奶牛乳房炎的发生和综合防治

乳房炎是奶牛的常见病和多发病，给奶牛业带来巨大的经济损失，乳房炎分为临床型和隐性型，临床型乳房炎主要引起乳房红肿发热、疼痛、乳品质下降，严重的化脓性或坏死性乳房炎引起全身症状，发热厌食乃至败血症而死亡；隐性乳房炎虽然不表现为临床症状，但也影响产奶量和乳品质，而且在不良环境条件下极易转变为临床型乳房炎。引起乳房炎的因素很多，除易感牛、病原微生物与环境三大因素影响外，还表现在致病菌的多样性方面，给防治工作带来极大困难。因此，必须采取多种措施全方位的对乳房炎进行防治。一、奶牛乳房炎的致病原因及感染途径…     

中西药治疗奶牛乳房炎

乳房炎是各种病囚引起的乳房实质或间质炎症，可分为临床型乳房炎和隐性乳房炎。     

无乳链球菌性乳房炎的诊治与探讨

乳房炎是兽医床上的常见疾病，一直困扰着兽医临床诊治工作。引起乳房炎的病因是多方面的，无乳链球菌只是引起乳房炎发生的其中1种病原菌。     

规模奶牛场如何减少奶牛乳房炎发生

乳房炎是奶牛常见的一种多发性疾病，引起乳房炎的病原菌多达80余种。根据临床表现可分为临床型和隐性乳房炎。无症状的隐性乳房炎高于临床型乳房炎．往往不容易发现。本文介绍了乳房炎检测方法和乳房炎的发生条件与防治措施，积极探讨采取奶牛乳房炎预防与治疗有效措施，达到减少乳房炎发生，增加奶牛养殖户经济效益的目的。     

奶牛乳房炎的综合防治

乳房炎是奶牛的常见病和多发病，给奶牛业带来巨大的经济损失，乳房炎分为临床型和隐性型，临床型乳房炎主要引起乳房红肿发热、疼痛、乳品质下降，严重的化脓性或坏死性乳房炎引起起全身症状，发热厌食乃至败血症而死亡；隐性乳房炎虽然不表现为临床症状，但也影响产奶量和乳品质，而且在不良的环境条件下极易转     

浅谈奶牛葡萄球菌性乳房炎的诊治

乳房炎是影响乳品工业经济效益的重要疾病之一，而约50％的乳房炎是由葡萄球菌引起。美国每年因奶牛乳房炎造成的损失达20亿美元。在芬兰、挪威、瑞典，因患乳房炎而破淘汰的奶牛分别占35％、19％和22％，我国奶牛乳房炎的发生率则更高。葡萄球菌引起的乳房炎可产生严重的临床症状，并可造成奶制品中耐热毒素的污染，根除该病迫在眉睫。     

细胞因子在奶牛乳房炎防治中的应用研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是危害奶牛业一种常见疾病和多发病，主要是由微生物（传染性病原体和环境性病原体）感染所引起的，遗传因素、饲养管理因素和环境因素等也可以导致该病的发生。据统计，奶牛乳腺内感染检出率高达95％，乳区可达75％，其中有29％奶牛和15％的乳区在繁殖后表现出临床性的乳房炎。乳房炎引起的损失主要包括兽医服务和药物支出的增加、奶牛乳腺和含有抗生素牛奶的废弃、奶产量下降等，全世界每年因乳房炎造成的损失高达350亿美元。乳房炎的控制主要有传统抗生素疗法和非抗生素疗法两大类，抗生素一定程度上对于降低乳房炎发生率，减少乳房炎引起的经济损失起了主要的作用，目前仍然是控制乳房炎的重要而普遍应用的方法，但是由于引起乳房炎的病原体种类众多，     

奶牛乳房炎的治疗和预防

症状：奶牛乳房炎可分为临床型乳房炎和隐性乳房炎，其中临床型乳房炎又分为急性和慢性乳房炎。临床型乳房炎是金黄色葡萄球菌引起的乳房炎其症状比较严重。患牛体温升高，可达40．5～42．0℃．乳区明显红肿、坚实，触摸疼痛，食欲下降，精神沉郁。大肠杆菌乳房炎其全身症状与金黄色葡萄球菌相同，表现为败血症症状，大便稀薄呈黑色．眼窝下陷，怕冷，发抖等。     

中西结合治疗牛乳房炎

牛乳房炎常由于乳房、乳头外伤或病原微生物感染而引起。此外乳房不洁、挤乳不当及子宫炎、胎衣不下等也可引起乳房炎。笔者近几年采用中西医结合治疗牛乳房炎29例，治愈24例，好转4例，有效率达96％。     

如何防制乳房炎

如何防制乳房炎母猪躺卧地面不洁是诱发乳房炎的主要原因之一。如果不让母猪在排便区躺卧，则发生乳房炎的可能性就会大大减少。症状：乳房发热红肿，食欲不振，不愿哺乳，患乳房炎的母猪，其体温可能升高达４０～４２℃。引起乳房炎的病原菌种类五花八门，它们有的来自母...     

