添加有机酸对土壤镉形态转化及苋菜镉积累的影响

植物根系分泌的低分子量有机酸能够与土壤中的镉形成镉–有机酸复合体,从而影响根际镉的移动性。本文通过添加有机酸对土壤镉形态转化的研究,阐明有机酸与镉生物积累的关系。采用盆栽试验及土壤培养等方法,研究了添加苹果酸、柠檬酸对赤红壤和黄棕壤中镉的形态转化以及超积累型苋菜天星米镉生物积累的影响。结果表明,与Cd 25 mg/kg处理比较,Cd 25 mg/kg＋苹果酸、Cd 25mg/kg＋柠檬酸处理对苋菜生物量未产生影响,但显著增加苋菜根系及地上部镉含量;添加苹果酸、柠檬酸处理显著降低土壤专性吸附态Cd含量,却显著增加了交换态Cd、碳酸盐结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量。说明添加苹果酸、柠檬酸还能够通过影响土壤镉形态转化而促进苋菜对镉的积累。     

有机酸对活化土壤中镉和小麦吸收镉的影响

向土壤中加入外源有机酸,研究有机酸对活化土壤中镉的作用和小麦吸收镉的影响。结果表明：有机酸对土壤中镉有一定的活化能力,对镉活化能力强弱顺序为ＥＤＴＡ〉缺铁小麦根分泌物〉柠檬酸〉苹果酸〉水。但ＥＤＴＡ却降低了小麦地上部镉的含量,缺铁小麦根分泌物明显增加了小麦地上部镉含量。与对照相比,柠檬酸和苹果酸对小麦地上部的镉含量有一定的促进作用,也增加了小麦地上部镉含量。     

苦荞根系分泌有机酸对低氮胁迫的响应机制

通过对两种不同低氮耐受性苦荞品种{迪庆苦荞(DQ,耐低氮)及黑丰1号(HF,不耐低氮)}的盆栽试验,研究了苦荞根系分泌有机酸(丙二酸、丙酸、草酸、酒石酸、乙酸)对低氮胁迫(尿素,80 mg kg~(-1))的响应机制。分析结果表明:幼苗期时,低氮处理(尿素,80 mg kg~(-1))与常氮处理(尿素,160 mg kg~(-1))相比,HF和DQ土壤含水量分别减少24.2%和14.32%,且这一时期低氮胁迫下DQ耗水量显著高于HF。DQ根际土壤pH值在幼苗期和开花期分别比HF低1.44%和8.44%。裂区分析显示,氮处理对苦荞根际土壤有机酸含量有显著的影响。低氮胁迫下苦荞根系分泌有机酸含量在品种间具有差异,根际土壤中丙二酸与其他有机酸相比含量较多但并未在品种间产生显著差异,DQ根际土壤中草酸含量在各个生育期分别显著高于HF 40.16%、25.24%和41.31%,酒石酸也在开花期和成熟期表现出相同的趋势。综上所述,苦荞可能通过根系有机酸的分泌来调节根际土壤养分有效性以应对低氮胁迫环境,对于未来贫瘠土壤上苦荞的种植应考量其耐瘠性的差异,选育耐瘠性强的品种来增加效益。     

小麦苗期吸收和积累镉能力的品种间差异

采用水培方法,研究了25个小麦品种苗期对镉的吸收和积累的差异,以期筛选具有Cd低积累潜力的小麦品种。结果表明,Cd对地上部干物重有显著抑制作用,对地下部干物重影响因品种而异,对春性品种有抑制作用,对半冬性小麦品种有促进作用。小麦对镉的吸收、积累、耐性指数以及镉运转效率有极显著的品种间差异。在1μmol·L-1的Cd处理下,根系镉含量为33.1～139.7mg·kg-1,积累量为2.12～9.78μg·plant-1,地上部镉含量为3.6～15.3mg·kg-1,积累量为0.45～1.44μg·plant-1,表明小麦体内的Cd主要积累在地下部而非地上部。因此,以地上部Cd积累量为筛选指标,将25个小麦品种划分为Cd高积累型、Cd中积累型、Cd低积累型。     

