高温强光对花叶蔓长春花生理指标的影响

于2009年4月和8月对花叶蔓长春花的色素、光合和荧光参数的变化进行测定。结果表明:花叶蔓长春花的总叶绿素含量相对较高,不同叶位间成熟叶片的叶绿素含量相差不大。花叶蔓长春花为强阳性植物,光补偿点为16μmol.m-2.s-1,光饱和点为652μmol.m-2.s-1,最大的光合速率为6.470μmol.m-2.s-1,呼吸速率为0.923μmol.m-2.s-1;其CO2补偿点为57.6μmol.m-2.s-1,CO2饱和点为691.2μmol.m-2.s-1。花叶蔓长春花的净光合速率的日变化在4月份呈现出单峰曲线,最大值为6.1μmol.m-2.s-1,出现在12:00;8月份净光合速率的日变化呈现出双峰曲线,最大值分别出现在12:00点和14:00点,其最大值分别是6.2和6.1μmol.m-2.s-1。高温强光虽然对花叶蔓长春花有一定的影响,荧光产量增加,表现为Fo、Fm、Fo’和Fm’值增加;电子传递速率ETR值下降;PSⅡ实际的光化学量子效率ΦPSⅡ下降;但是整体变化幅度较小。花叶蔓长春花能适应8月23日平均气温为32℃,最高光强达2 130μmol.m-2.s-1的高温强光,也与净光合速率的日变化、光饱和点的测定数据相一致。     

红地球与无核白葡萄光合特性对比研究

比较了红地球葡萄和无核白葡萄的光合特性,结果发现：无核白葡萄成熟期净光合速率呈双峰曲线,有光合午休现象,而红地球净光合速率曲线为先升后降的单峰曲线;无核白的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度均高于红地球;不同级别副梢净光合速率为：二次副梢>一次副梢>春梢;不同光照强度下无核白的最大净光合速率(Pn,max)、光补偿点(LCP)和表观量子效率(AQY)均高于红地球,光饱和点（LSP）低于红地球。由此表明,红地球对光强的适应范围更广。     

不同光照条件下白车轴草光合日变化分析

以白车轴草为材料,在全日照和全遮荫的条件下,对白车轴草的光生理变化进行了研究.结果表明:白车轴草在全日照条件下净光合速率显著高于全遮荫条件,且净光合速率、蒸腾速率日变化均为双峰曲线,午休现象是由于气孔因素引起.气孔导度日变化与净光舍速率日变化趋势一致.胞间CO2浓度与净光合速率呈负相关.全遮荫条件下白车轴草净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度全天曲线变化与全光照条件不同.     

两种长春花生物量配置的比较

以不同生境(野生、露地栽培)条件下红长春花和白长春花为研究对象,对其生物总量、根冠比、各部位的生物量配置等方面进行了比较分析.结果表明:与白花长春花相比,红花长春花的根、茎、叶生物量分配比例较为合理,生殖配置高于白花,表现出较强的种间优势.2种长春花对茎和根的生物量的分配与植株的生长高度呈负相关.长春花叶的生物量分配与植株生长高度也出现了不协调.2种生境条件中,栽培条件下的长春花植株个体较大,生物量分配比较合理,生长比较稳定,说明在露地栽培条件下,长春花的营养生长和生殖生长间有较为合理的权衡关系,利于长春花的生长.     

芍药‘粉玉奴’与野生种主要光合特性的比较

以芍药栽培品种‘粉玉奴’和野生种为试材,对二者主要光合特性进行了比较研究。结果表明:‘粉玉奴’和野生种的净光合速率(Pn)日变化均为"单峰型"曲线,峰值均出现在10:00左右,且在全天变化中,野生种的光合速率始终高于‘粉玉奴’;野生种的光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)分别为889.23μmol.m-2.s-1和53.28μmol.m-2.s-1,‘粉玉奴’LSP和LCP分别为519.86μmol.m-2.s-1和60.34μmol.m-2.s-1,野生种对强光的耐受能力和对弱光耐受能力较‘粉玉奴’强;‘粉玉奴’叶片叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)及叶绿素总量(Chla+b)均高于野生种,叶绿素含量差异不是造成二者光合能力差异的主要因素。     

