基于改进YOLO v5s的轻量级奶牛体况评分方法

奶牛体况评分是评价奶牛产能与体态健康的重要指标。目前,随着现代化牧场的发展,智能检测技术已被应用于奶牛精准养殖中。针对目前检测算法的参数量多、计算量大等问题,以YOLO v5s为基础,提出了一种改进的轻量级奶牛体况评分模型(YOLO-MCE)。首先,通过2D摄像机在奶牛挤奶通道处采集奶牛尾部图像并构建奶牛BCS数据集。其次,在MobileNetV3网络中融入坐标注意力机制(Coordinate attention, CA)构建M3CA网络。将YOLO v5s的主干网络替换为M3CA网络,在降低模型复杂度的同时,使得网络特征提取时更关注于牛尾区域的位置和空间信息,从而提高了运动模糊场景下的检测精度。YOLO v5s预测层采用EIoU Loss损失函数,优化了目标边界框回归收敛速度,生成定位精准的预测边界框,进而提高了模型检测精度。试验结果表明,改进的YOLO v5s模型的检测精度为93.4%,召回率为85.5%,mAP@0.5为91.4%,计算量为2.0×10⁹,模型内存占用量仅为2.28 MB。相较原始YOLO v5s模型,其计算量降低87.3%,模型内存占用量减...     

新疆滴灌施肥棉花生长和产量的水肥耦合效应

在新疆石河子棉花种植区,研究了滴灌施肥棉花生长和产量的水肥耦合效应.试验设置3个灌水水平和5个NPK施肥水平.结果表明,滴灌施肥条件下,灌水量对株高、有效铃数、百铃质量、籽棉产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率影响均在0.05水平下具有统计学意义,对和叶面积指数的影响在0.01水平下具有统计学意义,其变化随着灌水量的增加而增加;施肥对株高、叶面积指数、有效铃数、百铃质量和籽棉产量影响在0.01水平下具有统计学意义,水肥交互作用对单株有效铃数、百铃质量和籽棉产量影响在0.01水平下具有统计学意义.施肥过高对作物生长有一定的抑制作用.灌水量为60%ET_c,施肥量为300 kg/hm²∶120 kg/hm²∶60 kg/hm²(ω_N∶ω_P2O5∶ω_K2O)时氮、磷、钾的利用效率均最高,灌水量为100%ET_c,施肥量为150 kg/hm²:60 kg/hm²∶30 kg/hm²(ω_N∶ω_P2O5∶ω_K2O)时氮、磷、钾养分回收率最高.从产量、水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力等角度综合考虑,灌水量100%ET_c、300 kg/hm²∶120 kg/hm²∶60 kg/hm²(ω_N∶ω_P2O5∶ω_K2O)为最佳滴灌施肥策略.     

基于CBAM-YOLO v7的自然环境下棉叶病虫害识别方法

针对自然环境下棉花叶片病害检测难度大和人工设计特征提取器难以获取与棉叶病虫害相近特征表达的问题,提出一种改进的注意力机制YOLO v7算法（CBAM-YOLO v7）。该模型在YOLO v7模型基础上,在Backbone与Head中间增加注意力机制CBAM,并在Head部进行4倍下采样,然后将CBAM-YOLO v7模型用于棉叶病虫害识别,并与YOLO v5和YOLO v7进行对比试验。试验结果表明：蚜虫和正常叶片检测方面,YOLO v7可取得好的检测结果;CBAM-YOLO v7对黄萎病、棉盲蝽、红蜘蛛棉叶病虫害图像检测的准确率高于其他模型。CBAM-YOLO v7的mAP为85.5%,相较于YOLO v5提高21个百分点,相较于YOLO v7提高4.9个百分点;单幅图检测耗时为29.26ms,可为棉叶病害在线监测提供理论基础。     

