不同地区3个奶牛场临床型乳房炎细菌病原种类分析

本试验通过对不同地区3个奶牛场临床型乳房炎细菌病原的分离鉴定,分析其种类和感染情况,并结合牧场环境状况和管理方式,提出控制乳房炎的建议.从中国福建、新疆、重庆3个不同规模化奶牛场采集61份临床型乳房炎乳样,采用传统微生物鉴定方法与PCR技术进行细菌分离鉴定.结果表明,61份临床型乳房炎乳样中单一感染44份(72.13%),混合感染15份(24.59%);共分离到细菌80株,经传统微生物鉴定方法与PCR技术鉴定主要为大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌和链球菌,其中传染性微生物13株(16.25%)、环境性微生物46株(57.50%)、机会性微生物11株(13.75%)、其他微生物10株(12.50%);3个奶牛场临床型乳房炎仍以单一感染为主,混合感染占有一定的比例,传染性致病菌和环境性致病菌为主要致病菌.在实际生产中,规模化牧场可以通过对乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定来摸清牧场奶牛乳房炎的感染情况和致病菌种类,结合生产实际有助于了解牛群管理情况,发现问题并加以改善,更好的控制乳房炎的发生.     

Analysis of Clinical Mastitis Pathogenic Bacterial Species in Three Dairy Farms of Different Areas

In order to control mastitis,clinical mastitis pathogenic bacterial species of three dairy farms in different areas were isolated and identified.The types and infection condition of pathogenic bacteria,environmental conditions and management methods of the farms were analyzed.61 clinical mastitis milk samples from three different large-scale dairy farms in Fujian,Xinjiang,and Chongqing were collected for bacterial isolation and identification using traditional microbial identification methods and PCR technology.Among clinical mastitis milk samples collected in this trial,single infection sample was 44 (72.13%)and mixed infections sample was 15 (24.59%).80 bacteria were isolated,mainly E.coli,Staphylococcus and Streptococcus,including 13 strains of infectious microorganisms (16.25%),46 strains of environmental microorganisms (57.50%),11 strains of chance of microorganisms (13.75%),10 strains of other microorganisms (12.50%).Clinical mastitis in three dairy farms were still given priority to single infection,and mixed infection occupies certain proportion,with infectious pathogens and environmental pathogens as the main pathogenic.In the actual production the dairy cow mastitis infection and pathogen species could be carried out through the isolation and identification of mastitis pathogens in large-scale dairy farms.It was helpful to identify the herd management problems and make improvements to better control the occurrence of mastitis combining with the actual production conditions.     

基于DHI平台开展奶牛乳房炎诊断及治疗效果的研究

为评估DHI中的体细胞值对奶牛乳房炎的预警作用,以湖南省DHI中心对宁乡某规模化奶牛场2019年3-4月份DHI数据为基础,结合乳房炎快速检测液,筛选临床或隐性乳房炎奶牛,确定为药物治疗效果试验组。采集筛选牛群奶样,进行细菌分离培养、鉴定,结合药敏实验开展针对性治疗,观察治疗效果。结果发现:从试验组奶样中均分离出各种乳房炎致病菌,其中主要是大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;经敏感药物治疗后,患牛乳中体细胞数(SCC)下降极显著(P<0.01)。结论:体细胞数(SCC)作为DHI检测的一项重要指标,对奶牛乳房炎起到第一预警作用;DHI报告同时针对出现的问题提出相应的改进措施,以期使DHI成为牛场发现管理问题、增加养殖效益的有效工具,切实服务于奶牛场的实际生产。     

奶牛乳房炎研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是造成奶牛养殖业经济损失的重要传染病之一,随着我国奶牛养殖业的不断发展,牛奶产量的不断提升,奶牛乳房炎的发病率也呈上升趋势,尤其是隐性乳房炎给奶牛养殖场带来的经济损失更是十分巨大。基于此,本文综述了奶牛乳房炎的病因、发病机理、危害、临床症状、检查方法以及治疗手段,以期为奶牛养殖场预防奶牛乳房炎的发生提供理论基础。     

