家养水牛催乳素基因编码区结构特征

 催乳素具有促进生长发育及维持泌乳、进行免疫调节等生物学功能,但目前家养水牛 PRL基因的变异特征及其与水牛性状间的关系还不清楚。本研究采用PCR SSCP及PCR产物直接测序技术,检测不同沼泽型和河流型水牛群体 PRL 基因各外显子的遗传变异,将各外显子序列进行拼接得到编码区序列,对其进行生物信息学分析,结果表明：水牛成熟催乳素含199个氨基酸残基,其编码蛋白呈酸性,碱基使用率为A 25.96%,T 22.95%,C 28.14%,G 22.95%,平均碱基组成差异较小,偏好性密码子占密码子使用总数的48.21%。在沼泽型水牛群体中检测到c.G192A、c.C427T和c.C606T共3种核苷酸替换,均为同义替换,产生8种单倍型,在河流型水牛群体中检测到c.C606T替换,为同义替换,产生2种单倍型,不同单倍型个体未产生表达差异。序列比对分析表明,水牛PRL基因编码区序列在进化过程中未受到人工选择的影响,可能是因为功能的约束使其编码区序列表现得十分保守。     

水牛PRL和PRLR部分外显子基因的多态性

采用DNA样本池结合PCR-SSCP的方法,对摩拉水牛、摩拉-本地杂交水牛、尼里-拉菲水牛、尼里-本地杂交水牛、三元(摩-尼-本)杂交水牛扣广西水牛群体中PRL基因exon3/exon4和PRLR基因exon3的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)进行了研究.结果显示,在PRL-exon3/exon4基因片段中所有水牛群体全部为G核苷等位基因,没有发现A核苷等位基因(Rsa Ⅰ酶切位点),在广西水牛群体内发现1个有义突变苏氨酸突变为丝氨酸(T→S).在PRLR exon3基因片段中所有水牛群体均为S18N(丝氨酸→天冬酰胺)突变中与低产奶量相关的N等位基因,与其他水牛群体比较广西水牛群体中存在1个碱基转换(C→T).结果表明,水牛群体中PRL-exon3/4的GG核苷基因型可能与其高乳脂率相关,PRLR-exon3基因片段的N等位基因可能与水奶牛群体整体的低产奶量相关,广西水牛群体中存在的新突变可能是导致其产奶量进一步降低的原因之一.     

马可·波罗盘羊和5种家养绵羊MHC-DRB3基因第2外显子遗传多态性分析

【目的】 分析马可·波罗盘羊MHC-DRB3基因第2外显子多态性,确定其等位基因数及核苷酸、氨基酸多态位点,以及与家养绵羊的遗传进化关系。【方法】 采用PCR-SSCP方法对39只马可·波罗盘羊、159只塔什库尔干羊、72只藏绵羊、76只宁夏滩羊、36只柯尔克孜羊和26只多浪羊MHC-DRB3基因第2外显子的等位基因进行检测,对不同绵羊品种产生的差异等位基因进行克隆及测序,并对等位基因单倍型序列进行分析;利用生物信息学在线软件分析马可·波罗盘羊MHC-DRB3基因第2外显子编码蛋白的理化性质、结构和功能。【结果】 试验共获得66个MHC-DRB3等位基因,马可·波罗盘羊、塔什库尔干羊、藏绵羊、宁夏滩羊、柯尔克孜羊和多浪羊的等位基因数分别为23、14、12、12、4和1个。马可·波罗盘羊、塔什库尔干羊、藏绵羊、宁夏滩羊和柯尔克孜羊MHC-DRB3基因第2外显子等位基因序列中的核苷酸多态位点分别为74、76、45、49和25个,表明相较于藏绵羊、宁夏滩羊和柯尔克孜羊,马可·波罗盘羊和塔什库尔干羊的多态性更高。系统发育分析表明,马可·波罗盘羊和塔什库尔干羊MHC-DRB3基因均呈两支分化;马可·波罗盘羊、塔什库尔干羊和藏绵羊MHC-DRB3基因单倍型的相似性较高。马可·波罗盘羊MHC-DRB3基因第2外显子编码产物为不稳定亲水性蛋白,二级结构主要以无规则卷曲和α-螺旋为主,其生物学作用主要在细胞质中体现。【结论】 本试验确定了马可·波罗盘羊和5种家养绵羊MHC-DRB3基因第2外显子的等位基因数及核苷酸、氨基酸多态位点,为进一步探究绵羊MHC-DRB3基因的调控机理及进化意义提供材料。     

