一株解淀粉芽孢杆菌的益生特性及抑菌性研究

本试验旨在研究自筛解淀粉芽孢杆菌DHN04的生长曲线、人工胃肠液、pH及猪胆盐耐受性,并研究其抑菌特性及抗生素敏感性。试验采用生长速率法测定该菌生长曲线,活菌计数法测定人工胃肠液耐受性、耐酸性和耐胆盐等特性,牛津杯法测定抑菌活性,药敏试片测定抗生素敏感性。结果表明,解淀粉芽孢杆菌DHN04在经过4～6 h的缓慢生长期后,进入对数生长期,12～24 h为该菌的稳定生长期;在人工胃液和人工肠液中保持3 h后存活率分别为55.55%和53.33%;pH 2.0时该菌存活率为14.14%,随着酸性的减弱,存活率逐渐上升,在pH 7.0时存活率可以达到93.85%;随着胆盐浓度增加,解淀粉芽孢杆菌的存活率逐渐下降,相同的胆盐浓度,24 h的存活率低于3 h。解淀粉芽孢杆菌对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及四联球菌均具有一定的抑制作用;对抗生素阿莫西林耐药。综上,解淀粉芽孢杆菌能够快速活化,对人工胃肠液、胆盐及pH的耐受性良好,对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等具有一定的抑制作用,对阿莫西林耐药。因此,解淀粉芽孢杆菌DHN04可作为一种潜在的益生菌菌株应用于畜禽养殖生产。     

一株解淀粉芽孢杆菌的益生特性及抑菌性研究

本试验旨在研究自筛解淀粉芽孢杆菌DHN04的生长曲线、人工胃肠液、pH及猪胆盐耐受性，并研究其抑菌特性及抗生素敏感性。试验采用生长速率法测定该菌生长曲线，活菌计数法测定人工胃肠液耐受性、耐酸性和耐胆盐等特性，牛津杯法测定抑菌活性，药敏试片测定抗生素敏感性。结果表明，解淀粉芽孢杆菌DHN04在经过4~6 h的缓慢生长期后，进入对数生长期，12~24 h为该菌的稳定生长期；在人工胃液和人工肠液中保持3 h后存活率分别为55.55%和53.33%；pH 2.0时该菌存活率为14.14%，随着酸性的减弱，存活率逐渐上升，在pH 7.0时存活率可以达到93.85%；随着胆盐浓度增加，解淀粉芽孢杆菌的存活率逐渐下降，相同的胆盐浓度，24 h的存活率低于3 h。解淀粉芽孢杆菌对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及四联球菌均具有一定的抑制作用；对抗生素阿莫西林耐药。综上，解淀粉芽孢杆菌能够快速活化，对人工胃肠液、胆盐及pH的耐受性良好，对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等具有一定的抑制作用，对阿莫西林耐药。因此，解淀粉芽孢杆菌DHN04可作为一种潜在的益生菌菌株应用于畜禽养殖生产。     

产气荚膜梭菌和腐败梭菌在厌氧菌基础培养基中的生长特性

测定了产气荚膜梭菌B型、D型和腐败梭菌在新研制的厌氧菌基础培养基中的生长曲线和产毒能力等特性。结果表明,这些细菌可以在新培养基中良好生长和产毒。产气荚膜梭菌B 型经2 h 的适应期后,很快进入对数生长期,培养到8 h细菌密度接近最高值,OD630为4.329;经检测,培养4 h~24 h的细菌所产生的毒素(培养物上清)1μL~2μL可致死KM小鼠。产气荚膜梭菌D型的生长速度也较快,无适应期就直接进入对数生长期,培养到12 h 时细菌密度最高, OD630 为1.75;细菌最佳产毒期在6 h~14 h,培养物上清0.5μL~0.65μL可致死KM小鼠。腐败梭菌生长速度较慢,经6 h的适应期后,才进入对数生长期,培养到14 h时细菌密度最高,OD630为1.335;细菌毒力在培养后的6 h~24 h内10μL菌液可达到在24 h内致死KM小鼠的效果。     

弗格森埃希菌生长曲线及半数致死量测定

为测定弗格森埃希菌半数致死量,采用振荡比浊法(D_λ值法)测定弗格森埃希菌的生长曲线,并确定菌液与稀释倍数的关系,利用SPSS软件计算弗格森埃希菌对昆明小鼠的半数致死量(LD_(50))。结果显示,弗格森埃希菌在LB液体培养基中培养4 h～12 h时生长迅速,为对数生长期,在12 h以后进入稳定期;采用活菌计数法绘制弗格森埃希菌对数生长期OD值与活菌数的函数关系,得到回归方程y=11.09x+0.157,R~2=0.995 5,具有良好的相关性;确定了弗格森埃希菌对昆明小鼠的半数致死量LD_(50)为2.944×10~7 CFU,95%置信区间为1.557×10~7～4.817×10~7 CFU。     