利用DHI报表对宁夏某奶牛场生产性能总体情况的分析

DHI测定是奶牛场精细化管理的工具,它不仅反映奶牛的产奶性能,饲养管理与健康水平,还能根据报表信息对奶牛场的育种与繁殖情况进行评价从而改进管理措施,利用好DHI报表信息可以提高奶牛场的技术管理水平和经济效益。本研究通过采集宁夏某奶牛场12个月的DHI报表数据,分析乳脂肪、乳蛋白、尿素氮、体细胞数、泌乳持续力等关键性指标,对该奶牛场的生产性能、经营管理、育种繁殖状况进行综合评定。结果表明：该牛场的泌乳高峰日到达较晚;牛群乳房炎在冬季发生率较高;群体尿素氮含量处于正常范围（10-18mg/dL）,对奶牛的繁殖性能影响较小;泌乳持续力较高、奶牛群体平均泌乳天数较长引起的繁殖问题较严重。针对测检和分析中发现的问题,提出了建议的改进措施。     

奶牛金葡菌乳房炎抗性的转录组及表观遗传学研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是一种常见疾病,对动物福利和奶牛场的经济效益产生不利影响.患有乳房炎的奶牛,尤其是金葡菌乳房炎的奶牛,其牛奶产量和品质大幅下降,严重的还会导致奶牛丧失生产能力.目前,奶牛乳房炎相关的研究已成为畜牧业的重点课题.本文综述和分析了近几年奶牛乳房炎及奶牛金葡菌乳房炎的主要研究领域和现状,主要对其抗病遗传育种在转录组...     

Diseases and culling of Swiss dairy cows. 2. Culling and relation between diseases and milk production parameters

During three years (1982 to 1984) data were collected concerning diseases and reasons for culling in 612 dairy farms with Brown Swiss, Simmental and Black and White cattle. The frequency of culling increases in all three breeds with increasing age, from 20% at the first lactation up to 33% from the 4th lactation on. The main reasons for disposal are insufficient production, reproductive problems or udder diseases. After treatment for reproductive problems, mastitis or acetonemia, the risk for culling within the same lactation period is increased. Reproductive problems (no heat symptoms, repeat breeder, ovarian cysts) and acetonemia increase with increasing milk production in all three breeds. In cows with high 100-day-performance they are also more frequent. The occurrence of acute mastitis shows no general trend with increasing milk production or with high 100-day-performance. No systematic relationship is found between reproductive disorders or acute mastitis and persistency of milk production. On the other hand, acetonemia is somewhat more frequent in cows showing higher persistency.     

河北保定部分奶牛场临床型乳房炎发病情况调查研究

为探索奶牛临床型乳房炎的发病情况与泌乳量、泌乳期、季节之间的联系,以河北保定地区5个奶牛场为例进行调查研究。通过对调查结果的统计分析,结果显示：奶牛乳房炎多发生在泌乳90~150 d,泌乳天数越长发病头数越多;从产奶量来看,泌乳量越高发病牛比例越高;从发病季节来看,奶牛乳房炎在秋季发病率高,春季、夏季和冬季发病率低。     

利用DHI对两个奶牛场奶牛生产性能的综合分析

应用DHI(dairy herd improvement奶牛牛群改良)测定体系,对杨凌某奶牛场和西安某奶牛场2007年的5、6、7月份生产情况进行分析,结果表明:这两个牛场的奶牛患有严重的乳房炎或隐性乳房炎;泌乳高峰期到达时间晚;存在着潜在的奶量损失;产犊间隔过长。针对以上问题,提出了相应的改进措施。     

Estimation of milk production losses due to sub-clinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Costa Rica

Five dairy farms, situated on the slopes of the volcano Poás in the pre-mountain cloud forest ecological zone, Alajuela and Heredia Provinces, Costa Rica, provided data for estimation of the production losses due to sub-clinical mastitis. Within the same farm, cows with proven sub-clinical mastitis were matched with cows without signs of sub-clinical mastitis, according to breed, lactation number and days in lactation. A total of 529 cows were detected with sub-clinical mastitis, of which only 200 could be paired with control cows free of mastitis; each pair was used only once.

