矿质元素含量与苹果风味品质及耐贮性的关系

对22个苹果品种果实矿质元素含量分析表明,钙、钾含量高,锰、铜含量低的品种果实肉质好,耐贮藏,具有良好的风味品质.钙、钾具有提高果实硬脆度、降低果实贮期的软化和失重、维持良好肉质和风味的作用.钙、钾含量高的品种果实硬脆度高,比重大,果肉致密,细胞间隙率低,贮期软化进度慢,肉质好,耐贮藏.锰、铜含量低的品种果实硬脆度高,含量高的品种果实韧性较强.锌含量对果实的风味、肉质和耐贮性影响较小,优质品种含锌量相对较低.     

Cultivar variation in apple peel and whole fruit phenolic composition

The quali-quantitative distribution of phenolic compounds varies considerably between apple flesh and peel, but the concentration of phenolics is substantially higher in the peel than flesh. Because the peel comprises only a small percentage of the entire fruit weight, its significance as a donor of phenolics is disputable. We assessed the contribution of the peel to the total phenolic yield of 19 apple cultivars. Calculations were based on the weight of the whole fruit and the peel (which is frequently discarded) and the concentration of individual phenolic compounds. On average, 8, 24, 32, 50 and 66% of chlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, phloridzin, and rutin, respectively, were present in the peel, which constitutes about 6–8% of the whole apple weight. With the exception of chlorogenic acid, 50% or more, on average, of the above phenolics were present in the peel of ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Idared’, ‘Red Rome’, ‘Jonamac’ and ‘Gloster’ apples; the highest percentage was found in ‘Starking Delicious’ apple peel (82%). The lowest peel contribution to total phenolic content per whole apple ranged between 26 and 29% and was observed in ‘Pilot’, ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Prima’ apples. Presented results may be useful for further investigations of the relationship between phenolics and agronomical parameters or future selection of apple genotypes having improved nutritional quality when consumed as fresh or as processed apple products.     

Impact of storage conditions on the apple allergen Mal?d?1

Consumption of fresh apple fruits can induce allergic reactions in humans. The apple allergen Mal?d?1 is responsible for these allergic reactions in humans in Central Europe and North America. Biosynthesis of Mal?d?1 depends on apple cultivar, and its concentration increases with time during fruit storage. However, data on the impact of different fruit storage conditions during long-term storage are scarce. Hence, the Mal?d?1 contents of eight apple cultivars were analyzed for this study during long-term storage in a cold chamber as well as under controlled atmosphere conditions (CA). After harvest, apple fruits were stored for 12, 20, 28 or 36 weeks in a cold-chamber at +?2?°C or as under controlled atmosphere conditions of 1.5?% CO₂, 1.5?% O₂ at +?2?°C. Mal?d?1 content in apple fruit of all eight cultivars examined increased during fruit storage. In most cases, differences between Mal?d?1 of apple fruits stored in the cold chamber and under CA conditions were significant, but inconsistent. In apple cv. ??Elise??, fruits stored in the cold chamber contained more Mal?d?1 compared with those stored in CA, whereas the situation reversed in other varieties like cv. ??Boskoop??. The greatest Mal?d?1 content was measured in fruits of cvs. ??Golden Delicious?? and ??Gala??, whereas the smallest Mal?d?1 level was in cvs. ??Elise?? and ??Pinova?? over the whole storage time. Overall, this experiment showed the complexity of the relationship between the Mal?d?1 content, allergenicity of apple fruits, different cultivars, storage conditions and storage time. Persons allergic to apple fruits should consume the fruits as fresh as possible or only after a limited storage time. Furthermore, they should prefer apple varieties with a low content of allergenic proteins, such as cv. ??Elise?? or cv. ??Boskoop?? as a cultivar known for its large polyphenol content.     

