铁皮石斛在潞江干热河谷的集约化栽培

对铁皮石斛在潞江干热河谷的集约化栽培技术开展研究,结果表明:铁皮石斛在潞江干热河谷2-5月移栽成活率高,恢复生长快;驯化组培苗、扦插苗和未驯化组培苗(瓶苗)移栽成活率都超过90%,成活率差异不显著,但投产后产量差异较大,驯化组培苗极显著高于未驯化组培苗(瓶苗)和扦插苗,未驯化组培苗极显著高于扦插苗,从投资成本考虑建议用未驯化组培瓶苗做种苗;配方基质能够提高铁皮石斛产量,杉木皮+山基土+碎木屑+牛粪(1∶1∶1∶1)的配方基质产量最高。     

铁皮石斛种子组织培养研究

通过筛选铁皮石斛（Dendrobium candium）果实的最佳消毒方法、种子发芽和壮苗生根的最适培养基,从而达到提高铁皮石斛组织培养的增殖系数和试管苗质量的目的。结果表明：用0．1％的氯化汞溶液对铁皮石斛成熟果实消毒15 min,种子污染率最低,为10％;用1／2MS ＋水解酪蛋白1 g／L ＋马铃薯粉碎液100 g／L ＋蔗糖20 g／L ＋NAA 0．5 mg／L 的培养基进行种子培养,有利于铁皮石斛芽苗的生长,诱导芽苗数达5～6千芽／果;培养基1／2MS ＋水解酪蛋白1 g／L ＋马铃薯粉碎液100 g／L ＋蔗糖20 g／L ＋6-BA 0．5 mg／L,有利于铁皮石斛原球茎的增殖,且诱导原球茎数达6～7千个／果;铁皮石斛的最佳壮苗生根培养基为花宝1号1 g／L ＋花宝2号1 g／L ＋MS 铁盐＋MS 维生素＋NAA 0．2 mg／L ＋水解酪蛋白1 g／L ＋蔗糖20 g／L＋香蕉粉碎液50 g／L ＋苹果粉碎液30 g／L ＋活性炭2 g／L,植株苗高达3～6 cm,根系数量有7～18条／丛。     

铁皮石斛种子组织培养研究

通过筛选铁皮石斛(Dendrobium candium)果实的最佳消毒方法、种子发芽和壮苗生根的最适培养基,从而达到提高铁皮石斛组织培养的增殖系数和试管苗质量的目的。结果表明:用0.1%的氯化汞溶液对铁皮石斛成熟果实消毒15 min,种子污染率最低,为10%;用1/2MS+水解酪蛋白1 g/L+马铃薯粉碎液100 g/L+蔗糖20 g/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L的培养基进行种子培养,有利于铁皮石斛芽苗的生长,诱导芽苗数达5~6千芽/果;培养基1/2MS+水解酪蛋白1 g/L+马铃薯粉碎液100 g/L+蔗糖20 g/L+6-BA 0.5mg/L,有利于铁皮石斛原球茎的增殖,且诱导原球茎数达6~7千个/果;铁皮石斛的最佳壮苗生根培养基为花宝1号1 g/L+花宝2号1 g/L+MS铁盐+MS维生素+NAA 0.2 mg/L+水解酪蛋白1 g/L+蔗糖20 g/L+香蕉粉碎液50 g/L+苹果粉碎液30 g/L+活性炭2 g/L,植株苗高达3~6 cm,根系数量有7~18条/丛。     

铁皮石斛在粤北高海拔山区天然次生林的活树附生栽培研究

通过观察记录不同驯化苗龄铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)在不同山势环境、不同树皮性状附主的附树栽培成活率和生长差异,研究铁皮石斛在粤北高海拔山区天然次生林中的活树附生栽培技术.结果表明,在设施大棚内驯化约1 a的苗养分积累充分,抗逆性、生长势、适应野外环境能力较强,用作活树附生仿野生栽培种苗最适时;在试验地环境下,山脊线空气流通,水分适中,散射光充足,苗的长势最好;光滑树皮树干附生的铁皮石斛苗比粗糙树皮树干生长更好,枝叶更茂盛,根系更发达.附生树种表皮性状对铁皮石斛可能主要起到支撑和持水作用,而自然环境的空气对流、光照、湿度与降水量是影响铁皮石斛野外生长的主要因素.     