红核桃和绿核桃叶片性状及光合日变化比较

【目的】探究红核桃与绿核桃光合特性的差别,为红核桃资源的开发利用和新品种培育提供参考。【方法】以红核桃和绿核桃(品种为‘中林1号’)为试材,通过切片观察和pH示差法对光合色素进行定性和定量的比较,并采用LI-6400 XT便携式光合测定仪对自然光照下的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率、水分利用率及空气相对湿度等指标进行测定分析。【结果】两种核桃叶片的解剖构造无差异,但切片能够观察到红核桃中红褐色的花青苷的存在,pH示差法显示绿核桃总叶绿素含量以及类胡萝卜素含量高于红核桃,红核桃花青苷含量高于绿核桃;全天净光合速率为绿核桃大于红核桃,绿核桃的净光合速率为明显的双峰曲线,在12:00出现"光合午休"现象,红核桃的净光合速率为不规则型,在14:00出现了"光合午休"现象。绿核桃和红核桃气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率、水分利用率等差异不大。【结论】红核桃和绿核桃相比叶绿素含量较低,花青苷含量高,净光合速率较低。     

不同缺素处理对香梨坐果期光合特性的影响

在田间条件下,利用CIRAS-2型光合仪研究了氮、磷、钾不同缺素处理对库尔勒香梨坐果期光合特性日变化的影响.结果表明:香梨叶片净光合速率日变化表现为双峰曲线,具有光合“午休”现象.气孔导度和气孔限制值的日变化与净光合速率日变化基本保持一致,呈双峰型.胞间CO2浓度日变化与净光合速率相反,呈双谷型.蒸腾速率日变化曲线呈单峰型,水分利用效率日变化则呈单谷型.施肥对香梨叶片的叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和光合特性均有显著影响.不同缺素处理下,香梨叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积指数施肥效应均表现为N＞P＞K.光合特性施肥效应各不相同,净光合速率K＞P＞N,蒸腾速率N＞P＞K,气孔导度K＞N＞P,水分利用效率N＞K＞P.     

甜茶光合日变化及其与环境因子的关系

用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对甜茶的光合-光强响应曲线和光合日变化进行了测定.结果表明:100％光下甜茶的光饱和点、光补偿点与最大净光合速率均显著高于30％光下的值,但2种光下甜茶的表观量子效率值均较低,且无显著差异,说明甜茶强光下的光合能力较强,但对弱光的利用效率较低.全光下甜茶的净光合速率(Pn)日进程呈双峰型曲线,中午前后Pn的下降与此时的强光、高温和低湿度有关,但非气孔限制是主要限制因素.逐步多元回归和通径分析表明,光合有效辐射、气温、叶温和空气湿度是直接影响净光合速率日变化的主要因子.因此,甜茶适宜种植在阳光充足的环境,但夏季适度遮荫利于其生长.     

辣椒品种川农泡椒1号光合特性及其与产量的关系研究

以线椒作对照,探讨了川农泡椒1号的光合特性与产量的关系。川农泡椒1号单果干质量低于线椒,但是单果鲜质量及单株坐果数均高于线椒。采用叶绿素仪SPAD-502和Li-COR6400便携式光合测定系统分别测定了叶片的叶绿素含量和光合特性。结果表明,川农泡椒1号的叶绿素含量显著高于线椒,但是净光合速率以及对光照和CO2的利用效率都低于线椒。川农泡椒1号和线椒的表观量子效率分别是0.046和0.051,羧化效率分别是0.027和0.056。但是,在1 000μmol/m2/s以下的非强光条件下,川农泡椒1号的净光合速率与线椒差别不大;这可能是川农泡椒1号单位面积产量高于或持平于线椒的原因之一。     

盆栽樱桃植株的光合特性

 以本溪山樱(Cerasus sachalinensis Kom. ) 和大青叶(C. pseudocerasus G. Don. ) 为试材, 通过气体交换方法比较了在田间和盆栽方式下2 种樱桃的光合特性。结果表明, 田间植株的净光合速率( Pn) 、光合能力、羧化效率(CE) 、表观量子效率(AQY) 、RuBP最大再生速率等参数均高于盆栽植株。一天中田间植株的Pn、蒸腾速率( Tr) 及气孔导度(Gs) 基本高于盆栽植株, 而细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)基本低于盆栽植株。分析了导致田间和盆栽樱桃植株光合特性不同的可能原因。     

大棚甜瓜嫁接栽培技术研究

1 品种选择及播期确定 1.1 砧木的选择 选择砧木应首先考虑与接穗要有较好的亲合力,即接穗与砧木嫁接后能够较好的愈合,发育旺盛以保证嫁接苗生产管理正常.其次要求砧木具有良好的适应能力,抗逆性强,抗病力强,且嫁接后不影响接穗果实品质.经过多年试验摸索,选用杂交白籽南瓜作为砧木即能提高抗病性又对果实品质影响小.     