Influence of a pre-harvest reflective orchard mulching film on lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant activity in apple fruit during post-harvest storage

Summary

Studies have shown that applying a reflective film to the floor of an orchard enhances fruit colouration. Here we assessed whether this practice also prolonged the post-harvest storage life of apple (Malus domestica Borkh cv. Fuji and Malus prunifolia [Willd.]) fruit. Strips of reflective mulching film (RMF) were placed beneath the apple trees and RMF-treated fruit were compared with those from untreated control (CK) trees. Enzymes involved in reducing lipid peroxidation such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) are associated with delaying fruit senescence. Their activities, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, were quantified as indicators of physiological changes related to lipid peroxidation and membrane damage in the peel and flesh of RMF-treated or control apple fruit during 50 d of post-harvest storage at 4ºC. SOD activities increased in the peel and flesh from RMF-treated fruit during the first 40 d post-harvest, but declined significantly during the final 10 d of storage. RMF treatment resulted in increases in CAT activities of 5 – 14% and 16 – 29% in the peel and flesh of RMF-treated apples, respectively, compared with untreated CK fruit. Conversely, MDA concentrations were 7 – 23% and 14 – 30% lower in the peel and flesh, respectively, of RMF-treated fruit than in CK fruit over the 50 d storage period. Similarly, RMF treatment resulted in reductions of 7 – 20% and 3 – 10% in saturated fatty acid (SFA) concentrations in the peel and flesh, respectively, compared to CK fruit, while the corresponding polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations increased by 2 – 10% and 3 – 7%. In conclusion, the use of RMF in apple orchards appears to be an effective technique to delay post-harvest senescence in apple fruit.     

Total Phenolics Content,Antioxidant Capacity,Physicochemical Attributes,and Browning Susceptibility of Different Apple Cultivars for Minimal Processing

The total phenolics content, browning susceptibility, antioxidant capacity, and other physicochemical attributes of five cultivars of apple with different chilling hours requirements were studied to be minimally processed. Granny Smith (GS) and Red Delicious (RD) cultivars (high chill requirement), and Caricia (C), Eva (E), and Princesa (P) cultivars (low chill requirement) were studied. The flesh color, firmness, juiciness, pH, acidity, soluble solids, and flesh browning development, and total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity in flesh and peel were determined. All attributes were significantly different (p ≤ 0.001) among cultivars. RD showed the highest values of soluble solids and pH, and GS, the lowest. GS and P had the highest values of firmness and juiciness. GS, P, and E showed the lowest browning development. RD had the highest phenol content in flesh, followed by E and C. Phenolic content in peel was 2–5 times higher than in flesh for all varieties. The antioxidant capacity of RD flesh was higher than the other four apple cultivars. The antioxidant capacity of the apple peel was 2–4 times higher than the flesh, being RD the highest, followed by C, GS, and P with 50% less. Considering the lower browning development, and higher values of firmness and juiciness, GS and P would be the most suitable cultivars for minimal processing. If fresh-cut apples are not peeled, GS and P would increase their phenolic content in 28–56% and their antioxidant capacity in 65–78%.     

Effects of position on canopy and harvest time on fruit physico-chemical and antioxidant properties in different apple cultivars

Fruit from Granny Smith, Fyriki, Fuji Kiku 8, and Imperial Double Red Delicious apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees planted in single or double rows, were harvested from different positions in the canopy, during the last month before commercial harvest. Fruit physico-chemical and antioxidant capacity, using the radical DPPH, were measured, in skin and flesh tissue. Greater total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity per fresh weight and serving portion of skin and flesh tissue, were found in Imperial Double Red Delicious and Fyriki apples, compared to Granny Smith and Fuji Kiku 8. The variation among cultivars in antioxidant contents was greater in peeled, compared with unpeeled fruit, highlighting the importance of eating unpeeled fruit. During the last two weeks before commercial harvest the total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity per fresh weight increased in skin of Granny Smith (by 24% and 42%, respectively) and Fuji Kiku 8 (by 19% and 27%, respectively). Fruit from the more sun—exposed parts of canopy had usually better red coloration and the effect was more pronounced in Fuji Kiku 8 and Fyriki, followed by Imperial Double Red Delicious and a lower effect was found in Granny Smith. Greater total soluble solid content, but not flesh firmness, were also found in fruit from the more sun—exposed parts of canopy, in all cultivars. The skin of fruit from the upper positions in the canopy had greater total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity, in all cultivars, apart from Fyriki. Antioxidant contents in flesh tissue were also greater in the upper positions of canopy in Fuji Kiku 8 and Imperial Double Red Delicious, and to our knowledge this is the first report on plant canopy effects on apple flesh antioxidant compounds.     

