School-based early childhood education and age-28 well-being: effects by timing, dosage, and subgroups

Advances in understanding the effects of early education have benefited public policy and developmental science. Although preschool has demonstrated positive effects on life-course outcomes, limitations in knowledge on program scale, subgroup differences, and dosage levels have hindered understanding. We report the effects of the Child-Parent Center Education Program on indicators of well-being up to 25 years later for more than 1400 participants. This established, publicly funded intervention begins in preschool and provides up to 6 years of service in inner-city Chicago schools. Relative to the comparison group receiving the usual services, program participation was independently linked to higher educational attainment, income, socioeconomic status (SES), and health insurance coverage, as well as lower rates of justice-system involvement and substance abuse. Evidence of enduring effects was strongest for preschool, especially for males and children of high school dropouts. The positive influence of four or more years of service was limited primarily to education and SES. Dosage within program components was mostly unrelated to outcomes. Findings demonstrate support for the enduring effects of sustained school-based early education to the end of the third decade of life.     

Teachers' language practices and academic outcomes of preschool children

Early childhood programs have long been known to be beneficial to children from low-income backgrounds, but recent studies have cast doubt on their ability to substantially increase the rate of children's academic achievement. This Review examines research on the role of language in later reading, describes home and classroom factors that foster early language growth, and reviews research on preschool interventions. It argues that one reason interventions are not having as great an impact as desired is because they fail to substantially change the capacity of teachers to support children's language and associated conceptual knowledge.     

Improving cognitive ability in chronically deprived children

Beginning at different ages in their preschool years, groups of chronically undernourished children from Colombian families of low socioeconomic status participated in a program of treatment combining nutritional, health care, and educational features. By school age the gap in cognitive ability between the treated children and a group of privileged children in the same city had narrowed, the effect being greater the younger the children were when they entered the treatment program. The gains were still evident at the end of the first grade in primary school, a year after the experiment had ended.     

认知计算及其在农业领域的应用研究

认知计算是认知科学、神经科学、数据科学和云计算的交叉学科。数据的急剧增长、算法的不断优化和高性能计算能力的发展加速了认知计算在健康医疗、智慧城市、农业等各个领域的研究和应用。认知计算提供了一种新的模式,是大数据、机器学习、深度学习、自然语言处理、IOT (The Internet of Things)、云计算等不同成熟技术的结合体。在此模式下,研究人员不再满足于继续延用传统的数据分析方法,开始寻求新的方法以期在大规模结构和非结构数据中探索其中模式和相关性。从而认知系统可以提供学习、推理、发现、自然语言交流、决策支持的功能。农业领域的数据量呈现爆发式的增长,认知计算和农业大数据的结合有效促进了智慧农业的发展,但是由于数据不仅包括时空数据、图像、视频等多种类型,其数据质量和地理位置、网络连接和数据来源密切相关。所以对于认知计算在农业领域的应用,这既是机遇也是挑战。基于已有研究工作探讨了认知计算的概念和相关学科;阐述了认知计算的发展历程、不同架构类型和技术体系;总结了近年来认知计算的研究进展;简要介绍了认知计算在农业领域的应用现状,同时对认知计算在农业领域应用中的挑战和发展趋势进行了总结、思考与展望。     

Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old

To be successful takes creativity, flexibility, self-control, and discipline. Central to all those are executive functions, including mentally playing with ideas, giving a considered rather than an impulsive response, and staying focused. Diverse activities have been shown to improve children's executive functions: computerized training, noncomputerized games, aerobics, martial arts, yoga, mindfulness, and school curricula. All successful programs involve repeated practice and progressively increase the challenge to executive functions. Children with worse executive functions benefit most from these activities; thus, early executive-function training may avert widening achievement gaps later. To improve executive functions, focusing narrowly on them may not be as effective as also addressing emotional and social development (as do curricula that improve executive functions) and physical development (shown by positive effects of aerobics, martial arts, and yoga).     