包头地区奶牛乳房炎发病情况的调查

奶牛乳房炎是由病原微生物感染而引起乳房组织及乳头发炎的一种疾病,是造成奶牛业经济损失的最主要的原因。采用LMT法对包头地区土右旗、九原区、固阳县、达茂旗等地区1 438头奶牛进行了乳房炎发病情况调查,并从奶牛自身性状、环境、管理等方面分析可能导致致病菌对机体感染的原因,以期为包头地区奶牛乳房炎的防治提供参考依据。     

Meat quality in broilers affected with inflammation of the feather follicles

Broilers with feather follicle inflammation and birds free of this disorder were selected from the broiler chickens kept on plastic (bralen-)coated metallic slats. Both groups of broilers were killed on a sanitary slaughter line and the samples of breast and thigh muscles were analyzed for the basic composition and characteristics of the metabolism of nitrogenous and lipidic components. The content of individual amino acids in the muscles and the proportion of fatty acids in the intramuscular fat of broilers were determined for the evaluation of nutritive value. The samples of the affected spots of skin and samples of organs (liver) were subjected to microbiological examination. The resultant finding represented the common mesophilous microflora. No substantial statistically significant differences in chemical characteristics were found between the two groups. It follows from the results that the inflammation of feather follicles is a local skin disorder with no effect on the quality of the meat.     

安全型奶牛消毒剂牧场应用效果的研究

本文对安全型奶牛消毒剂牧场的应用效果进行了研究,以碘伏为对照,通过菌落总数、金黄色葡萄球菌数以及大肠杆菌等指标的测定推断出本消毒剂最佳药剂组合配比,并在此基础上,测定了消毒剂使用前后的体细胞数变化。本消毒剂高效、持久并能有效降低体细胞数目,可预防奶牛乳房炎症的发生,提高生奶的质量控制水平。     

miR-502在犬乳腺癌中的表达及意义

旨在研究微小miR-502（cfa-miRNA-502）在犬乳腺癌组织中的表达情况及其临床意义。采用实时定量PCR方法检测30例犬乳腺癌组织及癌旁正常组织中miR-502的表达水平,分析miR-502表达与犬乳腺癌组织临床病理特征（年龄、肿瘤大小、组织学分级和转移）的关系。结果显示：与癌旁组织相比,犬乳腺癌组织中miR-502的表达水平显著升高,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）;miR-502表达与犬乳腺癌的组织学分级与转移有关（P<0.05）,但与年龄和肿瘤大小无关（P>0.05）。本研究提示miR-502在犬乳腺癌组织中表达上调,其表达与犬乳腺肿瘤的发生、发展有一定关系,miR-502可能作为犬乳腺癌诊断的肿瘤标记物。     

Focal ulcerative dermatitis ("breast buttons") in marketed turkeys

Features of focal ulcerative dermatitis ("breast buttons"), a skin disease occurring most commonly in male turkeys, are described. Single or, less commonly, multiple ulcers 16 to greater than 900 mm2 in size were located in the unfeathered breast skin over the anterior keel. Ulcer margins were raised, and the center was filled with a firmly adherent, hard scab. Microscopically, there was a sharp demarcation between the ulcer and adjacent hyperplastic epithelium. Vasculitis, necrosis of dermal vessels, mild to moderate heterophil infiltration, and fibrosis were found in the dermis. The characteristic granulomatous response to exudate seen in avian species was absent. Although bacterial colonies, foreign debris, and (rarely) fungi were found on the lesion surface, they were absent deep in the ulcer, suggesting they are not its cause. The lesion had no clinical effect on the turkey but was frequently trimmed at processing, resulting in downgrading and economic loss. There is no correlation between the size of "breast buttons" and occurrence of "breast blisters," an inflammation of the sternal bursa.     

无乳链球菌毒力基因与耐药性的相关性研究进展

乳房炎是奶牛养殖业中最常见的一种疾病，会造成奶牛乳腺发炎肿胀，使产奶量大幅下降。作为一种多因素性疾病，奶牛乳房炎发病原因复杂，饲料污染、病原菌感染以及环境因素均可以导致乳房炎的发生。无乳链球菌（Streptococcus agalactiae）作为奶牛乳房炎的主要致病菌，常会造成乳腺组织的局部炎症，随着无乳链球菌分离率的增加以及抗菌药物的滥用，其对抗菌药物的耐药性逐步攀升，给临床治疗带来了一定的困难。此外，无乳链球菌能够定植于宿主体内，破坏宿主的免疫系统，而其自身毒力因子会引起宿主机体疾病的产生。随着相关研究的深入，发现毒力与耐药性本身互为关联，耐药性的增强以不同的方式影响毒力，表明了耐药性与毒力因子之间存在着一定的相关性。笔者主要回顾了国内外链球菌以及其他细菌毒力基因与耐药性之间相关性的研究进展，从无乳链球菌毒力因子及耐药性等多种角度入手，分析了无乳链球菌的毒力机制以及毒力基因，并对近5年国内不同地区无乳链球菌耐药性进行统计，从细菌种类、环境和相关机制对链球菌的毒力和耐药性之间的关系展开综述，以期为无乳链球菌所引起的临床症状筛选出合理的抗菌药物并对毒力基因与耐药性的相关性研究提供理论参考。     

