further group (III) of seven calves born were not handled until they were bled at 48 h. A variety of methods were used to estimate immunoglobulin levels in colostral whey and serum samples. In evaluating the efficiency of passive humoral antibody transfer from dam to offspring, no significant differences were evident except in radial immunodiffusion levels which were increased in group III. The percentages of calves sucking within one hour of birth were 30%, 15% and 100% for groups I, II and III, respectively. Under the conditions of this study it appears that force-feeding of dam's colostrum to the newborn beef calf is disruptive and does not confer any practical benefit on such calves in terms of passive humoral antibody transfer.     

Specific Antibodies of Pasteurella multocida in Newborn Calves of Vaccinated Dams

Twenty-five newborn Holstein Friesian calves, from dams vaccinated against haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS), were tested repeatedly over the first 6 months of life to monitor the transferred antibody levels against HS. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure the specific HS antibodies with antigens from Pasteurella multocida strains B:2 and E:2. There was a significant curvilinear relationship between the monitored IgG response and the age of the calves. Peak serum IgG levels were obtained during the period from 8 to 16 weeks of age. Beyond this age, the concentration of IgG in the serum fell away.     

提高新生犊牛成活率集成技术

犊牛是牛群的后备力量,其成活率的高低,直接关系到牛群未来的生长性能、繁殖性能与养殖经济效益。根据新生犊牛各组织器官均未发育成熟、防卫功能尚不健全、对外界环境适应力弱、抵抗力差和易患病的特点,结合犊牛的生理要求和行为习性,对围产期母牛饲养管理及初生犊牛护理等方面的技术要点进行了阐述。