Anti-oxidant enzyme responses during in vitro embryogenesis in Catharanthus roseus

Summary

The present study was carried out to analyse the activities of several anti-oxidant enzymes at various stages of somatic embryogenesis in Catharanthus roseus. The hypothesis was that anti-oxidant enzymes accumulated as part of a cellular defence mechanism in response to stress. We therefore measured superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in various in vitro-grown tissues such as embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli, and in embryos at various stages. SOD activity increased gradually from the early embryogenic stage to heart-shaped stage embryos, but declined in the later stages (i.e., torpedo-shaped and cotyledonary embryos). In contrast, APX activity was high in non-embryogenic callus and decreased rapidly during the stage of embryo initiation. This pattern was the same for CAT. The maximum CAT activity was observed in non-embryogenic callus, then it declined almost linearly at the embryonic and post-embryonic developmental stages. The effect of exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) on in vitro embryogenesis was also evaluated. Lower H₂O₂ levels (0.025 mM) promoted embryo formation, whereas higher levels (0.10 mM) inhibited embryogenesis in C. roseus. Finally, higher soluble protein, free amino acid, and proline contents were found in embryogenic calli compared to non-embryogenic calli.     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the CrDAT gene and selection of transgenic periwinkle lines with a high vincristine accumulation

Catharanthus roseus contains vincristine and vinblastine, which are outstanding drugs for cancer. In the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) in C. roseus, deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyltransferase (DAT) is a key enzyme that catalyses the last reaction of vindoline biosynthesis to form vinblastine and vincristine. In this study, the CrDAT transgene was transferred into the periwinkle by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and generated transgenic periwinkle lines with an increase in vincristine accumulation. The C. roseus DAT gene was introduced into C. roseus plants and it was confirmed that CrDAT was successfully transferred into the genome of periwinkle plants and efficiently translated to synthesise recombinant DAT protein. Four transgenic periwinkle lines in T1 generation, T1-1, T1-3, T1-6, and T1-7, expressed recombinant DAT protein with the total protein content in the range of 2.86 μg.mg^?1 to 5.12 μg.mg^?1. Moreover, the vincristine contents of four transgenic lines increased by 1.63?2.48-fold compared to non-transgenic plants, ranging from 6.91 µg.g^?1 (fresh weight) to 10.53 µg.g^?1 (fresh weight). The T1-1 line had the highest vincristine content. Hence, the overexpression of the recombinant DAT protein can improve the vincristine accumulation of transgenic C. roseus plants.

Abbreviation: CrDAT - Catharanthus roseus Deacetylvindoline-4-O-Acetyl Transferase; D4H - Deacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase; ELISA - Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Monoterpene indole alkaloid; T0, T1 - Generations of transgenic plants; TIAs - Terpenoid indole alkaloids; WT- The wild-type tobacco plants (non transgenic plant); 35S - Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter     

不同品种(系)梨贮藏过程果实失重率与果皮叶绿素、蜡质含量的变化

以香梨、‘早酥’梨及其11个杂交后代为材料,在冷库和室温条件下贮藏,研究贮藏过程梨果实失重率与果皮蜡质、叶绿素含量的变化规律。结果表明:冷库和室温条件下贮藏,果实失重率、烂果率呈上升趋势,品种(系)间差异较大,冷库贮藏果实失重率和烂果率明显低于室温下贮藏;果皮叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,冷库贮藏果实的果皮叶绿素含量明显高于室温贮藏;不同贮藏条件不同品种(系)果皮蜡质含量的峰值出现时间不同,冷库贮藏的蜡质含量明显高于室内贮藏。冷库贮藏效果好。     

骏枣叶片光合速率及叶绿素变化研究

以骏枣为对象,分别测定其上部,中部和下部枣吊叶片的净光合速率和叶绿素含量。结果表明:枣吊不同叶位的净光合速率(Pn)随叶位的增加不断降低,4~7位叶片的Pn值可以反映整个枣吊的光合能力;在冠层分布上,Pn值,上部枣吊>中部枣吊>下部枣吊;枣吊中部位置的叶绿素含量相对稳定,能够反映整个枣吊叶绿素相对含量,且叶绿素相对含量与净光合速率呈正相关。     

Screening of vincristine yield in ex vitro and in vitro somatic embryos derived plantlets of Catharanthus roseus L. (G) Don.

