Neuromuscular transmitter substance in insect visceral muscle

Stimulation of the nerves innervating the proctodeum (hindgut) of the cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.) causes a slow-type, graded contraction of the longitudinal muscles. An unidentified substance, or substances, present in the foregut and hindgut, the specific activity of which is highest in the nerves innervating these organs, effects a similar contraction. This "gut-factor" is depleted from the hindgut after surgical section of the proctodeal nerves. None of Factors P(1) and P(2), 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, alpha-ami-nobutyric acid or glutamate duplicates the pharmacological behavior of this substance. The active factor is associated with subcellular particles that require centrifugal forces of approximately 1,000,000 g-min for sedimentation. The substance is inactivated in homogenates of gut tissue in the absence of suitable precautions. It is proposed that the "gut-factor" functions as an excitatory neuromuscular transmitter substance in insect visceral muscle.     

Cholinergic action of homogenates of sea urchin pedicellariae

A dialyzable, acetylcholine-like material exists in homogenates of globiferous pedicellariae of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Its pharmacological characterization was obtained on the basis of the responses of the guinea pig ileum, the rat uterus, blood pressure in the dog, the amphibian heart, the longitudinal muscle of the holothurian, and the protractor muscle of the sea urchin lantern. Some of the data were statistically treated, and an attempt was made to determine a ratio of potency between the homogenates and acetylcholine.     

Monoclonal antibody to acetylcholine receptor: cell line established from thymus of patient with Myasthenia gravis

A human B cell line producing a monoclonal antibody to an antigenic determinant of acetylcholine receptors was established by cloning B cells that had been transformed in vitro by Epstein-Barr virus. The B cells were obtained from the thymus of a patient with myasthenia gravis. The antibody produced by the cell line precipitated acetylcholine receptors from denervated and innervated rat muscle and from human muscle, but did not show detectable response to the acetylcholine receptors from the electric organs of Narke japonica. The monoclonal antibody showed identical binding patterns in innervated and denervated rat muscles. Passive transfer of the monoclonal antibody into rats induced moderate muscle weakness and electromyographic changes characteristic of myasthenia gravis.     

Modulation of acetylcholine receptor desensitization by forskolin is independent of cAMP

Biochemical and electrophysiological studies suggest that adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent phosphorylation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel is functionally significant because it modifies the receptor's rate of desensitization to acetylcholine. In studies that support this conclusion researchers have used forskolin to stimulate cAMP-dependent phosphorylation in intact muscle. It is now shown that although forskolin facilitated desensitization in voltage-clamped rat muscle, this effect was not correlated with the abilities of forskolin and forskolin analogs to activate adenylate cyclase or phosphorylate the receptor. Furthermore, elevation of intracellular cAMP or addition of the catalytic subunit of A-kinase failed to alter desensitization. Therefore, in intact skeletal muscle, cAMP-dependent phosphorylation does not modulate desensitization.     

影响獭兔离体肠道平滑肌收缩的因素

[目的]探讨影响獭兔离体肠道平滑肌收缩的因素。[方法]以獭兔十二指肠平滑肌为试验材料,以平滑肌收缩波的振幅和周期为评价指标,考察影响试验的各主要因素。[结果]在(36.5±0.5)℃台氏液中,獭兔离体肠管的存活时间和保质期最长,振幅最稳定,肾上腺素使离体肠管平滑肌收缩幅度减弱,乙酰胆碱、氢氧化钠及氯化钙均导致平滑肌收缩频率及幅度升高,收缩力增强。[结论]獭兔离体肠道平滑肌易受到温度、pH、其他化学因素及药物的影响。     

Acetylcholine sensitivity of muscle fiber membranes: mechanism of regulation by motoneurons

Inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis prevent the development of acetylcholine supersensitivity in organ-cultured rat diaphragm muscle but do not affect established acetylcholine sensitivity. The restriction of this sensitivity in innervated muscle apparently involves muscle fibers.     

Species specific effect of acetylcholine on bivalve rectums

The pharmacology of acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine on the rectums of Katelysia rhytiphora and K. scalarina was found to be similar, in general, to that of other bivalves. However, while acetylcholine causes a fast twitch in the rectum of K. rhytiphora, the activity and tone of the K. scalarina rectum are depressed except at high concentrations of the drug. The two species can be distinguished by these responses, and, therefore, these rectums are useful experimental objects for studying the physiology of molluscan visceral muscle.     

Amantadine: neuromuscular blockade by suppression of ionic conductance of the acetylcholine receptor

Amantadine hydrochloride decreases the sensitivity of denervated mammalian muscle to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine. The drug depresses the amplitude of the end-plate current and reverses the slope of the relation between half-decay time and membrane potential suggesting that it alters the ionic conductance that is mediated by the acetylcholine receptor. Binding studies confirm that amantadine acts on the ion conductance modulator rather than the acetylcholine receptor.     