母乳维生素及活性成分在-80℃保存过程中的稳定性

通过对母乳维生素及活性成分在超低温冷冻条件下的稳定性研究,最终制定伊利母乳研究实物库的母乳质量标准,以确保伊利母乳研究实物库中的母乳样本在-80℃保存过程中营养成分的损失率最小.结果表明:母乳在-80℃冷冻保存12个月的过程中,随着保存时间的延长,维生素含量显著降低,活性成分核苷酸含量没有发生显著性变化.母乳-80℃保存3个月时,VB2和VA的含量分别减少为新鲜母乳的35％和29％,VC含量无法检出;母乳在-80℃保存12个月时,烟酸含量减少为新鲜母乳的69％.因此,从现有检测指标来看,母乳库的质量标准应根据分析研究的母乳成分而定,若分析稳定性较差的营养成分如维生素应尽量使用新鲜母乳.     

Apoptotic effects of tamoxifen on leukocytes from horse peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

A reduction in inflammatory cell apoptosis is an important concept in the maintenance of inflammation and a potential target for the resolution of inflammation in many inflammatory diseases. Dysregulation of apoptosis has been implicated in a range of diseases, including tumors, neurodegenerative disorders and autoimmunity, and may also be implicated in allergic asthma. In horses, recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is an asthma-like condition that is characterized increased survival neutrophil bronchial. Tamoxifen is a synthetic, non-steroidal, anti-estrogen agent that is widely used for treating all stages of breast cancer and has been approved for the prevention of breast cancer in high-risk women. The observed efficacy of tamoxifen has been attributed to both growth arrest and the induction of apoptosis. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the ability of tamoxifen to induce apoptosis in vitro in granulocytic cells from peripheral blood and in mononuclear cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in horses. Flow cytometry using commercial AnnexinV-FITC and propidium iodide was used to quantify early and late apoptotic leukocytes, respectively. The results showed a significant increase in early apoptosis in peripheral blood and bronchial granulocytic cells treated with tamoxifen. The rate of early apoptosis of mononuclear cells from blood and BALF when incubated with tamoxifen was significantly lower compared with granulocytic cells. We did not observe a direct effect of tamoxifen on late apoptosis in any of the in vitro assays in the cell types used here. These results indicate that the apoptotic mechanisms under these experimental conditions would affect only blood and BALF granulocytic cells, particularly in early apoptosis. Finally, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to better understand apoptotic mechanisms because tamoxifen could be used to treat chronic, inflammatory pathologies associated with granulocytes and allergic diseases, such as asthma or equine RAO.     

新一代婴幼儿配方乳粉脂质与母乳脂质相似性对比分析

母乳是婴儿最理想的天然食品,也是婴幼儿配方乳粉（infant?formula,IF）开发的金标准。精准模拟母乳的营养组分,是实现IF产品提升的一种重要手段。为更好模拟母乳脂质,依据已报道的母乳数据开发了新一代IF,然后对比分析母乳和新一代IF中总脂肪酸和sn-2脂肪酸与母乳的相似性。结果表明：新一代IF和母乳在总脂肪酸和sn-2脂肪酸组成上具有高度相似性（相似性系数分别为>85%和>70%）,表明新一代IF实现了对母乳总脂肪酸和sn-2脂肪酸的高度模拟。     

Histopathologic Diagnosis and Analysis of 44 Cases of Pet Dog Tumors

56 cases of suspected tumor materials from a pet hospital in Beijing were collected from 2015 to 2016, the histopathological method was used for tumor diagnosis, then the varieties of onset, sites, age and gender of tumors were statically analyzed. The results showed that among the 56 cases, 44 cases were diagnosed as tumors. There were 21 cases of benign tumor, including rianalgland adenomas, sebaceous adenoma,mast cell tumor and so on. There were 23 cases of malignant tumors, including breast cancer, squamous cell cancer, adenocarcinoma of anus and so on. The results indicated that skin, perianal and breast had a higher incidence. The tumor onset rate became higher after 7 years old. The skin tumors and breast cancer were more common in female pet dog, however, the anal gland peripheral tumor onset rate of male pet dogs was higher. This study provided a reference for the epidemiology and diagnosis of canine tumors in the future.