四川白鹅与朗德鹅PRL基因外显子2SNP分析

实验以四川白鹅和朗德鹅为研究对象,采用PCR-SSCP技术检测了鹅PRL基因的单核苷酸多态性。结果表明:PRL基因外显子2在四川白鹅群体中存在1个C65T突变,并造成了第24位氨基酸由Thr突变为Ile;在朗德鹅群体中存在1个第141位的碱基T缺失,引起第49位氨基酸由Phe突变为Leu,显示出2个品种在该位点的差异性。经Blast比对分析还发现,不同鹅品种间PRL基因外显子2还存在C15G突变、第20位的碱基C缺失和A164G3个突变。这些SNP位点的发现,会对研究鹅催乳素的结构功能及其在机体中的作用有重要意义。     

藏鸡MHC B-G基因第1、2外显子的遗传多态性分析

本研究根据NCBI上红色原鸡MHC（主要组织相容性复合物）B—G基因序列设计特异性引物,在藏鸡、白来航鸡、寿光鸡基因组中扩增出包含第一外显子、第二外显子在内的长度为1178bp的DNA特异性片段,并对该片段的核苷酸序列进行PCR测序及比对分析。结果发现：在MHCB—G基因的第1、2外显子上,藏鸡在177位存在突变点,由C→T;藏鸡在345位存在缺失现象,白来航鸡和寿光鸡都为C;藏鸡在511位存在突变点。由C→T;藏鸡在547位存在突变点．由T→C。     

云南高峰牛MHC-DQB基因外显子2遗传多态性分析

本研究采用PCR直接测序和PCR-RFLP法研究了云南高峰牛MHC-DQB基因外显子2(DQB.2)的遗传多态性,并利用DNAMAN软件分析了云南高峰牛与部分物种DQB.2相应核苷酸序列的同源性。结果发现,共检测到了17个等位基因,其中Hae Ⅲ酶切位点存在10种基因型,由A、B、C、D和E 5个复等位基因控制;RsaⅠ酶切位点存在22种基因型,由A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I、J和K共11个复等位基因控制;TaqⅠ酶切位点只出现了1种基因型。分析发现,云南高峰牛DQB.2基因的12、25、63、96、106、126、152、156、165、204位的碱基表现出了多态性。所分析的物种该基因片段大小相同均为270 bp,云南高峰牛第224位碱基缺失及236位碱基插入现象。云南高峰牛与人、猪、马、绵羊、黄牛×瘤牛的核苷酸序列的同源性分别为81.4%、83.3%、78.1%、87.7%、86.6%。经χ²检验结果表明,Hae Ⅲ和TaqⅠ酶切位点处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＞0.05),而RsaⅠ酶切位点则未达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＜0.05)。     

鹅催乳素基因外显子2变异及其遗传效应

动物垂体前叶分泌的催乳素(Prolactin,PRL)具有广泛的生理效应,在家禽中与就巢、产蛋等繁殖性能有重要关联.本试验以皖西白鹅和莱茵鹅作为研究素材,运用PCR-SSCP法检测鹅PRL基因外显子2的单核苷酸变异并分析了变异的遗传效应.检测发现在皖西白鹅中存在C196T碱基突变,在莱茵鹅群体发现C170T碱基突变.关联分析结果表明,2个品种中的PRL基因外显子2突变均对鹅的开产蛋质量有显著(P<0.05)影响.     

汶上芦花鸡催乳素基因外显子2的遗传变异及其与繁殖性状的相关性分析

本研究以汶上芦花鸡为研究对象,利用PCR-SSCP技术对催乳素（prolactin,PRL）基因外显子2进行SNP检测和测序分析,并对该基因与汶上芦花鸡繁殖性状的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,PRL基因外显子2存在1个多态性位点,该位点由于在3838 bp发生C→T的碱基突变,产生了AA、AB和BB 3种基因型,并导致氨基酸发生改变,由亮氨酸变为苯丙氨酸。BB基因型和等位基因B的频率最高;3种基因型（AA、AB和BB）在开产日龄、开产蛋重、开产体重、300日龄体重、300日龄蛋重的繁殖性状指标上均未达到差异显著性水平（P>0.05）。表明PRL基因外显子2多态性与汶上芦花鸡繁殖性状无明显相关性。     