Serum globulin in myasthenia gravis: inhibition of alpha-bungarotoxin binding to acetylcholine receptors

Serum factors that inhibit the binding of (125)I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin to the acetylcholine receptor extracted in detergent from denervated rat muscle were detected by a sensitive assay. The serum of at least 5 and possibly 11 out of 15 patients with myasthenia gravis showed inhibitory activity that was localized to the globulin fraction. No controls showed inhibitory activity. The demonstration of inhibitory globulins may help explain the involvement of the immune system in the pathophysiology of the neuromuscular junction in patients with myasthenia gravis.     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸对枣树生长发育、产量和品质的影响

为了研究5-氨基乙酰丙酸对山地枣树生长发育和产量品质的影响,选用9 a生盛果期矮化密植梨枣树为材料,采用田间试验和实验室分析相结合的方法,研究了叶面喷施5-氨基乙酰丙酸对枣果纵径和横径、叶片相对叶绿素含量、品质和产量的影响。结果表明:叶面喷施稀释800倍的5-氨基乙酰丙酸对枣树的生长发育、产量和品质都有显著的促进作用。喷施后2次,枣果纵径比对照分别增加23.3%和27.1%,横径分别比对照增加17.2%和15.5%,采收期枣果纵径和横径分别比对照增加27.4%和23.1%,产量比对照增加24.6%,枣果品质明显高于对照。实际应用中采用稀释800倍的5-氨基乙酰丙酸喷施效果最佳。     

ACETYLCHOLINE-LIKE ACTIVITY IN SCIATIC NERVE

Extracts of sciatic nerve exhibit acetylcholine-like activity that is only partly attributable to acetylcholine. The extracts show relatively greater activity on the rectus abdominis muscle of the frog than on the ileum of the guinea pig. To prevent the action of the extract on the frog rectus abdominis muscle, a greater concentration of d-tubocurarine is required than is necessary to prevent the action of known acetylcholine.     

刺参4个功能基因的表达分析

为研究刺参Apostichopus japonicus的生长发育,采用实时定量PCR方法,对刺参腱生蛋白基因、胶原蛋白α2基因、整合蛋白αV基因和整合蛋白βL基因等4个候选功能基因不同月龄的组织表达进行了分析。结果表明:刺参12、13、14月龄时,腱生蛋白基因在刺参肠、管足、呼吸树、皮肤、体壁、体腔液细胞、疣足和纵肌等8个组织中均有不同程度的表达,其中在体腔液细胞和呼吸树组织中的表达量较高(P0.05);胶原蛋白α2基因在刺参管足、呼吸树、体壁、疣足和纵肌组织中的表达量随月龄的增加而逐渐增加,其中在呼吸树组织中表达量最高,在纵肌、疣足、体壁、肠和体腔液细胞等组织中的表达量逐渐降低;整合蛋白αV基因在纵肌组织中的表达量随月龄的增加而逐渐增加;整合蛋白βL基因在皮肤、体壁、疣足和管足组织中的表达量较低。本研究结果为深入研究刺参这4个功能基因提供了参考。     

Dok-7 mutations underlie a neuromuscular junction synaptopathy

Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs) are a group of inherited disorders of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable muscle weakness. One major subgroup of patients shows a characteristic "limb girdle" pattern of muscle weakness, in which the muscles have small, simplified neuromuscular junctions but normal acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholinesterase function. We showed that recessive inheritance of mutations in Dok-7, which result in a defective structure of the neuromuscular junction, is a cause of CMS with proximal muscle weakness.     

Trophic regulation of acetylcholine sensitivity of muscle: effect of electrical stimulation

Denervation of skeletal muscle results in a spread of acetylcholine sensitivity over the entire surface membrane. Electrical stimulation, programmed to mimic the normal activity pattern, was applied continuously to the denervated rat diaphragm in vivo. After 4 days, the acetylcholine sensitivity was far less in the stimulated diaphragms than in denervated controls. Muscle activity may account for "neurotrophic" regulation of the acetylcholine sensitivity.     

Sound velocities in iron to 110 gigapascals

The dispersion of longitudinal acoustic phonons was measured by inelastic x-ray scattering in the hexagonal closed-packed (hcp) structure of iron from 19 to 110 gigapascals. Phonon dispersion curves were recorded on polycrystalline iron compressed in a diamond anvil cell, revealing an increase of the longitudinal wave velocity (VP) from 7000 to 8800 meters per second. We show that hcp iron follows a Birch law for VP, which is used to extrapolate velocities to inner core conditions. Extrapolated longitudinal acoustic wave velocities compared with seismic data suggest an inner core that is 4 to 5% lighter than hcp iron.     