内化素A/B对单增李斯特菌在模拟酸性胃环境中耐受性的影响

单核细胞增生李斯特菌(Listeria Monocytogenes,LM)是一种重要的食源性病原菌,它可以通过人口途径进入胃肠道,并穿越屏障进入肠道细胞中定殖并感染,由此可见该菌引起食物中毒的首要条件是抵抗人体内恶劣的酸性胃环境。本研究以单增李斯特菌LM90SB2及内化素基因缺失株LM90SB2ΔInlAB、LM90SB2ΔInlA、LM90SB2ΔInlB为受试菌,对4株菌进行生长曲线的测定,对其携带毒力基因溶血素(hly)扩增验证;不同pH条件下的生长曲线测定,以及模拟酸性胃环境中的耐受性研究。结果表明2～6 h 4株菌处于对数生长期,并均携带溶血素O的毒力基因hly,适宜生长的pH为6～7,pH=9时LM90SB2生长显著高于LM90SB2ΔInlAB(P0.05)。受试菌在模拟胃环境中的存活率与其pH及作用时间相关,当pH=3.5时,4株菌的存活率依次为LM90SB2LM90SB2ΔInlA LM90SB2ΔInlBLM90SB2ΔInlAB;当pH=2.5时LM90SB2生长极显著高于LM90SB2ΔInlAB(P0.01),且随着时间的推移,4株菌生长曲线均呈下降趋势;当pH=1.5时,LM90SB2在l h、2 h时分别有0.075%及0.03%的存活率,而缺失株的存活率为0。研究表明,内化素A/B在LM抵抗人体酸性胃环境中发挥重要作用。     

山羊支原体山羊肺炎亚种M1601生长曲线与pH值的测定

为了研究山羊支原体山羊肺炎亚种分离株M1601株在Thiaucourt肉汤培养基中的生长及繁殖特性。利用活菌计数方法对其在不同培养阶段的生长滴度及pH值进行了测定,并绘制了生长曲线。结果表明,传代稳定的M1601在Thiaucourt肉汤培养基中培养6～60h为对数生长期．pH值逐渐下降：培养60～72h进入稳定期．pH值降为6．27．培养72h进入衰亡期。这为山羊支原体山羊肺炎亚种培养特性研究和疫苗生产工艺研究提供了参考数据,以便在生产上更合理地应用其生长规律。     

几株芽孢杆菌的生理生化、生长和产酶特性研究

本研究对几株芽孢杆菌进行了7%氯化钠生长、V-P测定、硝酸盐还原、D-甘露醇发酵、丙酸盐利用等指标的测定,并设置了15℃和28℃两个温度,对其生长性能进行比较,最后采用平板水解圈法对其产蛋白酶和淀粉酶能力进行了比较。结果表明:解淀粉芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的生理生化指标非常相近,通过简单的生理生化指标难以区分。15℃时,解淀粉、枯草和地衣三类芽孢均在24 h后进入对数生长期,地衣芽孢杆菌生长最差;28℃时,4 h内即进入对数生长期,地衣芽孢杆菌生长明显好于15℃时。产蛋白酶和淀粉酶方面,解淀粉芽孢杆菌能力最强,枯草和地衣芽孢杆菌之间差异不大,均比解淀粉稍逊一筹。     

一株解淀粉芽孢杆菌的特性及抑菌活性研究

试验旨在对一株牛瘤胃源解淀粉芽孢杆菌的生长曲线、耐酸性和耐胆酸盐性等特性进行分析,同时对该菌发酵产物的抑菌活性和抑菌活性稳定性进行测定。采用生长速率法测定该菌生长曲线,活菌计数法测定耐酸性和耐胆酸盐性等特性,牛津杯法测定抑菌活性和抑菌活性稳定性。结果显示,该菌生长4h时进入对数生长期,20h后生长趋于稳定,进入生长稳定期;同时该菌表现出较好的耐酸性,在pH 3.0~7.0时存活率为23.8%~90.6%;有较好的耐胆酸盐性,在0.1%~0.4%的胆酸盐中存活率为64.2%~83.6%。以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahemolyticus)、藤黄八叠球菌(Sarcina lutea)和产气杆菌(Aerogenes)等细菌和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、黑根霉(Rhizopus nigricans)等霉菌作指示菌进行抑菌试验发现,该菌的发酵产物具有抑菌活性,同时其抑菌活性物质的耐热性和耐酸性较好。本试验通过对该解淀粉芽孢杆菌的特性进行研究发现,该菌具有耐酸、耐胆酸盐等特性;其抑菌活性及抑菌稳定性较好,具有耐酸碱及耐高温特性。     