Obstkonsum in China �C Anbau, Angebot und Preise

As a Northern hemisphere fruit producer, China??s harvest time overlaps with that in Europe and the US and has been dominating the worldwide fruit market. Prices and sources of fruit in China were examined in supermarkets in Beijing in May 2011 and combined with the official Chinese Agricultural Yearbook to analyse China??s fruit industry:

1. China has become the world??s no 1 for apple (25?C30 mil. t), pear (13.5 mil. t) and Citrus (23 mil. t) production based on the Chinese statistical agricultural yearbook (2009), and no. 3 for strawberry (0.65?C0.8 mil. t), with an overall fruit production of 105?C113 mil. t/year and a tendency to increase domestic fruit production and consumption.
2. Fruit acreages, reported in 2009, were 2 mil. ha for apple, 1 mil. ha for pear (inclu-ding Nashi) and 2 mil. ha for Citrus and 0.083 mil. ha for strawberry totalling 10.7 mil. ha for fruit production in China, with a tendency towards slightly decreasing orchard acreage. The average farm size was ?£?0.5 ha.
3. Fruit consumption in China was calculated as 18?C21 kg apple/head/year, 10.1 kg pear/head/year (incl. Nashi) and 77?C81 kg fruit/head/year based on 1.33 billion inhabitants and production data; this is a rise in domestic fruit consumption from 45 kg in 2002/2003 to 77?C83 kg fruit/head/year in 2008/2009.
4. Jujube fruit yielded a farm gate price of 1.20 ?/kg and cv. ??Fuji?? apple 0.55 ?/kg (5 Yuan) as for most pome and stone fruit (with higher prices in the farm shop), which doubled to 1.10 ?/kg after sea export from Qingdao harbour to Rotterdam.
5. Prices for Chinese cv. ??Fuji?? apples in Beijing supermarkets ranged from ? 0.84/kg for a poor class II to ? 2.80/kg for class I fruit. Three (??Red Delicious??, ??Gala?? and ??Granny Smith??) out of five apple varieties on sale out-of-season in China??s Capital were imported from the US or Chile, with higher prices ranging from ? 3.25 for imported cv. ??Gala??, 4.15 ?/kg for ??Red Delicious?? to ? 4.90 for cv. ??Granny Smith??.
6. The Chinese viz Asian taste prefers large, juicy and sweet, red or yellow fruit with little acidity and smooth skin viz peel finish. Surprisingly, ??Granny Smith?? apples were sold as ??green apples?? without variety name at the highest price of all apple varieties.

     

厚皮甜瓜新品种引进与品种比较试验

为丰富湖北省厚皮甜瓜品种,解决品种单一老化的问题,引进了国家西甜瓜产业技术体系各育种专家选育的21个厚皮甜瓜品种进行比较试验,对各品种的物候期、田间适应性、商品性及产量性状进行了分析评价,筛选出IVF128、F327、F362、8908、KR黄皮红肉、KR白皮红肉、黄龙和皇冠8个适宜在湖北省大面积推广应用的厚皮甜瓜品种。     

Molecular Characterization of Some Apple Accessions Using DNA Markers Associated with Fruit Skin and Flesh Colour

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is one of the most widely grown and economically important fruit crops in the world. Skin colour is one of the most important criteria for marketing of apple fruits. Thus, improving fruit colouring is one of the main objectives of apple breeding programs. Even though environmental conditions may affect the colouring of apple, understanding the genetic basis of colouring is important to accelerate the breeding process. In recent years, molecular biology and genetic studies were conducted to explore the molecular basis of colouring in apple. Many genes responsible for the anthocyanin synthesis were identified and their associations with colouring of apple fruit flesh and/or skin were demonstrated. In addition, some DNA markers associated with fruit flesh and skin colour have been developed for screening apple cultivars and hybrids. In this study, 90 apple accessions of international, national, and local decents were selected from the genetic resources collection. Genomic DNA was isolated from leaf tissue of all acession and screened with four different DNA markers associated with fruit flesh and skin colour. Apple accessions in the collection were characterized and their genotypes and genetic potential for fruit colouration were determined by different DNA markers. Additionally, the use of these DNA markers in different apple accessions, well-characterized cultivars and uncharacterized local and national types were investigated.