水牛前脑锌指蛋白（FEZL）基因外显子1多态性研究

试验根据已有的哺乳动物FEZL基因序列设计引物,采用PCR产物直接测序技术对河流型与沼泽型水牛共144头水牛（属于10个群体）的FEZL基因第1外显子进行了序列测定和比较分析。结果表明,水牛FEZL基因第1外显子长度为907bp,水牛群体中FEZL基因第1外显子存在1个SNP（c．165G〉A）,属于同义替换,其buffalo。等位基因在群体中已接近固定;河流型和沼泽型两类水牛群体中FEZL基因第1外显子多个连续的甘氨酸残基编码区都为13G类型;水牛与普通牛、人、小鼠、马、猪和狗的FEZL基因第1外显子序列差异较大,推测水牛的FEZL在功能上可能与普通牛等其他物种存在差异;尽管两类水牛连续的甘氨酸残基编码区都为13G类型,但其可能与水牛乳腺炎易感性无直接关联。研究结果可为水牛乳腺炎的抗病育种提供遗传背景资料。     

水牛FASN基因外显子37多态性及其生物信息学分析

[目的]脂肪酸合成酶(Fatty acid synthase,FASN)是影响哺乳动物脂肪酸合成的关键酶,但有关水牛FASN基因的群体遗传组成特征还不清楚。[方法]本研究采用PCR产物直接测序法和PCR-SSCP方法对88头河流型和122头沼泽型水牛、54头牦牛和40头大额牛FASN基因外显子37进行群体变异检测,并结合已发表的牛科物种序列进行生物信息学分析。[结果]结果表明,仅在水牛中发现2个SNP位点,为c.6363CT和c.6372CT,均为同义替换。河流型和沼泽型水牛共享这2个SNP位点,但它们在两类水牛中的群体遗传组成不同。确定水牛特有的核苷酸位点3个,即c.6183A,c.6255T和c.6394A,其中c.6394A导致水牛FASN蛋白第2132位氨基酸与其它牛科物种不同,在水牛中为M而其它牛科物种中为V;山羊特有的位点2个,为c.6189A和c.6267T。普通牛、山羊和绵羊中具有异义替换SNP位点,分别为1个、3个和7个。普通牛的异义替换SNP位点c.6365GA对蛋白质功能影响不显著(subPSEC-3);山羊的这些异义替换SNP位点c.6296TC、c.6301CT和c.6341TC对其蛋白质功能影响均有显著影响(subPSEC-3);绵羊7个异义替换SNP位点中的2个,即c.6286AC和c.6406AG对FASN功能有显著影响(subPSEC-3)。[结论]这些核苷酸差异引起的氨基酸差异可能引起不同牛科物种间FASN功能的差异。     

不同品种马ELA-DQA* exon2的多态性分析

通过PCR—SSCP技术检测了7个品种300匹马ELA—DQA＊^exon2的多态性。用12％非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳将已变性的PCR扩增产物分离，银染法显色。结果300匹马中共出现27种基因型：10种纯合子和17种杂合子；7个品种马的He和PIC值均表现为高度多态；等位基因序列分析得到10个等位基因间的Kimura双参数遗传距离为0．015～O．147，符合（dN：〉dS）的正选择检验。因此表明马的ELA—DQA＊^exon2多态性丰富。     

Microbial population in the rumen of swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) as influenced by coconut oil and mangosteen peel supplementation

Four, rumen fistulated swamp buffalo bulls were used to study microbial populations in the rumen when supplemented with coconut oil and mangosteen peel. Animals were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Four treatments were un‐supplemented (Control), supplementation with coconut oil at 50 g/kg (CO5), supplementation with mangosteen peel at 30 g/kg (MP3) and supplementation with CO5 and MP3 (COM), of total DM intake. Animals received concentrate at 10 g/kg of BW, and rice straw was given ad libitum. Abundance of total bacteria was increased by CO5 supplementation, whereas populations of protozoa and Fibrobacter succinogenes were reduced by CO5 and COM supplementation. Dietary supplementation did not affect methanogen, Ruminococcus flavefaciens or Ruminococcus albus abundances. Dietary treatments changed denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) band patterns of methanogens and protozoa when compared with the control group, especially when supplemented with MP3. Supplementation of COM resulted in the greatest difference in pattern of DGGE bands for total bacteria compared with the control. Coconut oil and mangosteen peel supplementation resulted in changing of rumen microbial abundances and communities; however, combination of them could be more benefit to improve rumen fermentation of swamp buffalo fed on rice straw.     