基于频域数据增强与轻量化YOLO v7模型的成熟期香梨目标检测方法

为实现香梨自动化采摘,本文以YOLO v7-S为基础模型,针对果园中香梨果实、果叶和枝干之间相互遮挡,不易精准检测的问题,设计了一种轻量化香梨目标检测M-YOLO v7-SCSN+F模型。该模型采用MobileNetv3作为骨干特征提取网络,引入协同注意力机制(Coordinate attention,CA)模块,将YOLO v7-S中的损失函数CIoU替换为SIoU,并联合Normalized Wasserstein distance (NWD)小目标检测机制,以增强网络特征表达能力和检测精度。基于傅里叶变换（Fourier transform,FT）的数据增强方法,通过分析图像频域信息和重建图像振幅分量生成新的图像数据,从而提高模型泛化能力。实验结果表明,改进的M-YOLO v7-SCSN+F模型在验证集上的平均精度均值（mAP）、精确率和召回率分别达到97.23%、97.63%和93.66%,检测速度为69.39f/s,与Faster R-CNN、SSD、YOLO v3、YOLO v4、YOLO v5s、YOLO v7-S、YOLO v8n、RT-DETR-R50模型在验证集上进行性能比较,其平均精度均值（mAP)分别提高14.50、26.58、3.88、2.40、1.58、0.16、0.07、0.86个百分点。此外,改进的M-YOLO v7-SCSN+F模型内存占用量与YOLO v8n和RT-DETR-R50检测模型对比减少16.47、13.30MB。本文提出的检测模型对成熟期香梨具有很好的目标检测效果,为背景颜色相近小目标检测提供参考,可为香梨自动化采摘提供有效的技术支持。     

基于改进YOLO v4模型的马铃薯中土块石块检测方法

为实现收获后含杂马铃薯中土块石块的快速检测和剔除,提出了一种基于改进YOLO v4模型的马铃薯中土块石块检测方法。YOLO v4模型以CSPDarknet53为主干特征提取网络,在保证检测准确率的前提下,利用通道剪枝算法对模型进行剪枝处理,以简化模型结构、降低运算量。采用Mosaic数据增强方法扩充图像数据集(8621幅图像),对模型进行微调,实现了马铃薯中土块石块的检测。测试表明,剪枝后模型总参数量减少了94.37%,模型存储空间下降了187.35 MB,前向运算时间缩短了0.02 s,平均精度均值(Mean average precision, mAP)下降了2.1个百分点,说明剪枝处理可提升模型性能。为验证模型的有效性,将本文模型与5种深度学习算法进行比较,结果表明,本文算法mAP为96.42%,比Faster R-CNN、Tiny-YOLO v2、YOLO v3、SSD分别提高了11.2、11.5、5.65、10.78个百分点,比YOLO v4算法降低了0.04个百分点,模型存储空间为20.75 MB,检测速度为78.49 f/s,满足实际生产需要。     

基于改进YOLO v5的宁夏草原蝗虫识别模型研究

针对草原蝗虫图像具有样本收集困难、目标较小和目标多尺度等技术难点,基于YOLO v5网络,提出了一种复杂背景下多尺度蝗虫目标检测识别模型YOLO v5-CB,用于宁夏草原常见蝗虫检测。改进模型YOLO v5-CB针对蝗虫原始样本量较少的问题,使用CycleGAN网络扩充蝗虫数据集;针对蝗虫图像中的小目标特征,使用ConvNeXt来保留小目标蝗虫的特征;为有效解决蝗虫图像尺度特征变换较大问题,在颈部特征融合使用Bi-FPN结构,来增强网络对多尺度目标的特征融合能力。实验结果表明,在对宁夏草原常见亚洲小车蝗、短星翅蝗、中华剑角蝗进行检测识别时,YOLO v5-CB的识别精度可达98.6%,平均精度均值达到96.8%,F1值为98%,与Faster R-CNN、YOLO v3、YOLO v4、YOLO v5模型相比,识别精度均有提高。将改进的蝗虫检测识别模型YOLO v5-CB与研发的分布式可扩展生态环境数据采集系统结合,构建了基于4G网络的Web端蝗虫识别平台,可对观测点的蝗虫图像进行长期实时检测。目前,该平台已在宁夏回族自治区盐池县大水坑、黄记场、麻黄山等地的草原生态环境数据获取中得到了应用,可对包括宁夏草原蝗虫信息在内的多种生态环境信息进行长期检测和跟踪,为虫情防治等提供决策依据。     