     

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the apple flesh and peel of eleven cultivars grown in Brazil

The total phenolic, flavanol, monomeric anthocyanin contents and the antioxidant activity of flesh and peel of 11 apple cultivars from Brazil were investigated. Concentrations of the parameters measured differed significantly among the apple cultivars and were highest in the peel compared to the flesh. Total phenolic content (mg GAE/100 g fresh matter) ranged from 128.3 (Golden Delicious) to 212.0 (Epagri-F₅P₂₈₃) in the flesh and 304.6 (Golden Delicious) to 712.6 (Catarina) in the peel. Total flavanol content (mg CAE/100 g fm) varied from 11.7 (Epagri-SJ11) to 28.2 (Epagri-F₄₃P₂₃) and from 32.4 (Epagri-SJ11) to 147.7 (Catarina) in the flesh and peel, respectively. COOP-24 peel had the highest total anthocyanin content. The Epagri-F5P283 and Epagri-F43P23 flesh and Catarina peel had the highest antioxidant activity while Golden Delicious flesh and peel had the lowest. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were significantly correlated in both flesh (R² = 0.717) and peel (R² = 0.716). The contribution of phenolics to the antioxidant activity in peel suggests that their removal may induce a significant loss of antioxidants.     

苹果果实中类黄酮化合物的研究进展

 类黄酮是苹果果实中的一类主要多酚类物质, 对人体健康具有多方面的生理功能。已报道的苹果果实类黄酮达34种, 分属黄烷醇、黄酮醇、二氢查耳酮、花青苷和二氢黄酮醇5类。苹果果实中类黄酮的组成和含量因品种和果实部位而异, 通常果肉中的类黄酮种类和含量均明显少于果皮。苹果果实在发育、成熟和贮藏过程中类黄酮含量会发生变化。苹果果实类黄酮的测定普遍采用带二极管阵列检测器或紫外检测器的高效液相色谱仪, 并用质谱仪对类黄酮进行成分确认和结构鉴定。     

李果实中多酚含量及其抗氧化能力研究

为分析不同李品种果实中多酚含量及其抗氧化能力,以14个李品种为试材,测定果皮和果肉中的多酚含量,采用超氧自由基(O_2~-)清除法、羟自由基(OH·)清除法、DPPH法、FRAP法和TBARS法测定抗氧化能力,比较多酚含量、抗氧化能力的差异,分析多酚含量与抗氧化能力的相关性,比较抗氧化能力测定方法间的相关性。结果表明:(1)李果实中富含多酚并且品种间存在差异,不同品种果皮中含量为1.40~3.37 mg·g~(-1) FW,果肉中含量为0.50~0.97 mg·g~(-1) FW,果皮中含量远大于果肉中含量;果皮中多酚含量较高的李品种为皇后李、猪肝李,其次为黑宝石李、红玫瑰李;果肉中多酚含量最高的为秋姬李,其次为威克逊李。(2)李果皮、果肉多酚提取物均具有较强的抗氧化能力,果皮提取物综合抗氧化能力较强的为皇后李、黑宝石李和猪肝李,果肉的为红美丽李、红玫瑰李和秋姬李。(3)果皮中多酚含量与清除O_2~-、OH·能力及DPPH、FRAP、TBARS均呈极显著正相关,果肉中多酚含量与抗氧化能力呈显著正相关。(4)对5种方法的相关性分析表明,各方法从不同的角度评价李果多酚抗氧化能力,方法间均具有很好的相关性,DPPH法与FRAP法综合评价最佳,可作为主要选择。     

Wie viele Nährstoffe werden mit dem Mulchen der Fahrgassen in den Baumstreifen einer Obstanlage verfrachtet?

