列当(Orobanche spp. and Phelipanche spp.)种子的采集与预处理方法

列当(Orobanche spp.and Phelipanche spp.)是一种在世界范围内危害严重的根寄生杂草,防除列当的研究也越来越多。正确地采集和预培养列当种子是获得正确防除列当研究结果的前提。列出了大田正确采集列当种子的方法,以及对采集到的种子进行过筛提纯、加洗洁精和吐温20清洗后,再表面消毒和预培养,并通过发芽试验检验此方法的可行性。结果表明,经过处理的向日葵列当、瓜列当种子的发芽率最高分别为54.4%、59.1%。此方法可以应用于列当的采集和预处理过程中,可为列当研究和防除提供参考。     

Bekämpfung von Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) und Spodoptera litura (F.) mit Silikaten

The present work deals with the insecticidal efficacy of different modified natural silica products against the field pests Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) and Spodoptera litura (F.). The substances “Fossil Shield^® 90.0s”, “Advasan^®” as well as different formulations of a silica-derived substance named “AL06” (developed in the section Urban Horticulture, Humboldt-University Berlin) were dusted into gauze-covered cages. In each cage, test insects were placed and mortality measured over time. A 100% mortality rate was archieved two days after treatment of adult E. vigintioctopunctata and S. litura larvae with some silica “AL06”-formulations. In contrast, mortality rate for E. vigintioctopunctata larva was only 30 to 70% after two days of treatment. Mortality rate was dose dependend, even though a linear correlation could not be found. Furthermore, the commercial substance “Advasan^®” was able to control the horticultural pest E. vigintioctopunctata within 48 hours successfully. For future horticultural applications, possible phytotoxic side effects of silica dusts and an application technology resulting in adequate leaf coverage have to be considered.     

柑橘叶点霉属(Phyllosticta spp.)真菌的遗传多样性分析

利用筛选的11条ISSR引物对从我国柑橘主产区和国外收集的135株叶点霉属真菌菌株进行扩增,扩增产物进行凝胶电泳,扩增图谱用NTSYS-pc2.10软件进行群体聚类分析。结果显示,共扩增出116个DNA条带,其中多态性位点为112个,多态率为96.55%;平均每个引物可以扩增出10.55个条带,扩增产物大小在250~3 000 bp。聚类分析显示,中国柑橘叶点霉属真菌可以分为4个种,即P.citricarpa、P.citriasiana、P.capitalensis和P.citrichinaensis。以遗传相似性系数0.97为阈值时,柑橘黑斑病病原菌(P.citricarpa)种群可分为5个亚类,subclade-I的菌株来自中国的本地早、温州蜜柑、槾橘和南丰蜜橘,subclade-II的菌株均来自中国的砂糖橘,subclade-III的菌株来自非洲莫桑比克柠檬和葡萄柚、佛罗里达甜橙、南非甜橙和来自杭州市场上进口的澳橘,subclade-IV的菌株来自中国的甜橙,subclade-V的菌株来自中国的柠檬,表明我国柑橘黑斑病病原菌具有丰富的遗传变异,其遗传变异与寄主相关;我国与国外的柑橘黑斑病病原菌在起源上可能存在差异。P.citriasiana、P.capitalensis和P.citrichinaensis种群内也存在遗传变异,但其遗传变异与地理分布和寄主未发现相关性。该研究结果为研究柑橘叶点霉属真菌的遗传多样性奠定了基础。     

Untersuchungen zur Befallsentwicklung und Ertragswirkung der Dürrfleckenkrankheit (Alternaria spp.) in Kartoffelsorten unterschiedlicher Reifegruppe

Early blight is a major disease of potatoes which has established in most potato growing areas as a destructive disease. The integration of several factors like weather conditions, nutrition, the use of potent fungicides as well as the cultivation of tolerant varieties are essential parts of an integrated control strategy and can be effective in preventing early blight disease. Cultivar resistance to early blight disease has become more important due to losses in fungicide sensitivity. Nevertheless, little research has been directed towards this area. Several, perennial field trials were carried out in order to investigate disease susceptibility for varieties out of different maturity groups. Early maturing varieties have shown to be more susceptible. The disease intensity (AUDPC) was much more expressed in early varieties contrary to medium and late maturing varieties. However, a stronger impact on potato yield has been found in the medium to late maturing varieties. We discuss the relevance of time and amount of leaf damage for formation of tuber yield.     