续断菊与玉米间作的铅累积及根系低分子量有机酸分泌特征研究

为探明间作作物根系分泌低分子量有机酸对土壤重金属生物有效性的影响,采用矿区周边农田土壤进行室内盆栽试验,研究了云南本土超累积植物续断菊(Sonchus asper L. Hill)和玉米(Zea mays L.)间作下,植物生长、根系低分子量有机酸分泌量、根际土壤Pb提取形态以及植物Pb积累特点。结果表明:与单作相比,间作续断菊地上部和根部生物量、根长、根内径和根系体积均显著增加(P0.05);间作玉米根部生物量、根长、根内径和根系体积显著增加(P0.05)。柠檬酸、草酸是续断菊和玉米根系分泌的主要低分子量有机酸,间作导致续断菊根系低分子量有机酸的分泌量增加,玉米根系低分子量有机酸的分泌量降低。续断菊根际土壤生物有效态Pb含量增加85.2%(P0.05),而玉米根际土壤生物有效态Pb含量降低26.1%(P0.05)。续断菊体内Pb含量显著增加18.0%～43.2%(P0.05),富集系数提高26.0%,而转运系数降低42.0%;玉米地上部Pb含量显著降低24.3%(P0.05),转运系数降低43.1%。续断菊根系分泌的柠檬酸和草酸数量,均与土壤生物有效态Pb含量呈显著正相关,且土壤有效态Pb含量分别与续断菊地上部和根部的Pb含量呈显著正相关。表明间作增加了续断菊对Pb的吸收积累量,与间作体系植物根系分泌的低分子有机酸介导下的土壤有效态Pb含量增加密切相关。     

氮肥对油菜根-土界面镉迁移及镉组分变化特征的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了不同形态氮肥对镉污染土壤油菜根土-界面pH、油菜生长、镉迁移及镉组分变化特征的影响.结果表明,不同形态的氮对油菜地上部Cd积累有显著的影响,施用铵态氮肥可以显著提高油菜地上部Cd含量,而施用硝态氮肥则对地上部Cd含量没有明显的影响.铵态氮肥能显著降低油菜根际pH,使得油菜根际残渣态、碳酸盐态和铁锰结合态Cd强烈活化,促使这三种形态Cd向交换态转换,从而增加了Cd的生物有效性.     

低分子量有机酸强化烟草修复镉污染土壤的适用性研究

采用盆栽试验,以0.125mmol/kg EDTA为对照,研究3种低分子量有机酸(酒石酸、柠檬酸和草酸)在强化烟草修复镉污染土壤中应用的可行性。3种低分子量有机酸(LMWOA)均可显著降低土壤pH,提高镉的有效含量,酒石酸和草酸对镉在烟草中转运有抑制作用,柠檬酸在酸性土壤中促进镉在烟草中转运,在中性土壤中则起抑制作用。31.25mmol/kg LMWOA对烟草地上部的生长有一定的促进作用,该浓度的柠檬酸和草酸使酸性土壤中烟草地上部镉累积量分别提高42.95%和28.67%,柠檬酸还使中性土壤中烟草地上部镉的累积量提高40.91%,所有酒石酸处理镉在烟草地上部的累积量均降低,EDTA使酸性土壤中烟草地上部镉的累积量提高24.56%,对中性土壤中烟草地上部镉累积量的影响不显著。表明柠檬酸和草酸具有强化烟草地上部对镉的吸收、提高烟草提取土壤镉效率的作用,但要获得与EDTA相当的效果,需大大提高其用量,这必然导致修复成本大大提高,故不宜用于强化烟草修复镉污染土壤。     

不同品种大白菜苗期吸收积累镉的差异研究

利用实验室水培模拟轻度镉污染土壤研究了13个大白菜品种苗期吸收积累镉的差异。结果表明,不同品种大白菜地上部和根部的镉含量存在显著差异,其中,603大白菜地上部镉含量较低(104.7 mg kg-1),耐性指数较高,在轻度镉污染土壤上种植603大白菜有利于降低镉污染的人类健康风险。不同大白菜品种在受到Cd胁迫时,其叶绿素含量和组成均有显著差异,为耐性机理研究提供了理论依据。     