忍冬藤提取物对兔离体肠平滑肌的舒张作用及其机制

【目的】胃肠平滑肌过度收缩可引起腹痛腹泻等临床常见的疾病。目前,临床上对治疗胃肠平滑肌过度收缩的药物主要以西药为主,如钙离子通道阻断药硝苯地平和抗胆碱药阿托品等,硝苯地平长期使用可引起负性肌力和负性传导的现象,而阿托品由于其不良反应较大,在临床应用中受到一定的限制。因此,开发具有有效防治胃肠平滑肌痉挛、低毒、低残留的天然中草药意义重大。试验以兔离体小肠平滑肌为研究对象,利用丰富的忍冬藤资源,研究忍冬藤提取物对兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的影响,并探讨其作用机制。【方法】采用兔离体小肠平滑肌试验,应用BL-420E生物机能实验系统,观察忍冬藤提取物对正常状态下兔离体小肠平滑肌自发性收缩的影响;进而使用工具药乙酰胆碱、组胺和氯化钡致兔小肠痉挛性收缩后,观察忍冬藤提取物对其痉挛性收缩的影响;为研究忍冬藤提取物抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的作用机制,应用IP_3受体阻断剂肝素(HP)、肌浆网ryanodine受体阻断剂钌红(RR)和一氧化氮合酶抑制剂左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME),探明忍冬藤提取物对兔离体小肠平滑肌作用的机制。【结果】忍冬藤提取物可浓度依赖性抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌自发性收缩,药物浓度在7.5 g·L~(-1)时可显著抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的频率(P0.05),药物浓度在5g·L~(-1)时可极显著抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的振幅(P0.05);工具药乙酰胆碱、组胺和氯化钡可显著诱导兔小肠平滑肌收缩的振幅,忍冬藤提取物可显著抑制由乙酰胆碱、组胺和氯化钡诱导的兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的频率(P0.05),可极显著抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的振幅(P0.01)。IP_3受体阻断剂肝素能增强忍冬藤提取物舒张兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的作用(P0.01),而肌浆网ryanodine受体阻断剂钌红对忍冬藤提取物舒张兔小肠平滑肌的作用无明显影响(P0.05)。左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯能够部分阻断忍冬藤提取物舒张兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的作用(P0.01)。【结论】忍冬藤提取物可显著抑制兔离体小肠平滑肌收缩的频率和振幅,其机制可能与增加一氧化氮浓度,抑制IP_3受体介导的内钙释放有关,但对肌浆网ryanodine受体途径引起的内钙释放无关。     

血根碱对兔离体肠平滑肌运动的舒张作用

【目的】探讨血根碱对兔离体肠平滑肌的舒张作用及机制。【方法】采用离体肠肌试验,应用BL-420E生物机能实验系统,比较血根碱对正常肠肌及工具药乙酰胆碱、酚妥拉明、氯化钡作用下兔离体肠平滑肌活动的影响,记录肠肌的收缩频率和振幅,并计算抑制率。【结果】血根碱可浓度依赖性的抑制兔小肠平滑肌自发性收缩的频率和振幅。0.4 mg•mL-1的血根碱对由乙酰胆碱、氯化钡引起的离体肠肌的兴奋性收缩有明显的拮抗作用,而对酚妥拉明阻断肾上腺素能受体后,仍能显著降低离体肠平滑肌收缩的振幅。【结论】血根碱对小肠平滑肌的舒张作用可能与乙酰胆碱竞争,阻断M受体、与酚妥拉明竞争,兴奋α受体及直接抑制肠肌兴奋性有关。     

非洲鸵鸟食管组织学观察

应用常规石蜡切片,H—E染色,对非洲鸵鸟食管组织结构进行观察并与家禽和哺乳动物的食管进行比较．结果表明：非洲鸵鸟食管黏膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,但角质化不明显,固有膜内食管腺丰富,由腺细胞围成的管泡状腺直接开口于黏膜上皮,分泌大量黏液．食管肌层非常发达,分为内环肌、中纵肌、外环肌3层,环肌很厚,与纵肌的比例约为3：1、外膜是一层薄的纤维膜,内含丰富的血管．淋巴组织和神经.     

低浓度甲氰菊酯对黄鳝乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

[目的]了解甲氰菊酯对鱼类的毒副作用,为拟除虫菊酯类农药的污染监测提供参考。[方法]以低浓度甲氰菊酯（0.01、0.05、0.10、0.50、1.00μg/L）为供试药剂,采用接触染毒法研究不同作用时间下其对黄鳝肌肉乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性的影响。[结果]0.01μg/L甲氰菊酯对黄鳝肌肉AChE活性具有一定的诱导作用,随着甲氰菊酯浓度的升高,其对黄鳝肌肉AChE活性逐渐产生抑制作用,且其浓度越高对黄鳝肌肉AChE活性的抑制作用越强;连续暴露20d后,0.50、1.00μg/L甲氰菊酯处理组黄鳝肌肉AChE活性显著降低;随着染毒时间的延长,黄鳝肌肉AChE活性有逐渐降低的趋势。[结论]低浓度甲氰菊酯长时间处理可降低黄鳝肌肉AChE活性。     

绵羊瓣胃胃电与运动的研究

本文用动态电阻应变仪和光线示波器及高灵敏度振动子,结合生理记录仪成功地记录到了瓣胃多点的纵向、横向平滑肌的运动图。结果证明:胃运动与胃的生物电现象关系密切。