Prenatal development of retina in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

The development of retina in Indian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) has not been reported previously. The aim of the present study was therefore to report the major landmarks and the time course in the development of retina. Serial histological sections of Indian buffalo embryos and foetuses were used as group1 (<20.0 cm CVRL), group2 (>20.0 but <40.0 cm CVRL) and group3 (>40.0 cm CVRL). Age estimation was made on the basis of crown vertebral‐rump length (CVRL), which ranged between 36 and 286 days (1.6–94.0 cm). The retina in Indian buffalo was developed in a similar manner to that of the other mammals with the principal differences in the time of occurrence of various layers of this nervous tunic. In 36 days (1.6 cm stage), the foetal retina was composed of pigmented layer and the layer of neuroblasts. Differentiation of layers was first observed in 47 days (4.0 cm CVRL) which became prominent in 52 days (5.1 cm stage). At 120 days (20.5 cm stage), the differentiation of inner plexiform layer and inner nuclear layer was evident. At 143 days (31.0 cm) foetal age, the faint line in neuroblastic layer was the first evidence of the future outer plexiform layer. In foetuses of group III, the retina was comprised of all 10 layers (eight cell layers and two membranes) viz. pigmented epithelium, layer of rods and cones, outer limiting membrane, outer nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, ganglion cell layer, layer of nerve fibres and the inner limiting membrane.     

种群遗传变异及基因多样度分析

阐述了种群遗传学和生态遗传学研究的基本单位－种群的定义和意念含义,其一是种系变异含义,其二是生态适应含义,并概述了遗传变异的研究历史。从３个方面及质量性状变异,数量性状变异与基金变异,介绍了种群遗传变异的研究方法,重点介绍了基因变异的测量和亚种群基因多样度的测量,并且依据研究所得的遗传参数对中国苜蓿不同种群遗传结构和多样度进行了例证分析。     

Detection of prion gene promoter and intron1 indel polymorphisms in Anatolian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal disease caused by miss folded prion protein. Studies in the cattle, comparing genetic data from BSE diseased and healthy animals have shown that indel polymorphisms in the promoter and intron 1 of PRNP gene were associated with disease susceptibility. Several studies were conducted to find out allele and genotypic frequencies of indel polymorphisms in promoter and intron 1 of the cattle PRNP gene. Unlike domestic cattle and bison, no indel polymorphisms of the PRNP promoter and intron 1 were examined in any population of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Aim of this study was to analyse frequencies of allele, genotype, and haplotype of the indel polymorphisms (23 bp indel in promoter and 12 bp indel in intron 1) in prion protein coding gene (PRNP) of water buffalo. Therefore a PCR based procedure, previously used in cattle to detect indel polymorphisms of PRNP promoter and intron 1 locus, was applied to 106 Anatolian water buffalo DNAs. Our results have revealed high frequency of in variants and in23/in12 haplotype for PRNP promoter and intron 1 indel polymorphisms in water buffalo. The results of the study have demonstrated that frequencies of allele, genotype, and haplotype of the indel polymorphisms in PRNP gene of the Anatolian water buffalo are significantly different those from cattle and bison PRNP indel polymorphisms.     

鸭催乳素基因外显子5多态性与就巢性状的关联分析

将番鸭不同就巢群体(就巢1月群、就巢2月群、就巢3月群)、番鸭非就巢群和白改鸭群体作为试验材料,采用PCR-SSCP技术研究番鸭不同就巢群体、番鸭非就巢群和白改鸭5个群体250个个体催乳素(PRL)基因第5外显子多态性及其与就巢性状之间的相关性。结果表明:外显子5片段编码区发现3个SNP位点,位于5871bp(G/A)、5926bp(A/G)和6029bp(C/T)处,其中5871bp(G/A)与5926bp(A/G)处氨基酸序列均改变,分别为I→V和R→K。统计多态片段的基因型频率和基因频率,并对5个试验鸭群间基因频率作差异进行显著性分析,番鸭非就巢群体与各就巢群体间差异显著(P<0.05),同时番鸭与白改鸭差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