硅对分蘖期不同品种水稻镉吸收积累的影响

试验选取沈农315和花粳1417两个镉耐性不同的水稻品种,采用盆栽试验研究了硅对镉胁迫下分蘖期水稻植株中镉含量、镉的亚细胞分布及化学形态的影响。试验结果表明,两个品种水稻植株器官中硅和镉含量均呈负相关关系,沈农315茎叶中硅含量高于花粳1417,镉含量低于花粳1417,根系中则相反。花粳1417茎叶干物质和镉积累量显著高于沈农315,而根系相差不大。沈农315根和茎叶细胞中,细胞壁镉含量大于花粳1417,细胞器镉含量小于花粳1417。随着施硅量的增加,细胞壁和细胞可溶部分镉含量所占比例增加,细胞器中镉含量所占比例减少。在施硅量为1.2 g kg~(-1)时,镉含量最少,抑制镉的作用效果最明显。随着施硅量增加,两个品种水稻根和茎叶迁移能力强的去离子水和乙醇提取态镉含量降低;迁移较难的氯化钠和醋酸提取态镉含量逐渐增加,沈农315的氯化钠和醋酸提取态镉所占比例大于花粳1417。本试验表明施硅可以减少镉在水稻地上部的吸收、迁移和积累。     

两种基因型蕹菜镉积累与其根际微生物的关系研究

通过自制根箱试验,研究了两种基因型蕹菜茎叶中的镉含量与植物根际微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)的关系。结果表明:两个蕹菜品种茎叶中的镉含量存在基因性差异;同一品种根际微生物数量显著大于非根际土壤(p0.01);两种基因型蕹菜品种间微生物数量存在极显著差异(p0.01);植物茎叶镉含量与根际微生物数量存在显著的负相关关系,且相关程度为真菌细菌放线菌。表4,参14。     

UV-B辐射增强对不同品种大麦田土壤微生物量碳和土壤呼吸的影响

利用田间模拟UV-B辐射装置,从大麦分蘖期开始进行UV-B辐射增强处理,以后各主要生育期各选择一典型日分别观测作物根际、非根际土壤微生物量碳含量和土壤呼吸速率.UV-B辐射设对照(Ambient)和增强(Elevated,14.4kJ·m-2·d-1)两个水平,增强处理相当于南京地区4-5月自然光UV-B辐射量的120％.3个大麦品种分别为单2号、苏啤3号和苏啤4号.结果表明:3个品种中作物根际、非根际土壤微生物量碳含量均随生育进程表现出一致的规律,即分蘖、拔节、孕穗和抽穗期逐渐增加并达到最大值,成熟期则显著下降,UV-B辐射增强没有改变这种变化趋势;UV-B辐射增强后,各品种在多数生育时期观测的根际与非根际土壤微生物量碳含量显著低于对照(自然光)(P＜0.05),而单2号和苏啤4号在孕穗期(4月23日)观测的非根际土壤微生物量碳含量却明显高于对照(P＜0.05);UV-B辐射增强条件下,单2号在孕穗期和成熟期、苏啤3号在抽穗期与成熟期观测的土壤呼吸速率显著低于对照(P＜0.05),其它阶段的差异不显著,各处理中土壤呼吸速率由分蘖到拔节、孕穗、抽穗期逐渐增加,抽穗期、成熟期逐渐下降的趋势没有改变;在UV-B辐射增强条件下,单2号和苏啤3号两个品种的Q10值显著低于对照(P＜0.05),苏啤4号的Q10值则显著增大,明显高于其它品种(P＜0.05).研究认为,不同大麦品种土壤微生物量碳和土壤呼吸速率对UV-B辐射增强的响应存在差异.     