凌云县建成广西最大的铁皮石斛种苗组培室

由广西浙商投资有限公司投资500多万元,年组培能力为130～150万瓶(每瓶40～45株),年内可提供一千亩以上生产用地用苗的凌云县铁皮石斛组培中心近日建成出苗。据专家称,该中心建设规模、生产设施、所生产组培苗数量是广西目前最大的铁皮石斛种苗组培中心。铁皮石斛是我国最珍贵的中药材之一,在古代民间被誉为"救命仙草"和"寸金草",国际药用植物界称为"药界大熊猫",被列为"中华九大仙草     

不同红蓝光质比LED光源处理对铁皮石斛试管苗移栽的影响

采用不同红蓝光质比(R,R7B3,R5B5,R3B7,B)的LED为光源,研究不同光源对铁皮石斛试管苗移栽后生长的影响,探讨适合铁皮石斛试管苗移栽的光质条件。结果表明:与对照荧光灯相比,LED红蓝复合光能提高铁皮石斛移栽成活率,其中,R5B5和R7B3下成活率显著高于其他处理(P0.05)。红光有利于铁皮石斛茎段和叶片的伸长,但不利于试管苗移栽成活;红蓝复合光有利于移栽苗叶片数增加,且促进移栽苗生根及根系伸长。在生物量积累方面,R7B3处理下铁皮石斛移栽苗鲜质量和干质量均达到最大值。综合分析,R7B3是适宜铁皮石斛试管苗移栽的最佳光质比。该研究结果为LED光源在铁皮石斛组织培养中的应用奠定了基础。     

云南珍稀植物铁皮石斛研究初报

铁皮石斛为传统中药,由于其生长条件要求苛刻,自然繁殖率低,自然产量十分有限,加之其药用价值昂贵,遭到过度采挖,野生资源濒临灭绝.采用组织培养繁育和野生种植技术,成功实现了铁皮石斛人工繁育和大田栽培,组培苗大田移植成活率达95%以上.大田栽种2 a后,可收鲜石斛4 500～7500 kg/hm2.文中重点阐述了铁皮石斛的组织培养、生根苗炼苗驯化、田间管理及收获加工等人工繁育和大田栽培技术.铁皮石斛种苗人工繁育与农田集约化栽培技术的成功,有效地挽救了这一濒危珍稀物种,为保护生物多样性和铁皮石斛的可持续利用创出了一条新途径.     

野生铁皮石斛人工驯化技术初探

铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)人工培育的种苗目前还远远不能满足市面的需要,加上系统而全面研究其生长习性的资料十分缺少。本文着重阐述了野生铁皮石斛的人工驯化技术的关键是加强日常管理工作,尽量满足创造满足其生长的适宜环境,从而提高铁皮石斛的产量和品质。     

铁皮石斛近野生活树附生栽培技术研究

铁皮石斛Dendrobiumofficinale是我国名贵的中药材,市场需求量大,林下种植应运而生,铁皮石斛活树附生栽培模式是其最主要的形式。选择平原不同附生树种、山地天然次生阔叶混交林不同坡向不同附生树种进行近野生活树栽培试验,并进行生长及效果观测,以期实践总结出最佳的铁皮石斛的活树附生栽培技术。研究结果表明,不同附生树种、不同坡向对活树附生栽培铁皮石斛的茎高、茎粗和单丛鲜质量有显著影响,选择合适的林地和附生树种能有效提高铁皮石斛近野生栽培的产量。仙居县及类似地区铁皮石斛近野生栽培平原附生树种宜选择与南方红豆杉Taxus wallichiana var. mairei相似树冠相对透光率大的树种,铁皮石斛种苗宜选择‘晶品1号’;山地天然次生阔叶混交林铁皮石斛近野生活树附生栽培宜选择向阳坡和东南坡多的林地,附生树种优先选择青冈栎Cyclobalanopsis glauca、化香树Platycarya strobilacea、檵木Loropetalum chinense、枫香树Liquidambar formosana、野柿Diospyros kaki var. silvestris等阔叶...     

遮阳网和肥料种类对铁皮石斛生长的影响

主要研究了遮阳网和肥料种类对铁皮石斛（Dendrobium candidum）生长的影响,选取了株高、茎长、茎粗、叶片数、顶叶叶长、叶宽等6个方面作为铁皮石斛的生长指标。结果表明：5—9月是铁皮石斛茎长的主要生长期,其他月份铁皮石斛的茎长基本处于停止生长的状态,因此,在铁皮石斛大棚栽培过程中,为了提高铁皮石斛的产量和节省种植成本,提高经济效益,可以选择在这段时间进行追施有机肥。研究还表明遮盖1层2针遮阳网对于提高铁皮石斛的茎长效果最好,且追施豆饼肥和花生肥对铁皮石斛的茎长有明显的促进作用,从而可以有效地提高铁皮石斛的产量。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.