Answering autobiographical questions: the impact of memory and inference on surveys

Survey questions often probe respondents for quantitative facts about events in their past: "During the last 2 weeks, on days when you drank liquor, about how many drinks did you have?" "During the past 12 months, how many visits did you make to a dentist?" "When did you last work at a full-time job?" are all examples from national surveys. Although questions like these make an implicit demand to remember and enumerate specific autobiographical episodes, respondents frequently have trouble complying because of limits on their ability to recall. In these situations, respondents resort to inferences that use partial information from memory to construct a numeric answer. Results from cognitive psychology can be useful in understanding and investigating these phenomena. In particular, cognitive research can help in identifying situations that inhibit or facilitate recall and can reveal inferences that affect the accuracy of respondents' answers.     

M增产素对小麦后期生育的影响

通过Ｍ增产素物质（植物激素和其他化学物质配伍）对小麦进行浸种和花期喷洒处理，重点研究了对小麦后期生育状况和产量的影响。结果表明，处理有明显的保绿作用、防止叶片早衰、提高灌浆速度、增产效果显著。     

The cognitive unconscious

Contemporary research in cognitive psychology reveals the impact of nonconscious mental structures and processes on the individual's conscious experience, thought, and action. Research on perceptual-cognitive and motoric skills indicates that they are automatized through experience, and thus rendered unconscious. In addition, research on subliminal perception, implicit memory, and hypnosis indicates that events can affect mental functions even though they cannot be consciously perceived or remembered. These findings suggest a tripartite division of the cognitive unconscious into truly unconscious mental processes operating on knowledge structures that may themselves be preconscious or subconscious.     

中美园艺学科博士研究生培养的比较分析与思考

采用实例收集和对比分析的方法,比较了中国具有园艺一级学科博士学位授予权的19所院校与美国具有园艺博士学位授予权的31所高校的园艺博士生培养方案,发现两国在博士生培养环节上基本相似,但在具体实行过程中存在明显的差异。我国园艺学科博士生培养应该完善入学机制,加强导师队伍建设,重视基础理论学习,健全博士考核体系,鼓励创新型科学研究,从而达到提高博士生培养质量的目的。     

一种林间削片压缩打包联合机的设计方案

通过分析国内外林间削片联合作业机器的研究状况,提出了一种林间削片压缩打包机的设计方案,该方案采用了一种压缩打包装置,具有将切削好的木片压实打包处理,便于后期整理和运输等的优势功能。     

Ceramics by the solution-sol-gel route

The use of solution mixing followed by gelation to make ultrahomogeneous glasses and ceramics of various oxide compositions for laboratory experimentation, with first organic and later principally colloidal inorganic, precursors was developed over 30 years ago. Major technologies that use the solution-sol-gel route have been developed to make nuclear fuel pellets, ceramic fibers, thin coatings, and abrasive grain. This article reviews the early history and summarizes present research in this field, particularly new processes aimed at achieving xerogel precursors of maximum heterogeneity with respect either to composition or to structure. Such nanocomposites provide major advantages in lowering sintering temperatures, refining microstructure, and controlling morphology and final phase composition.     

Analytic thinking promotes religious disbelief

Scientific interest in the cognitive underpinnings of religious belief has grown in recent years. However, to date, little experimental research has focused on the cognitive processes that may promote religious disbelief. The present studies apply a dual-process model of cognitive processing to this problem, testing the hypothesis that analytic processing promotes religious disbelief. Individual differences in the tendency to analytically override initially flawed intuitions in reasoning were associated with increased religious disbelief. Four additional experiments provided evidence of causation, as subtle manipulations known to trigger analytic processing also encouraged religious disbelief. Combined, these studies indicate that analytic processing is one factor (presumably among several) that promotes religious disbelief. Although these findings do not speak directly to conversations about the inherent rationality, value, or truth of religious beliefs, they illuminate one cognitive factor that may influence such discussions.     

Perspectives on cognitive neuroscience

How is it that we can perceive, learn and be aware of the world? The development of new techniques for studying large-scale brain activity, together with insights from computational modeling and a better understanding of cognitive processes, have opened the door for collaborative research that could lead to major advances in our understanding of ourselves.     