Crude milk production losses per cow with sub-clinical mastitis were estimated at 1.56 kg day⁻¹for daily milk yield. Milk production loss per affected quarter due to sub-clinical mastitis was estimated to be 17.6% on average. The decrease in milk production in heifers with sub-clinical mastitis did not differ significantly from the decrease in production in older cows. No significant difference in milk production loss was detected when the data were stratified on parity or the number of quarters affected.     

Between-herd prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in bulk milk in Flanders, Belgium

Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is a highly infectious pathogen of cattle causing pneumonia, polyarthritis, otitis, and less frequently, subcutaneous abscesses, abortions and meningitis. Ineffective drugs treatments, culling of infected cows and loss of milk production can lead to significant economic loss on dairy farms. The early detection of cows excreting M. bovis bacteria to prevent mastitis outbreaks is warranted. Reports suggest that the risk of M. bovis mastitis is higher in larger dairy herds. The objective of this study is to estimate the herd-level prevalence of M. bovis in Flanders, Belgium by culturing bulk tank milk samples taken from dairy farms. Three bulk tank milk samples per dairy herd were taken over four weeks, with collection intervals of two weeks. Culturing was done after pre-incubation using modified Hayflicks media to increase the chances of recovery of bacteria. For the identification of M. bovis, tDNA intergenic spacer PCR was used. In three herds (1.5%) of the 200 herds sampled, M. bovis was isolated from one of the three consecutive bulk tank milk samples. We conclude that in Flanders in 2009 at least 1.5% of the dairy herds had one or more cows excreting M. bovis in the milk. The frequent monitoring of bulk tank milk to detect the presence of M. bovis, especially in expanding herds on farms that often purchase replacement animals, should be encouraged in order to detect the presence of M. bovis and to monitor the success of control procedures following an outbreak of mycoplasmal mastitis in the herd.     

奶牛乳房炎的研究进展及防控措施

奶牛乳房炎发病率高且危害大,在奶牛养殖中属于常见疾病。该病主要是由于病原微生物入侵奶牛乳腺组织而引发的局部炎症,其不仅会造成奶牛产奶量降低,而且还会影响牛奶的品质。由于治疗过程中的兽药残留和由某些病原微生物感染引起的奶牛乳房炎治愈率低等问题,奶牛乳房炎的防治显得极为重要。从病原菌的种类、致病机理以及诊断方法和防控措施等方面介绍了奶牛乳房炎的研究进展,以期为奶牛乳房炎的科学防治提供参考。     

辽西地区规模化奶牛场奶牛乳房炎发病情况监测

[目的]为了摸清辽西地区规模化奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况,[方法]本研究应用美国加州奶牛乳房炎检测方法(California mastitis test,CMT)对规模化奶牛场奶牛定期采集奶样进行隐性乳房炎动态监测.通过临床检查和CMT方法对辽西地区5个规模化奶牛养殖场共1 326头泌乳期奶牛进行了隐性乳房炎的监测,...     

Reduced Milk Production in Udder Quarters with Subclinical Mastitis and Associated Economic Losses in Crossbred Dairy Cows in Ethiopia

The objective of the study was to estimate the losses associated with subclinical mastitis (SCM) in crossbred dairy cows in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia. A split udder investigation was performed with 30 cows to determine production losses associated with SCM. Each quarter of the study cows was examined using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and quarter milk production was measured over a period of 8 days. Production losses were determined for different CMT scores by comparing production of quarters with CMT score 0 to quarters with CMT scores trace, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Using data from a recently published study, economic losses were determined for different farm sizes and production subsystems by multiplying the prevalence of the respective CMT scores with the production losses associated with these CMT scores. Mean quarter milk production was 0.82 + 0.40 kg per milking in the split udder trial. Milk production was reduced by 1.2%, 6.3%, and 33% in quarters with CMT scores 1+, 2+, and 3+, respectively. Using data from the published study, a quarter with SCM lost an average of 17.2% of its milk production. Production losses associated with SCM were estimated at 5.6% for the Addis Ababa Milk Shed. Stratified losses were highest (9.3%) in urban dairy farms (UDF) and small-scale farms (6.3%). The estimates of the financial losses ranged from US$29.1 in dairy herds in secondary towns (DHIST) to US$66.6 in UDF. A total loss of US$38 was estimated for each cow per lactation. Reducing mastitis in UDF (highest prevalence) to the level of DHIST (lowest prevalence) could reduce the loss by US$35. As this does not include costs associated with treatment or culling of diseased cows, this figure probably underestimates the possible benefits of control measures.     

Clinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Ontario: frequency of occurrence and bacteriological isolates.

The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of occurrence of clinical mastitis in dairy herds in Ontario. The study group consisted of 65 dairy farms involved in a 2-year observational study, which included recording all clinical mastitis cases and milk sampling of quarters with clinical mastitis. Lactational incidence risks of 9.8% for abnormal milk only, 8.2% for abnormal milk with a hard or swollen udder, and 4.4% for abnormal milk plus systemic signs of illness related to mastitis were calculated for 2840 cows and heifers. Overall, 19.8% of cows experienced one or more cases of clinical mastitis during location. Teat injuries occurred in 2.1% of lactations. Standard bacteriology was performed on pretreatment milk samples from 834 cows with clinical mastitis. The bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (6.7%), Streptococcus agalactiae (0.7%), other Streptococcus spp. (14.1%), coliforms (17.2%), gram-positive bacilli (5.5%), Corynebacterium bovis (1.7%), and other Staphylococcus spp. (28.7%). There was no growth in 17.7% of samples, and 8.3% of samples were contaminated. Clinical mastitis is a common disease in dairy cows in Ontario; approximately 1 in 5 cow lactations have at lease one episode of clinical mastitis. There is, however, considerable variation in the incidence of clinical mastitis among farms. The majority of 1st cases of clinical mastitis occur early in lactation, and the risk of clinical mastitis increases with increasing parity. Environmental, contagious, and minor pathogens were all associated with cases of clinical mastitis.     

Study on risk factors and their association with subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows in Trinidad

A cross-sectional study was conducted on dairy farms in eight milking centres in Trinidad to determine the prevalence of risk factors for mastitis and to assess their relationship to occurrence of subclinical mastitis. The California mastitis test (CMT) was used to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis by estimating the somatic cell counts in bulk and composite milk. Of a total of 177 dairy farms studied, 121 (68.4%), 39 (22.0%) and 17 (9.6%) practised semi-intensive, extensive and intensive management systems, respectively. A total of 129 (72.9%), 37 (20.9%) and 11 (6.2%) farms milked cows in parlours, stanchions and pasture/out-on-field, respectively. Based on sanitary practices, 40 (22.6%), 123 (69.5%), and 14 (7.9%) farms were classified as good, fair, and poor, respectively, while 76 (42.9%) and 60 (33.9%) farms reported to rarely experience and frequently experience water shortages, respectively. Amongst the 177 farms, only seven (4.0%) used machine-milking primarily, 152 (85.9%) screened for mastitis as a routine, 18 (10.2%) teat dipped, and 49 (27.7%) practised dry cow therapy. To detect mastitis, of 152 farms involved, 20 (13.2%) used the strip cup while only two (1.3%) employed the CMT. Pipe-borne water delivered directly from the hose was the only source of water to 91 (51.4%) farms while seven (4.0%) and eight (4.5%) farms used only well and surface water (ponds and rivers), respectively. Based on bulk milk samples, the farm prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 60.5% (107 of 177) with a range from 33.3% (centre 5H) to 100.0% (centre 2B). The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01; chi 2). However, using composite milk, the farm prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 52.5% (93 of 177) with a range from 21.2% (centre 5H) to 92.9% (centre 2B) and again, the difference in prevalence was statistically significant (P < 0.001; chi 2). Subclinical mastitis was detected in 150 (45.0%) of 333 lactating cows screened and the range of prevalence was from 17.9% (centre 5H) to 56.3% (centre 1C). The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001; chi 2). Of a total of 14 risk factors for mastitis studied which were related to animal husbandry, personnel, mastitis control and water, only two, the herd size and practice of dry cow therapy were significantly (P < 0.05; chi 2) associated with subclinical mastitis. It was concluded that the high prevalence of subclinical mastitis in Trinidad dairy herds could significantly reduce milk production with associated economic loss. Although a majority of the risk factors studied were not found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of subclinical mastitis possibly due to confounding factors, the need to eliminate or reduce these risk factors cannot be over-emphasized.     