Subcutaneous pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of cefotaxime in buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis)

The pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of cefotaxime following its single subcutaneous administration (10 mg/kg) were investigated in buffalo calves. Plasma and urine samples were collected over 10 and 24 h post administration, respectively. Cefotaxime in plasma and urine was estimated by microbiological assay technique using E. coli as test organism. The pharmacokinetic profiles fitted one-compartment open model. The peak plasma levels of cefotaxime were 6.48 ± 0.52 µg/ml at 30 min and the drug was detected upto 10 h. The absorption half-life and elimination half-life were 0.173 ± 0.033 h and 1.77 ± 0.02 h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution and total body clearance were 1.17 ± 0.10 l/kg and 0.45 ± 0.03 l/kg/h, respectively. The urinary excretion of cefotaxime in 24 h, was 5.36 ± 1.19 percent of total administrated dose. A satisfactory subcutaneous dosage regimen for cefotaxime in buffalo calves would be 13 mg/kg repeated at 12 h intervals.     

Effect of retinol as antioxidant on the post-thaw viability and the expression of apoptosis and developmental competence-related genes of vitrified preantral follicles in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

The present study evaluated the effect of supplementation of retinol in the vitrification solution on the viability, apoptosis and development-related gene expression in vitrified buffalo preantral follicles. Preantral follicles isolated from cortical slices of ovaries were randomly assigned into three groups: Group1—Control fresh preantral follicles; Group 2—Vitrification treatment (Vitrification solution 1 (VS1) –TCM-199 + 25 mM HEPES + Foetal bovine serum (FBS) 10%, Ethylene glycol (EG): 10%, Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO): 10%, Sucrose-0.3 M for 4 min; VS2- TCM-199 + 25 mM HEPES + FBS10%, EG:25%, DMSO: 25%, Sucrose:0.3 M for 45 s); Group3—vitrification treatment +5 μM of Retinol. Preantral follicles were placed in corresponding vitrification medium and plunged into liquid nitrogen (−196°C). After a week, the follicles were thawed and analysed for follicular viability and gene expression. There was no significant difference in the viability rates among the Group 1(Fresh preantral follicles) (91.46 ± 2.39%), Group 2 (89.59 ± 2.46%) and Group 3 (87.19 ± 4.05%). There was a significantly (p < .05) higher mRNA expression of BCL2L1, GDF-9 and BMP-15 in the vitrification + retinol group compared with the control group. There was a significantly (p < .05) higher expression of Caspase-3 and Annexin-5 in the vitrification group and Vitrification + retinol group compared with control group of follicles. It is concluded that the supplementation of 5 μM of Retinol in Vitrification solution was an efficient vitrification procedure for the vitrification of buffalo preantral follicles.     

Comparison of carcass and meat characteristics of Brahman grade cattle (Bos indicus) and crossbred water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

This study was conducted to determine and compare the live traits, carcass yield and the physical, chemical, processing and sensory properties of meat from 20 Brahman grade cattle (crossbred cattle) and crossbred water buffalo (Philippine carabao × Murrah, Bulgarian or Indian) with an average age and weight of 29 months and 434 kg, respectively. The animals were fed a similar diet for 180 days before slaughter. A survey was performed to establish consumer meat preference between the two species. Live weights before slaughter of the two species were found to be different (P < 0.05) with the crossbred water buffalo showing higher bodyweight. However, the crossbred water buffalo had a lower (P < 0.05) dressing yield based on hot carcass weight and chilled carcass weight. The lower dressing yield of crossbred water buffalo can be attributed to its higher (P < 0.05) weights of edible and non‐edible slaughter by‐products. The chilled carcass yield of the forequarters and hindquarters from crossbred cattle and crossbred water buffalo were comparable when expressed as percent of live weight and chilled carcass weight. The estimated lean yield was higher in crossbred cattle than crossbred water buffalo. Crude protein, ash, fat, cholesterol, myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic and insoluble protein contents of the beef and carabao meat were all similar. Water holding capacity, pH, muscle fiber diameter, tenderness, firmness and marbling score in carabeef were all comparable to the beef. Redness was found to be higher (P < 0.05) in carabeef than the beef as measured with a color meter. The consumer meat preference survey showed that 55.9% selected the beef while 44.1% preferred carabeef. The color and amount of fat on the outside of the beef sample were primary in buyer selection.