The objective of this PhD project was to investigate the nutrient translocation associated with the mulch from the grass alley to the tree strip. Therefore, a historical, approved 40-year fertiliser trial with apple cv. ‘Gloster’ on M9 rootstock at a spacing of 4 m?×?1.5?m was employed at Klein-Altendorf Research Centre, University of Bonn, Germany, which comprised mineral nutrition (1?t/ha??CaO? $ + $ ?NPK), an organic plot (10?t??FM/ha pig manure) and an unfertilised plot as control. Grass alleys were mowed 5?× in 1995 and 3?× in 1996 as commonly practised in fruit orchards; foil was spread on the tree strips to capture the biomass transferred with the mulching. Overall, ca.??60% of the grass mulch dry matter (mowed at 2?cm height) remained in the grass alleyway, while ca.??40% was translocated to the tree strips, which amounted to 550?kg??DM (Dry Matter) in the unfertilised plot and 800?kg??DM/ha/year in both fertilised plots with the five mulches in the wet year 1995. Grass mulch contained 2–3%??N and 2.2–2.9%??K in the unfertilised control plot or 2.1–3.9%??N and 2.7–4.1%??K on per leaf dry matter in both the inorganic NPK and organically fertilised plot; the nitrogen content of the grass mulch increased during the growing season in the wet year 1995, but remained low and constant at 2.5%??N in the dry year 1996. By contrast, calcium was decreased from 0.5–0.7%??Ca in the unfertilised plot to 0.3–0.6%??Ca in the organic plot. Overall, 25–50% of the grass mulch was translocated from the grass alleys (ca. 4,000 m²) into the tree strips, representing an organic fertilisation of 10–25?kg??N, 2–4?kg??P, 15–25?kg??K, 3–5?kg??Ca and 1–2?kg??Mg per hectare and year. This would theoretically be equivalent to ca 50% supply of??N,??P and??K and??10% of calcium as required nutrients by fruit trees depending on rate of nutrient availability. Its subsequent partial availability reported of 54%??N within??90 days after mulching and large nutrient content are discussed with respect to the low nutrient content in leaves dropped from the fruit trees in the autumn, where the nutrients had been previously translocated into the woody perennial parts of the tree. This nutrient cycling should be integrated in environmental-friendly sustainable fertilisation strategies for fruit orchards.     

The Growth of Apple Central Fruits as Affected by Thinning with NAA,BA and Naphthenic Acids

Plant growth regulators such as α?naphthylacetic acid (NAA) or 6?benzyladenine (BA) are commonly used for thinning apple fruits. NAs exhibits an auxin- and gibberellin-type biological activity, stimulate the uptake and translocation of auxins in plant tissue, as well as IAA synthesis and act as surfactants. It was assumed that NAs applied at the stadium of early fruit growth might cause fruit abscission in apple, similarly to NAA. The goal of the research was to test the presumed thinning effect of naphthenic acids on apple cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’. Three treatments were applied on both apple cultivars including 16.5?μL L^?1 NAA, 200?μL L^?1?BA and 2.63?mg L^?1?potassium salts of NAs. Cortical cell size and the number of cell layers were measured in order to determine the contribution of cell size and cell division in early fruit growth, as affected by chemical thinning treatments. The effects of plant growth regulators NAA, BA and NAs on fruit set, fruit size and the anatomy of the fruit cortex highly depend on varietal differences. In ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit set reduction by chemical thinning increases both the number of cell layers and cell size of apple fruit, while in ‘Red Delicious’ NAA inhibits fruit growth, while BA is ineffective. Cell growth promoting activity of NAA and NAs, accompanied by the decrease in fruit set and reduced competition among fruits within the canopy, results in a significant fruit weight increase at harvest. The research confirms the auxinic properties of NAs, and their assumed thinning activity.     

关于我国苹果矮砧密植栽培的思考

乔砧密植是目前我国苹果栽培的主要形式,但苹果乔砧密植存在许多问题,如单产低、果实品质差、费工、技术复杂推广难度大等;矮砧密植具有结果早、产量高、果实品质优良、省工、技术简化易推广等优点,因此应用矮砧密植是苹果发展的必然趋势;我国矮砧密植栽培实践中存在着矮砧选择不当、栽植过深、栽培技术不配套等问题,直接影响了矮砧效果的发挥。从苹果生长结果习性、我国苹果栽培区域的立地条件等方面探讨了应用矮化砧木的必要性及适合矮砧密植栽培的条件,针对当前矮化栽培中出现的一些问题,结合作者多年的实践,从育苗、建园、整形修剪等方面提出了苹果矮砧密植栽培的技术要点,并举出成功的实例。     

套袋对苹果果实钙素吸收与分布的影响

以红富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.cv.Fuji)为试材,进行了套袋处理,以不套袋果实为对照,测定其果实的Ca含量,研究套袋对果实钙素吸收与分布的影响。结果表明,果实套袋后,在花后40～90d,整果钙吸收量高于对照果实;从花后120d开始,对照果实整果钙含量一直高于套袋果实。此外,苹果果实在整个生长发育过程中对Ca都有吸收,花后40d内,苹果果实吸收整果钙含量的20%左右;从花后40d(套袋)到90d,果实钙吸收量迅速升高,对照果实可吸收整果钙含量的66.1%,套纸袋果实可吸收整果钙含量的73.8%;此外,在果实的成熟期仍有少量的钙吸收。果实套袋后,果实各个部分的钙含量变化与对照果实相比,果皮中钙含量明显低于对照果实,而果肉和果心的钙含量却高于对照果实。     