浙江小麦根围土壤腐霉(Pythium spp.)的一些生态学研究

 本文对小麦根围土壤中的腐霉Pythium种类、种群数量消长及其致病性作了初步研究。作者从不同生育期的小麦根围和内根围共分离出203个腐霉菌株,除69个菌株缺乏产生有性器官而未能鉴定外,其余134个菌株分别属10个腐霉种,其中粘腐霉P.adhaerens、链状腐霉P.catenulatum和绚丽腐霉P.pulchrum为浙江省分布新记录。P.spinosum是优势腐霉种类,在小麦根围和内根围出现率分别为27.43%和35.71%,P.ultimum和P.irregulare也较为常见,而P.aphanidermatum却极少出现。在小麦苗期和分蘖期腐霉数量较丰富,生育中后期较贫乏,这一消长变化可能主要与小麦生育期和土壤温度有关。致病性试验结果表明:P.irregulare和P.spinosum分别对小麦和水稻有较强的致病作用;P.aphanider-matum、P.irregulare和P.spinosum则对茄子、辣椒和番茄的致病力较强。P.spinosum、P.ultimum和P.irregulare的种内菌株间致病性差异不明显。     

3株木霉(Trichoderma spp.)对华山松疱锈病菌锈孢子的破坏作用

从不同来源的茶藨生柱锈锈孢子堆和疱锈病枝干上分离获得3株木霉,室内生测结果表明,3株木霉的菌丝和培养滤液对锈孢子壁有较强的破坏作用;菌株TR2和TR3在锈孢子堆上生长速度快,锈孢子死亡率随孢子壁破坏率的增加而升高,锈孢子壁对孢壁降解酶有强烈诱导作用;TR1对锈孢子壁的破坏作用弱于TR2和TR3,但在PD培养液中有较强的产毒能力,锈孢子壁能抑制TR1菌株产毒。     

河南省小麦黑胚病优势病原菌链格孢菌(Alternaria spp.)遗传多样性分析

 采用RAPD技术对分离自河南省各地的43株小麦黑胚病优势病原菌(Alternaria spp.)菌株进行了遗传多样性分析。17个随机引物共扩增出151条清晰的DNA条带,所扩增出的DNA条带均为多态带,说明河南省小麦黑胚病菌存在着丰富的遗传多样性。利用NTSYS软件进行了病原菌的聚类分析,结果表明,河南省小麦黑胚病菌主要有2个种,即Alternaria alternata和A. tenuissima,种间的遗传相似系数的变化幅度为0.62~0.92。来自同一个地区的小麦黑胚病菌菌株基本上聚在了一起,表现出很近的亲缘关系,来自不同地区之间的菌株也可以交叉聚类。病原菌遗传多样性分析进一步验证了形态学的鉴定结果。     

陕西苹果树腐烂病菌(Cytospora spp.)不同分离株的生物学特性与致病性研究

 本研究从陕西分离得到61株苹果树腐烂病菌(Cytospora spp.),选取在PDA培养基上菌落特征差异明显的7个分离株,对其生物学特性及致病性进行研究。结果表明:各分离株在PDA、PSA、PMA和PEMA培养基上菌落生长较好,但在PDA上的菌落颜色和产孢情况差异很大。各分离株均能在5~32℃生长,但对35℃以上高温的适应性差异较大;所有分离株均能在pH4~9的条件下生长,最适pH为5~6;光照对各分离株的菌落生长有明显的促进作用。各分离株均可在Cza-pek培养基及供试的其它碳、氮源培养基上生长,其中以葡萄糖、麦芽糖和酵母膏为最佳碳、氮源。采用烫伤接种的方法,分别以菌饼和分生孢子悬浮液接种苹果离体枝条,两者均可侵染发病,但各分离株致病力差异显著,其中菌落颜色为黄褐色的菌株致病性强。因此,根据菌落颜色、致病性和生物学特性可将这7个分离株划分为3个类群:Ⅰ型为黄褐色强致病类群,但各分离株的产孢量有差异;Ⅱ型为乳白色不产孢的弱致病类群;Ⅲ型为灰褐色易产孢弱致病类群。其余54株分离物均属于Ⅰ型,这些结果说明陕西省苹果树腐烂病菌具有多样性和致病性分化现象。     

Wirkung verschiedener Fungizide auf den Befall der D��rrfleckenkrankheit (Alternaria spp.) sowie auf den Ertrag der Kartoffel

Potato early blight caused by Alternaria solani and Alternaria alternata is a major disease of potatoes and other Solanaceae. By now, Alternaria species have established themselves as destructive pathogens. Due to considerable yield losses early blight is getting a serious problem in many German potato growing areas. Up to now, the management of this disease is achieved mainly through protective fungicide applications. By this, fungicides with different mode of actions have a considerable influence on the course of disease progress. For this, field trials were carried out in 2007 and 2008 and the efficacy of various active ingredients was determined. Marked differences were observed in the control of early blight disease due to the effectiveness of applied active ingredients. The application of potent fungicides, which are highly efficient, resulted in prolonged photosynthesis. As a result of this potato yield increased significantly. Our investigation show, that disease control can be better achieved with strobilurines like Azoxystrobin or Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin than with Mancozeb, Chlorthalonil or Fenamidon.     

Syrphus nigritarsis Zett., ein Ei-und Larvenräuber von Melasoma (Chrysom., Col.)