一株解淀粉芽孢杆菌的特性及抑菌活性研究

试验旨在对一株牛瘤胃源解淀粉芽孢杆菌的生长曲线、耐酸性和耐胆酸盐性等特性进行分析，同时对该菌发酵产物的抑菌活性和抑菌活性稳定性进行测定。采用生长速率法测定该菌生长曲线，活菌计数法测定耐酸性和耐胆酸盐性等特性，牛津杯法测定抑菌活性和抑菌活性稳定性。结果显示，该菌生长4 h时进入对数生长期，20 h后生长趋于稳定，进入生长稳定期；同时该菌表现出较好的耐酸性，在pH 3.0~7.0时存活率为23.8%~90.6%；有较好的耐胆酸盐性，在0.1%~0.4%的胆酸盐中存活率为64.2%~83.6%。以大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、副溶血弧菌（Vibrio parahemolyticus）、藤黄八叠球菌（Sarcina lutea）和产气杆菌（Aerogenes）等细菌和黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）、黑根霉（Rhizopus nigricans）等霉菌作指示菌进行抑菌试验发现，该菌的发酵产物具有抑菌活性，同时其抑菌活性物质的耐热性和耐酸性较好。本试验通过对该解淀粉芽孢杆菌的特性进行研究发现，该菌具有耐酸、耐胆酸盐等特性；其抑菌活性及抑菌稳定性较好，具有耐酸碱及耐高温特性。     

杏鲍菇菌糠对荷斯坦牛生长性能和经济效益的影响

[目的]为研究杏鲍菇菌糠对9～12月龄生长期荷斯坦奶牛生长性能和经济效益的影响。[方法]选择9～12月龄生长期荷斯坦奶牛60头,随机分为2组,分别饲喂原日粮和添加杏鲍菇菌糠全混合日粮,试验期60 d,分别测定采食量、日增重、体高、体长等生长指标,并分析经济效益。[结果]结果表明,菌糠饲料适口性好,试验组采食正常,两组间采食量无显著差异(P0.05);生长性能指标间无显著差异(P0.05);试验组饲料成本较对照组减少5.87元/(头·d)。[结论]杏鲍菇菌糠替代部分粗饲料饲喂9～12月龄生长期荷斯坦牛对其生长性能无影响,且显著降低饲料成本,具有现实推广价值。     

产纤维素酶解淀粉芽胞杆菌分离株的生物学特性研究

对发酵黄芪样品中分离的1株产纤维素酶解淀粉芽胞杆菌的生物学特性进行了检测,试验结果表明,菌株在10℃~60℃环境均能生长,最适生长温度为35℃~40℃。pH5.0~8.0培养基均适宜菌株生长,其中最适pH为6.0。在37℃环境200r/min振荡培养的生长曲线在0~4h为延迟期,4h~12h为对数期,12h~24h为稳定期,24h以后为衰亡期。细菌37℃培养32h开始产生芽胞,在培养72h时芽胞形成率达到80.67%。菌株对多数抗菌药物敏感,且安全性良好。该菌株适应性强,生长条件较为宽松,这为其开发应用提供了依据。     

Isolation of exfoliative toxin from Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus and its exfoliative activity in the piglet

Exfoliative toxin was isolated from the sterile cell-free filtrate of 24 h culture of Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus strain P-1. The partial purification of exfoliative toxin produced by S. hyicus (shET) was performed by precipitation with 50-80% saturated ammonium sulfate, gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column and column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Partially purified shET (pp-shET) caused exfoliation in piglets at 8 to 12 h after intradermal or subcutaneous injection. However, heat-treated pp-shET did not cause exfoliation in piglets for up to 24 h after injection. On histopathological examination of the skin at 12 h after injection of pp-shET, an intraepidermal cleavage plane was shown between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum and at the stratum granulosum.     