Catharanthus roseus L. (G.) Don. (Apocynaceae) is an important dicotyledonous medicinal plant as it is the sole source of vincristine and vinblastine that are used against a variety of cancers. Quantitative estimation of vincristine was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in various in vitro grown tissues; calluses (embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus), embryogenic stages (proliferated, matured and germinated embryos), somatic embryo derived plantlets (leaf, root and whole plant) and leaves of ex vitro developed plantlets. The yield in those in vitro and ex vitro-developed tissues was monitored for 30 weeks. Except at an early lag period, vincristine production was detected up to 20–25 weeks old plant samples. Vincristine content was very high in leaf callus and germinated embryos. Leaves of in vitro raised plants showed higher amount of vincristine when compared to ex vitro-developed leaves of similar age. Vincristine production was tissue specific and age dependent that was discussed in detail in this present communication.     

辣椒黄绿苗不育系叶片光合色素变化及酶活性研究

研究了辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)黄绿苗胞质雄性不育系(YBM-A6)、保持系(YBM-B6)及绿苗(96-140)的叶绿素变化及叶片酶活性。从幼苗期到成株期三者的叶绿素含量呈逐步增加的变化趋势,绿苗叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜含量都远高于黄绿苗,但黄绿苗叶片叶绿素a/b、类胡萝卜素/叶绿素(a+b)(除结果期外)的比值都远大于绿苗。黄绿苗叶片中游离脯氨酸含量均高于绿苗,但其含量变化趋势相同;黄绿苗叶片中过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性变化趋势与绿苗相同;YBM-A6叶片过氧化氢酶活性均低于其保持系YBM-B6,过氧化物酶活性则高于其保持系,超氧化物歧化酶活性在开花结果盛期明显高于保持系YBM-B6和96-140。说明叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量和变化与辣椒黄绿苗的叶色变化有关,酶活性变化可能与黄绿苗胞质雄性不育系YBM-A6的不育有关。     

Nutritional quality of greenhouse lettuce at harvest and after storage in relation to N application and cultivation season

The effect of five levels of nitrogen fertilization on the growth and nutritional quality of Cos lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Parris Island) at harvest and after storage was studied during autumn and winter in South-West Greece. Plants were cultivated hydroponically in a greenhouse and the nitrate, chlorophyll and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) concentrations within the plant tissues were measured at harvest and following storage at 5 or 10 °C for 10 days. Nitrate accumulated in the leaves with increasing amounts of N within the nutrient solution and was higher in the winter than in the autumn. At the lowest N level (20 mg L⁻¹), the inner leaves accumulated more nitrate than the outer leaves, whereas at higher N levels (140, 200 or 260 mg L⁻¹) nitrate accumulation was higher in the outer leaves. Overall, the highest nitrate concentrations were detected in the petiole and the proximal end of the leaf, but at the lowest N application rate (20 mg L⁻¹) nitrate accumulated in the distal region of the leaf too. Although the nitrate concentrations within the leaves did not change significantly during 10 days storage at 5 or 10 °C, the chlorophyll and vitamin C concentrations decreased. Chlorophyll loss was higher in lettuce that was grown under low N levels and was higher at 10 °C than at 5 °C, but was reduced by enclosure of the lettuce in polyethylene film. It is concluded that the optimum N application rate for Cos lettuce grown hydroponically under cover during autumn and winter in South-West Greece, and in other areas with a similar climate, is 200 mg N L⁻¹ because at this N rate yield is satisfactory and leaf nitrate concentrations are below the maximum acceptable level for human consumption. Nutritional value (vitamin C concentration) and market quality (chlorophyll content) are highest at harvest and decrease during storage, but quality in terms of nitrate concentration does not change.     

茄子叶色黄化突变体的特征及遗传分析

以茄子叶色黄化突变体‘chl861-2’及其叶色正常近等基因系‘0643-1’为试材，研究其生长变化趋势、主要农艺性状、叶绿素含量变化和光合特性。该突变体具有叶绿素缺失突变特征，从子叶期开始表现出叶色黄化现象，子叶浅黄色，整个生育期真叶黄色。突变体植株生长缓慢，矮小，生育期延长，生长势和果实显著小于野生型，单果质量只有野生型的71.58%；在苗期、门茄开花期、四门斗开花结果期总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b的含量比野生型亲本显著降低；在苗期、门茄开花期净光合速率（Pn）显著低于野生型，气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）低于野生型，胞间CO2浓度（Ci）高于野生型。以突变体与3个正常叶色自交系为亲本构建6世代群体，对突变体叶色黄化性状遗传规律进行分析，结果表明叶色黄化性状为隐性核单基因控制，将该基因命名为Smchl-1。