基于改进YOLO v4的荔枝病虫害检测模型

为实时准确地检测到自然环境下背景复杂的荔枝病虫害,本研究构建荔枝病虫害图像数据集并提出荔枝病虫害检测模型以提供诊断防治。以YOLO v4为基础,使用更轻、更快的轻量化网络GhostNet作为主干网络提取特征,并结合GhostNet中的核心设计引入更低成本的卷积Ghost Module代替颈部结构中的传统卷积,得到轻量化后的YOLO v4-G模型。在此基础上使用新特征融合方法和注意力机制CBAM对YOLO v4-G进行改进,在不失检测速度和模型轻量化程度的情况下提高检测精度,提出YOLO v4-GCF荔枝病虫害检测模型。构建的数据集包含荔枝病虫害图像3725幅,其中病害种类包括煤烟病、炭疽病和藻斑病3种,虫害种类包括毛毡病和叶瘿蚊2种。试验结果表明,基于YOLO v4-GCF的荔枝病虫害检测模型,对于5种病虫害目标在训练集、验证集和测试集上的平均精度分别为95.31%、90.42%和89.76%,单幅图像检测用时0.1671s,模型内存占用量为39.574MB,相比改进前的YOLO v4模型缩小84%,检测速度提升38%,在测试集中检测平均精度提升4.13个百分点,同时平均精度比常用模型YOLO v4-tiny、EfficientDet-d2和Faster R-CNN分别高17.67、12.78、25.94个百分点。所提出的YOLO v4-GCF荔枝病虫害检测模型能够有效抑制复杂背景的干扰,准确且快速检测图像中荔枝病虫害目标,可为自然环境下复杂、非结构背景的农作物病虫害实时检测研究提供参考。     

基于注意力机制与改进YOLO的温室番茄快速识别

为了实现复杂环境下农业机器人对番茄果实的快速准确识别,提出了一种基于注意力机制与改进YOLO v5s的温室番茄目标快速检测方法。根据YOLO v5s模型小、速度快等特点,在骨干网络中加入卷积注意力模块(CBAM),通过串联空间注意力模块和通道注意力模块,对绿色番茄目标特征给予更多的关注,提高识别精度,解决绿色番茄在相似颜色背景中难识别问题;通过将CIoU Loss替换GIoU Loss作为算法的损失函数,在提高边界框回归速率的同时提高果实目标定位精度。试验结果表明,CB-YOLO网络模型对温室环境下红色番茄检测精度、绿色番茄检测精度、平均精度均值分别为99.88%、99.18%和99.53%,果实检测精度和平均精度均值高于Faster R-CNN模型、YOLO v4-tiny模型和YOLO v5模型。将CB-YOLO模型部署到安卓手机端,通过不同型号手机测试,验证了模型在移动终端设备上运行的稳定性,可为设施环境下基于移动边缘计算的机器人目标识别及采收作业提供技术支持。     

基于改进YOLO v4的落叶松毛虫侵害树木实时检测方法

针对two-stage网络模型训练成本高,无人机搭载的边缘计算设备检测速度低等问题,提出一种基于改进YOLO v4模型的受灾树木实时检测方法,以提高对落叶松毛虫虫害树木的识别精度与检测速度。以黑龙江省大兴安岭地区呼玛县白银纳乡受落叶松毛虫侵害的落叶松无人机图像为数据,利用LabelImg软件标注75～100 m的无人机图像,构建落叶松毛虫虫害树木图像数据集。将CSPNet应用于YOLO v4模型的Neck架构,重新设计Backbone的特征提取网络——CSPDarknet53模型结构,并在CSPNet进行优化计算前的卷积中加入SENet以增加感受野信息,使其改变网络的深度、宽度、分辨率及网络结构,实现模型缩放,提高检测精度。同时,在PANet中使用CSPConvs卷积代替原有卷积Conv×5,最后经过YOLO Head检测输出预测结果。将YOLO v4-CSP网络模型部署至GPU进行训练,训练过程的内存降低至改进前的82.7%。再搭载至工作站进行测试,结果表明：改进的YOLO v4-CSP网络模型在测试阶段对虫害树木检测的正确率为97.50%,相比于YOLO v4的平均正确率提高3.4...     

水氮盐调控对膜下滴灌棉花产量的影响及耦合模型

为探讨水、盐、氮三因素对棉花生长的耦合效应及最优水肥制度,分别设置了4种灌溉定额(1 575,2 100,2 625,3 150 m³/hm²)、4种施氮量(0,150,300,450 kg/hm²)和4种土壤盐分(非盐化土、轻度、中度和重度盐化土),通过盆栽试验,研究了水、氮、盐对膜下滴灌棉花产量的影响.结果表明:灌溉定额、施氮量和土壤盐分与棉花产量之间符合回归模型,模型对水氮盐的耦合效果较好;单因素对棉花产量影响按因素排序由大到小为灌水量,土壤含盐量,施氮量;耦合作用的影响按因素排序由大到小为盐氮,水氮,水盐;水氮施加量对棉花产量的影响均存在阈值,低于此阈值,棉花增产效果较为明显;中、重度土壤盐分含量明显抑制棉花生长;通过回归模型进行耦合分析,最适合研究区的水肥盐耦合方式为轻盐土壤、灌溉定额2 677 m³/hm²和施氮量202 kg/hm².本研究将为盐碱区棉田水肥高效利用提供科学依据.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。