H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒繁殖规律的探索

为了研究H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒接种非免疫鸡胚后病毒的繁殖规律,试验用H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒接种非免鸡胚,记录不同时间段死亡的鸡胚数量,并分别收获各时间段死亡鸡胚的尿囊液,测定不同时间段尿囊液的病毒效价。结果表明,接种H9亚型HP株禽流感病毒后,非免鸡胚死亡高峰期出现在60～84 h,死亡数量占接种鸡胚数的80%以上,而该时间段死亡鸡胚尿囊液的病毒滴度也处于最高峰,最高到达10^9.63EID₅₀/mL,直到96 h病毒仍维持较高水平(10^9.50EID₅₀/m L),而96 h后病毒滴度开始衰减。     

Endocrine and Ovarian Responses to Prolonged Adrenal Stimulation at the Time of Induced Corpus Luteum Regression

The endocrine and ovarian responses to prolonged adrenal stimulation at the time of corpus luteum (CL) regression were studied in non-lactating non-pregnant Friesian cows. Cows were synchronized with two cloprostenol (PG) injections 11 days apart (second PG referred as time 0). Experiment 1 was carried out on five animals in two phases with a resting period in between. Between -48 and 84 h, animals received 12 injections of either saline (CTR) or adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) agonist (Synacthen; SYN) every 12 h. Cortisol (C), progesterone (P4), oestradiol (E2) and LH were analysed in the blood samples collected every 8-12 h between days -3 and 4. Pulsatile LH release was studied 4 h before and 4 h after naloxone administration beginning at 96 h. Experiment 2 was carried out on four cows in a cross-over experimental design (two phases, with a resting period in between). Treatments were performed by administering either saline (CTR) or Synacthen (SYN) every 12 h between -36 and 24 h. The concentrations of C, P4 and E2 were measured in blood plasma every 4-12 h from days -3 to 3, then every day from days 5 to 9. In both experiments, ovaries were examined by ultrasonography every 1-3 days. ACTH administration induced a significant increase (p < 0.001) of plasma C lasting for 7 days (experiment 1), and for 3-4 days (experiment 2). Plasma C returned to baseline levels within 6 days (expt 1) or 36 h (expt 2) after treatment interruption. During the SYN phase, LH pre-ovulatory surge was not detectable. During the CTR phase, naloxone administration induced a significant increase (p < 0.05) of average LH concentrations that was not evident during the SYN phase. The dominant follicle development was retarded and mean plasma E2 concentrations were significantly lower during the SYN phase (p < 0.01). Luteolysis was completed within 2 days. However, P4 decline between 0 and 4 h was slower (p < 0.01) during the SYN phase. Our results indicate that, under prolonged adrenal stimulation, follicular development is delayed and LH release is impaired, which are independent of CL function.     

Detection of genomic variability in different populations of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus in southern Brazil

DNA from seven isolates of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus was analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Three different cDNA clones, named P-9, P-25 and CP-12, isolated from a B. microplus cDNA library, were used as DNA probes. DNA sequences of P-9 have high similarity to ribosomal genes, whereas P-25 does not show significant homology with known sequences within databases. CP-12 is a cDNA clone encoding a cysteine endopeptidase gene. A limited degree of polymorphism was detected with P-9 and P-25, while CP-12 showed a different pattern of bands for each tick isolate. These findings suggest the existence of a complex genotypic diversity of the tick B. microplus population in endemic regions.     

Colonization of the small intestine of weaned pigs by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli that lack known colonization factors.

Intestinal colonization of 3-week-old weaned pigs by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains that were originally isolated from weaned pigs with fatal diarrhea and that lacked K88, K99, F41, and 987P adhesins (4P- ETEC) was studied by histologic, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopic techniques. In the first experiment, 16 principal pigs were inoculated orogastrically with ETEC strain 2134 (serogroup O157: H19) or 2171 (serogroup 0141:H4), and eight control pigs were not inoculated. In the second experiment, 24 principals were inoculated with ETEC strain 2134, and 12 controls were inoculated with a nonenterotoxigenic strain of E. coli. Principal and control pigs were necropsied at intervals from 24 to 72 hours after inoculation of principals to provide the tissues used for this report. Results from the two experiments and with both ETEC strains were similar and therefore were combined. Adhesion by 4P- ETEC was demonstrated in ileum but not in cecum or colon in 22/40 principal pigs sampled at 24 to 72 hours after orogastric inoculation. Adherent bacteria were most apparent on the intestinal villi covering Peyer's patches. Only occasional adherent bacteria were detected in ileal sections from a few (4/20) of the control pigs. Adherence by 4P- ETEC was characterized by "patches" of bacteria closely associated with the lateral surfaces and less frequently with the tips and the bases of intact villi. In most cases, the adherent bacteria were separated from epithelial cell microvilli and other bacterial cells by a 50-400-nm space. Filamentous bacterial appendages bridged this space and formed a network among adjacent bacteria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