Low molecular weight organic acids released from roots of durum wheat and flax into sterile nutrient solutions

Knowledge of the composition and quantity of organic substances released from roots of different plant species is necessary for understanding the chemical and biological processes in the rhizosphere. The present study was undertaken to quantify low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) released from roots of five cultivars/lines of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum L.): Kyle, Sceptre, DT618, DT627, and DT637 and four cultivars/ lines of flax (Linum usitatissiumum L.): Somme, Flanders, AC Emerson, and YSED 2. Plants were grown in sterile nutrient solution cultures and amounts of organic acids exuded by roots were analyzed by gas chromatography. The LMWOAs varied significantly among both durum wheat and flax cultivars and oxalic, malonic, fumaric, succinic, acetic, malic, citric and tartaric acids were detected in root exudates of both species. Generally, oxalic and acetic acids were predominant in durum wheat exudates and oxalic, acetic and malic acids were predominant in flax root exudates. High oxalic acid concentrations occurred in root exudates of durum wheat cultivars DT627 and DT637, and flax cultivar YSED 2. Compared with the other durum wheat cultivars, Kyle released the lowest total amount of LMWOAs, whereas among the flax cultivars, YSED 2 had the highest total amount of acids secreted from roots. The data showed that the release of LMWOAs from roots was cultivar dependent. The results provide valuable background information for studying the role of root exudates in soil‐plant relationships.     

Effects of drought on the accumulation and redistribution of cadmium in peanuts at different developmental stages

This study aimed to investigate the impact of water deficit on cadmium (Cd) accumulation in peanut plants during different developmental stages. Two contrasting peanut cultivars, Fenghua 1 (high-biomass cultivar) and Silihong (low-biomass cultivar), were grown in a Cd-contaminated arable soil under different water regimes. The two cultivars differed from each other in seed Cd concentrations. Fenghua 1 exhibited lower Cd concentrations in the seeds than Silihong, which is associated with root-to-shoot Cd translocation. Drought plays different roles in the translocation and redistribution of Cd in peanut plants during different developmental stages. At the seedling stage, drought decreased shoot Cd concentrations for both cultivars, whereas at the pod-filling and pod-ripened stages, drought increased shoot Cd concentrations. Similarly, drought stress reduced pod Cd concentrations at the pod-filling stages and increased at the pod-ripened stages. Seed Cd concentrations in mature plants were increased by drought for both cultivars. Seed Cd concentrations were negatively correlated with biomasses of shoots and pods, but positively correlated with Cd concentration in the shoots and pods. Increased seed Cd concentrations under drought stress might result from the concentration effects due to drought induced decrease of plant growth.     

Phenotypic variations of wheat cultivars from the North China Plain in response to cadmium stress and associated single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by a genome-wide association study

Understanding the genetic mechanisms for cadmium(Cd) uptake and translocation in common wheat(Triticum aestivum) is of significance in food Cd contamination control. In this study, a diverse panel of 132 wheat cultivars was collected from the North China Plain. The cultivars were evaluated in terms of their phenotypic variations in response to Cd stress and subjected to a genome-wide association study(GWAS) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) associated with the phenotypic variatio...     

Manganese availability and microbial populations in the rhizosphere of wheat genotypes differing in tolerance to Mn deficiency