Yield and fruit quality of ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apple trees protected by white anti-hail net

Covering apple orchards with nets protects them from hailstorms but this changes the amount and quality of the light supplied to the trees. This study was carried out to assess the effects of shade provided by white protection net on yield and fruit quality of apple orchards in Southern Brazil, along three growing seasons (2002/2003, 2003/2004, and 2004/2005). ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apple trees (on MM111 rootstock, raised as slender spindles, with a spacing of 5.5 m × 3 m) were left uncovered (control trees) or covered with white net. The white net reduced the photosynthetically active radiation (λ = 400–700 nm) accumulated over the trees’ canopy along a day by 18.4%, leading to a higher leaf chlorophyll content in both cultivars, and a higher specific leaf area in ‘Gala’. The shade provided by the net did not affect yield and increased fruit average weight in both cultivars. At harvest, the number of seeds per fruit and severity of russet were not affected by netting in both cultivars, as well as the incidence of watercore in ‘Fuji’. The main beneficial effects of the white net were the reduced incidence of sunburn on ‘Gala’, reduced incidence of bitter pit during cold storage in both cultivars, and reduced incidence of apple scab at harvest and of decay after cold storage in ‘Fuji’. Fruit fly damage in ‘Gala’ (assessed in one season) was reduced by netting. However, netting affected negatively some fruit quality attributes. ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apples from trees protected by the net had a poor skin color (pale blush and a more intense green background color) at harvest. The net reduced flesh firmness and SSC, and increased the starch index of ‘Gala’ apples at harvest, and reduced flesh firmness and SSC, assessed after cold storage and shelf life, in fruits of both cultivars.     

Have the Flowers,Fruitlets, Ripe Fruit and Leaves of Apples Cultivars Similar Compositions of Phenolic and Antioxidant Capacity?

Total and specific phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity were quantified over two seasons in flowers, leaves, fruitlets, and ripe fruit at harvest of the apple cultivars ‘Brookfield’, ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Fuji’, as well the crabapple cultivars ‘Hillary’ and ‘Manchurian’. The results showed that leaves had the highest phenol concentrations and antioxidant capacity. Phenolic and antioxidant content was progressively lower from flowers, fruitlets, and ripe harvested fruit. There were high concentrations of phloridzin in flowers and leaves, while concentrations were lower in fruitlets, peel, and entire fruit at harvest. The phenolic compound with the highest concentration in peel was quercetin glycoside, while in the entire fruit it was flavanols. The studied crabapple cultivars did not present differences between them in phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity.

     

5个葡萄品种果实生物活性物质的检测与抗氧化活性评价

采用高效液相色谱——二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-DAD),以柠檬酸-乙酸铵缓冲液和甲醇为流动相,利用梯度洗脱,分析了玫瑰红、巨峰、藤稔、奶油和马奶子5个葡萄品种果皮、果肉和种子中没食子酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、芍药素、白藜芦醇、鞣花酸和山奈酚的含量。结果表明,玫瑰红葡萄果皮、果肉和种子中7种生物活性物质组分的含量均高于其它品种,而奶油和马奶子果实中7种生物活性物质组分的含量较低或未检出。利用改进的过氧化自由基清除能力(PSC)法评价了5个葡萄品种的果实不同部位提取物抗氧化活性,发现所有品种果皮提取物抗氧化活性均高于果肉和种子,其中玫瑰红果皮抗氧化活性为311.5mmol/kg,奶油和马奶子果肉提取物抗氧化活性分别为28.0和17.5mmol/kg。分析表明,葡萄果实3个部位抗氧化活性与7种生物活性物质组分的总量呈显著正相关关系(r=0.949)。红皮葡萄果实生物活性物质水平和抗氧化活性均高于白皮葡萄。     

苹果成熟期间果皮花青素含量与果实品质的关系

以８年生陆奥、王林和富士苹果为试材,经套袋处理使三者果实着红色,对果皮花青素含量与果实品质之间的关系进行了研究,回归方程的拟合结果表明：所有供试品种及处理,花青素含量与可滴定酸含量、ｐＨ值以及固酸比之间分别呈显著或极显著的抛物线相关关系;而与可溶性固形物含量只有陆奥达极显著相关。着色果皮的红色与果实硬度之间不存在相关关系。