鸡新城疫-禽流感(H9亚型)二联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+HP株)的灭活试验

为了研究鸡新城疫-禽流感(H9亚型)二联灭活疫苗(La Sota株+HP株)中两种病毒的最佳甲醛灭活浓度和灭活时间,试验选取四种甲醛最终浓度0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.8%,分别对两种抗原进行灭活,在灭活10 h、12 h、14 h、16 h、18 h、24 h、30 h、36h、42 h分别取样,对每个样品进行灭活检验和血凝价测定。从试验结果得出,新城疫病毒(La Sota株)最适合的甲醛浓度为0.1%,灭活时间为16 h;禽流感病毒(H9亚型HP株)最适合甲醛浓度为0.1%,灭活时间为18 h。     

Infection of gnotobiotic calves with Escherichia coli o157:h7 strain A84.

Six colostrum-deprived, hysterotomy-derived calves were maintained under sterile conditions and fed a milk replacer diet. At five days of age, five of the calves were dosed orally with 10(9) cfu of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain A84. They were killed after, one, two, six, 12 and 24 days, and samples were taken for bacteriological and pathological examination. The sixth uninfected control calf was killed at seven days of age and matched samples were taken for pathological comparison. The animals remained normal throughout the observation period. Bacteriological data indicated a heavy bacterial load of strain A84 throughout the gastrointestinal tract but the bacterium was not found in liver, kidney or muscle. No evidence of 'attaching and effacing' lesions in the small or large intestine was found although there was a mild inflammatory response in the intestinal tract, consisting mainly of infiltrating eosinophils.     

Gas chromatographic characterization of the relationship between some Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis strains

Mycobacterium avium strain P-55 and M. avium strain DENT differ from M. avium strain 16909-338 on the basis of their fatty acid spectra (C14:0, C18:0 and tuberculostearic [TBS] acids) studied by multivariate statistical analyses. Strains P-55 and DENT are closer to M. paratuberculosis strain 5889 than to M. avium strain 16909-338, a finding which is in harmony with earlier immunological observations. The recently isolated M. paratuberculosis strain 385 has proved different from M. paratuberculosis strain 5889.     

A 39 kDa protein mediates adhesion of avian Pasteurella multocida to chicken embryo fibroblast cells

To clarify the role of avian Pasteurella multocida capsule in pathogenesis, adhesion of capsulated strains P-1059, X-73 and Pm-18, and noncapsulated strains P-1059B, Pm-1 and Pm-3 to chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells was compared. Number of adherent organisms of the capsulated strains to CEF cells were approximately three times as much as noncapsulated strains indicating that adhesive properties were enhanced by the presence of bacterial capsule. Pretreatments of the bacterial cells with heat, trypsin, or with antiserum caused a marked decrease in adhesion of capsulated strain P-1059 and its noncapsulated variant P-1059B. However, depolymerization of capsular hyaluronic acid with high dose of hyaluronidase enhanced adhesion of these strains. Combined treatments of the bacterial cells with both hyaluronidase and trypsin significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the adherence of strain P-1059 as compared to the treatment only with trypsin, but strain P-1059B was not affected. SDS-PAGE profiles of crude capsular extract (CCE) prepared from capsulated strain P-1059 and its noncapsulated variant P-1059B grown on dextrose starch agar (DSA) plates by heating at 56 degrees C in a 2.5% NaCl solution demonstrated eight protein bands of 28, 34, 36, 39, 52, 56, 63 and 93 kDa. The 28, 34 and 36 kDa proteins were commonly major for both strains, and the 39 kDa protein was major only for strain P-1059 but poor in strain P-1059B. Outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles were identical with a major protein at 34 kDa and four minor proteins between the two strains. The adhesion of strain P-1059 and strain P-1059B to CEF cells was inhibited significantly (P < 0.01) by treatment with rabbit antisera against P-1059, P-1059B, CCE or 39 kDa protein of strain P-1059 as compared to the treatment with either PBS or with normal rabbit serum. These results indicated that an antigenic 39 kDa protein in the capsule may be responsible for adhesion of avian P. multocida type A strains to CEF cells as a virulence factor.