应用型人才实践动手能力的培养

从１９８７年开始，实行以科研为依托，教学、科研与生产相结合，从科研现场观察、生产实践活动、实验室测试、资料整理分析到论文撰写等环节上培养畜牧高级应用型人才，达到了既培养学生动手能力，又高水平地完成科研任务的目的，而且缓解了教学经费严重紧缺的局面，是目前条件下较为理想的实践教学方法。     

How Big Is a Chunk?: By combining data from several experiments, a basic human memory unit can be identified and measured

I have explored some of the interactions between research on higher mental processes over the past decade or two and laboratory experiments on simpler cognitive processes. I have shown that, by viewing experimentation in a parameter-estimating paradigm instead of a hypothesis-testing paradigm, one can obtain much more information from experiments-information that, combined with contemporary theoretical models of the cognitive processes, has implications for human performance on tasks quite different from those of the original experiments. The work of identifying and measuring the basic parameters of the human information processing system has just begun, but already important information has been gained. The psychological reality of the chunk has been fairly well demonstrated, and the chunk capacity of short-term memory has been shown to be in the range of five to seven. Fixation of information in longterm memory has been shown to take about 5 or 10 seconds per chunk. Some other "magical numbers" have been estimated-for example, visual scanning speeds and times required for simple grammatical transformations-and no doubt others remain to be discovered. But even the two basic constants discussed in this article-short-term memory capacity and rate of fixation in long-term memory-organize, systematize, and explain a wide range of findings, about both simple tasks and more complex cognitive performances that have been reported in the psychological literature over the past 50 years or more.     

向日葵粗脂肪及脂肪酸组分分析

【目的】 研究向日葵粗脂肪含量及脂肪酸各组分所占比例。【方法】 以种植在不同生态区5种不同类型向日葵为研究对象,测定其粗脂肪以及脂肪酸组分,运用相关、主成分等方法,分析不同基因型向日葵及不同生态条件对向日葵脂肪酸积累的影响。【结果】 向日葵种胚形成前期脂肪酸总量的合成速率较高,积累量前期均能达到总量的20%以上,而后期的积累量普遍都在15%以内,合成速率明显低于前期。油酸的合成速率也具有相同的趋势,除个别品种外,前期积累量均能占到总脂肪酸的30%以上,明显高于后期的10%以内。种子成熟后期温度降低导致种子中油酸积累速率降低。【结论】 向日葵最终脂肪酸总量与种胚发育阶段脂肪酸的快速增长持续时间密切相关。高油酸品种在后期保持较高的油酸合成速率。     

基于治理理论的高校奖学金评审主体模式研究及应用

本文将现代治理理论引入高校奖学金评选中,借鉴最新的学科分析范式与方法论,致力于探索高校奖学金评审主体新模式,提出应由教师一元主导型走向多元主体合作治理型。明晰多元治理主体在奖学金评审过程中的地位角色,正确履行各自职责,从而实现奖学金设奖初衷,进而逐步把奖学金的评审过程转变为学生自我管理、自我教育和自我服务的育人过程。     

青少年奖赏加工过程:一项事件相关电位研究

奖赏对于人类的存在和发展具有很重要的意义,对奖赏加工过程的研究有助于我们从不同的视角诠释青少年风险行为形成的原因.通过线索数字的变化分析被试对奖赏结果的预期程度,研究青少年奖赏加工过程的预期阶段与结果体验阶段的认知和神经电生理过程,结果表明:青少年在面对不同预期线索刺激时,他们的唤醒度和动机水平都较高,对结果预期反应的准备活动也较强,并且,在结果评估的反馈负波上,青少年与成人均未表现出显著性差异,而对结果信息刺激,青少年表现出较高的情绪体验,同时也说明青少年认知调控能力还未发展成熟.     

大豆农艺性状与抗旱性研究

选用山西农业大学大豆研究室具有代表性的10个品种,在水、旱(胁迫)条件下进行不同大豆品种农艺性状抗旱性研究。对生育期、株高等农艺性状进行抗旱性综合分析,利用抗旱隶属函数值对大豆抗旱级别进行了划分,分析结果表明,不同大豆品种的农艺性状对抗旱性及后期产量形成具有一定的影响,每个与抗旱性有关的农艺性状对大豆抗旱性起着重要作用,对于筛选大豆抗旱性材料具有指导意义。     

日光温室微气候模拟研究

建立了目光温室内温度、湿度、CO2浓度的数学模型,用Madab模拟了温室内温度、湿度、CO2浓度动态变化情况,并与实际情况作对比,误差小于5％,有很好的使用价值。