奶牛临床型乳房炎大肠杆菌的分离与鉴定

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛养殖业常见的一种临床疾病,该病是由大肠杆菌、链球菌、葡萄球菌等病原微生物引起的奶牛乳房发炎。该病的发生常常给奶牛养殖业带来极大的损失。本试验采集南京某奶牛场临床型乳房炎患牛的乳汁,并分离到3株细菌,经过对这3株细菌进行分离培养、形态染色、生化试验、药敏试验、致病性试验和血清型鉴定,结果表明这3株细菌均为O2血清型大肠杆菌,为临床预防和治疗提供了依据。     

Mastitis therapy and pharmacology.

Mastitis remains the most frequent cause of antibacterial use on dairy farms and contributes to a substantial portion of total drug and veterinary costs incurred by the dairy industry. Ultimately, the best outcome of mastitis therapy is a positive effect on the amount of marketed milk harvested and long-term survival of the cow. This article describes the strategies of therapy for bovine mastitis, with an emphasis on antibacterial and anti-inflammatory therapy.     

A comparison of production and management between Wisconsin organic and conventional dairy herds

An observational study was conducted in Wisconsin to compare production and management on organic and conventional dairy farms. Thirty organic dairy herds, where antimicrobials are rarely used for calves and never used for cows, were compared with 30 neighboring conventional dairy farms on which antimicrobials were routinely used for animals of all ages. A seven-page questionnaire regarding milk production, milking practices, housing, incidence of the major dairy diseases and medical treatments was used to assess management and production during 2000-2001. Body condition scores (BCS) of lactating cows and environmental and animal sanitation scores (EASS) were also collected on each of two occasions. The organic herds had significantly fewer cattle than did the conventional herds (P=0.017). The average daily milk production per cow in organic dairy herds (20.2 kg/day) was lower than that of conventional herds (23.7 kg/day). The incidence of clinical mastitis (CM) on organic farms (28 cases per 100 cow-years at risk) was not statistically different from that of on conventional farms (32 cases per 100 cow-years at risk). No significant difference in bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC) was observed between organic farms (262,000 cells/ml) and conventional farms (285,000 cells/ml). The average annual cull rate was 18.0 cases per 100 cow-years for the conventional farms and 17.2 for the organic farms (P=0.426). Our paired t-test results indicated significantly higher parasite burden on organic dairy farms; however, no significant difference between the two farm types when controlling for season (March and September), grazing intensity (no grazing, little grazing, grazing with access to housing and grazing only) and herd average milk production per cow. There was little evidence of other fundamental differences between the two farm types in other management and production parameters.     

奶牛乳房炎诊断和治疗方法的研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛养殖业中的重要疾病,可降低产奶量和乳品质,增加治疗和预防成本,给牧场带来经济损失。病因多样,包括细菌、病毒和支原体等病原体均可引起传染性乳房炎。临床症状复杂,需要特定实验室方法进行准确诊断。奶牛乳房炎传统方法诊断准确性低,分子生物学检测发展前景大,基于微生物培养试剂盒和环介导等技术有望提高奶牛乳房炎诊断准确性和治疗精准度。治疗方面,抗生素类药物是常用的方法,但容易引起细菌耐药性和药物残留问题,需要开发新型药物用于奶牛乳房炎治疗。近年的研究显示,噬菌体有望作为替代品治疗奶牛乳房炎,部分植物及其衍生物具有抗菌作用,天然分泌因子如乳铁蛋白和磷脂酶A2也具有治疗潜力,但仍需深入研究。