Plant genotypes differ in their capacity to grow in soils with low manganese (Mn) availability. The physiological mechanisms underlying differential tolerance to Mn deficiency are poorly understood. To study the relationship between Mn content in soil, plant genotypes, and rhizosphere microorganisms in differential Mn efficiency, two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, RAC891 (tolerant to Mn deficiency) and Yanac (sensitive), were grown in a Mn‐deficient soil to which 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg Mn kg^–1 were added. The shoot dry matter of both cultivars increased with increasing Mn addition to the soil. At all soil Mn fertilizer levels, the tolerant RAC891 had a greater shoot dry matter and a higher total shoot Mn uptake than the sensitive Yanac. The concentration of DTPA‐extractable Mn in the rhizosphere soil of RAC891 at Mn20 and Mn40 was slightly lower than in the rhizosphere of Yanac. The population density of culturable microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil was low (log 6.8–6.9 cfu (g soil)^–1) in both cultivars and neither Mn oxidation nor reduction were observed in vitro. To assess the non‐culturable fraction of the soil microbial community, the ribosomal intergenetic spacer region of the bacterial DNA in the rhizosphere soil was amplified (RISA) and separated in agarose gels. The RISA banding patterns of the bacterial rhizosphere communities changed markedly with increasing soil Mn level, but there were no differences between the wheat cultivars. The bacterial community structure in the rhizosphere was significantly correlated with the concentration of DPTA‐extractable Mn in the rhizosphere, fertilizer Mn level, shoot dry matter, and total shoot Mn uptake. The results obtained by RISA indicate that differential tolerance to Mn deficiency in wheat may not be related to changes in the composition of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere.     

施磷量对不同磷效率小麦氮、磷、钾积累与分配的影响

在土培盆栽条件下,以磷高效小麦(CD1158-7、省A3宜03-4)和磷低效小麦(渝02321)为材料,研究了不施磷、施磷(P)10、20和30mg/kg对小麦不同生育时期生物量、籽粒产量及氮、磷、钾的积累与分配的影响。结果表明:(1)随施磷量的减少,不同磷效率品种小麦籽粒产量和生物量均减少;同一施磷处理,磷高效品种籽粒产量和生物产量高于磷低效基因型。不施磷、施磷10mg/kg,高效品种CD1158-7、省A3宜03-4的籽粒产量为低效品种渝02321 的1.84 倍和1.74倍、1.64倍和1.27倍。(2)低磷处理,磷高效品种小麦植株能够积累较多的氮素;扬花期之前,磷高效品种氮素积累量占小麦全生育期积累量的比例高于低效品种。拔节期、孕穗期氮素分配比例为叶>茎>根,扬花期为叶>茎>穗>根,而成熟期为籽粒、颖壳>茎>叶>根。拔节期和孕穗期磷高效品种根的氮素分配比例高于低效品种,而扬花期和成熟期磷高效品种穗(籽粒)氮素分配比例较高。(3)小麦植株磷素积累量主要集中在拔节期以后的生育时期,占全生育期的82.32%~94.23%。低磷处理,高效品种在拔节期和孕穗期磷素积累量高于低效品种,孕穗期尤为突出。扬花期之前,不施磷处理下,磷高效品种根的磷素分配比例较高。(4)不同施磷处理下,拔节期、孕穗期及扬花期,磷高效品种小麦的钾积累量高于低效品种。不同器官钾素分配比例拔节期和孕穗期均为叶>茎>根,扬花期为茎>叶>穗>根,成熟期为茎>叶>籽粒、颖壳>根。磷高效品种在颖壳和籽粒的钾素分配比例高于低效品种。     

小麦蚕豆间作对红壤有效磷的影响及其与根际pH值的关系

在云南红壤上采用田间小区试验,通过测定分蘖～拔节期、孕穗～抽穗期、灌浆～乳熟期不同土层深度小麦根际土壤有效磷(available phosphorus)含量和根际pH值,比较研究了小麦蚕豆间作对小麦根际土壤有效磷含量和pH值的影响,探讨了间作小麦根际pH与根际土壤有效磷之间的相互作用.结果表明,与小麦单作相比,小麦蚕豆间作显著地促进了小麦产量的提高.同时,小麦蚕豆间作促进了小麦根际土壤有效磷含量的提高,分蘖～拔节期、孕穗～抽穗期0-10 cm、10-20 cm土层单、间作差异显著;间作显著降低了分蘖～拔节期10-20 cm土层、孕穗～抽穗期0-10 cm、10-20 cm、20-30 cm土层小麦根际土壤pH.分蘖～拔节期、灌浆～乳熟期,单、间作小麦根际土壤有效磷含量与根际pH呈负相关关系.试验表明,在红壤上间作小麦根际土壤有效磷含量的提高与间作降低根际pH有密切关系.