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)与甲基硫菌灵混配对茄腐镰孢菌(Fusarium solani)的抑制作用

芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)B1、B2、B6、B8与低毒化学农药甲基硫菌灵混配后对茄腐镰孢菌的抑制作用研究结果表明:甲基硫菌灵浓度为0.001mg/mL时,与4种生防菌混配对茄腐镰孢菌的抑制率达到78.21%～80.93%。较生防菌单独处理,混配的抑制率提高了43%～54%;较单独使用甲基硫菌灵,抑制率提高了14%～19%。当浓度为0.0005mg/mL时混配作用的抑制率为71.21%～68.48%,较生防菌单独作用,混配的抑制率提高了31%～44%;较甲基硫菌灵单独作用抑制率提高了12%～19%。当浓度继续降低后,4种生防菌分别和甲基硫菌灵混配对茄腐镰孢菌的抑制率与仅使用4种生防菌对茄腐镰孢菌的抑制率无显著差异,但较甲基硫菌灵单独作用抑制率提高27%。说明甲基硫菌灵在浓度为0.001、0.0005mg/mL时与4种生防菌混配,两者协同作用增强了抑制效果,对茄腐镰孢菌有很好的抑制作用。     

Zur Verbreitung und Bedeutung von Pilzkrankheiten in K?rnerfuttererbsen (Pisum sativum L.) in Deutschland

Monitoring of the pathogen spectrum in grain peas (Pisum sativum L.) was conducted in Germany between 2005 and 2007. The outcome of this study implies that the infections of pathogens depend on the annual weather condition and the geographic area.Ascochyta pinodes, which infects aerial plant organs, was the pathogen found most frequently (on average 61, 8%). Especially in years with moist weather conditions a more severe spreading of the pathogen could be observed. Similarly, the occurrence ofBotrytis cinerea depends on the weather conditions. In 2007 were optimal conditions for infections and consequentlyB. cinerea was found with a high frequency of about 70%. Regarding diseases on root and stem base, this study clearly shows that infection of less prominent Fusarium species, such asF. redolens andF. avenaceum was significantly higher compared toF. oxysporum andF. solani.     

毒麦(Lolium temulentum L.)

毒麦学名：Lolium temulentum L．；英文俗名：Poison Ryegrass，Bearded Ryegrass，Darnel；属单子叶植物纲(Monocotyledoneae)莎草目(Cyperales)禾本科(Poaceae)黑麦草属(Lolium L．)。俗名黑麦子、迷糊、小尾巴麦子。     

豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)

豚草又名艾叶破布草和豕草，学名：Ambrosia artemisiifolia L．英文俗名：Common ragweed，Bitterweed，Blackweed，Hay—fever Weed，属双子叶植物纲菊科豚草属。     

胡杨内生真菌曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)链格孢(Alternaria sp.)的生理特性

采用接种法 ,对胡杨内生真菌曲霉 ( Aspergillus sp.)和链格孢 ( Alternaria sp.)在不同温度、p H、碳源、氮源、培养基及糖质量浓度下进行了生理实验研究。结果表明 :温度对两种菌株的生长和孢子产生具有明显的影响 ;曲霉 ( Aspergillus sp.) p H5～ 6时生长良好 ,而链格孢 ( Alternaria sp.) p H为 4～ 5时菌株生长良好 ,两种菌株均以蔗糖为主要碳源 ;菌丝干质量与培养基质量浓度呈正向关系。     

检疫杂草列当(Orobanche L.)

列当是一类寄生植物根部营寄生生活的列当科(Orobanchaceae)列当属(OrobancheL.)植物的总称,为我国进境植物检疫对象。最近,又被列为内检对象。列当属全世界有100多种,主要分布于地中海(埃及、叙利亚)、亚洲西部地区、东欧、俄罗斯的南部、中美洲南部及大洋洲、非洲东部和北部等地区,我国有23种,3变种,1变型,主要分布在西北地区,少数分布于北部和中部及西南的高海拔地区[1]。在我国引起严重危害的主要有埃及列当(瓜列当,O.aegyptiacaPers.)、分枝列当(大麻列当,O.ramosaL.)、向日葵列当(直立列当、二色列当,O.cumana Wallr)、列当(O.coe…     

胡杨内生真菌曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)链格孢(Altrnaria sp.)的生理特性

采用接种法,对胡杨内生真菌曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)和链格孢(Alternaria sp.)在不同温度、pH、碳源、氮源、培养基及糖质量浓度下进行了生理实验研究.结果表明温度对两种菌株的生长和孢子产生具有明显的影响;曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)pH 5～6时生长良好,而链格孢(Alternaria sp.)pH为4～5时菌株生长良好,两种菌株均以蔗糖为主要碳源;菌丝干质量与培养基质量浓度呈正向关系.     

Untersuchungen zur Bekämpfung von Beifußblättriger Ambrosie (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) mit herbiziden Wirkstoffen

Measures for the control of A.??artemisiifolia have to be adjusted to allow for the plant density in the stands. In Brandenburg and Saxony numerous locations of A.??artemisiifolia with low density of the species have been reported. For those stands eradication arrangements are scheduled and also practicable. Furthermore there are, especially in Brandenburg, agricultural areas with a high density of A.??artemisiifolia. The goal in these locations is the control of further spread, combined with the reduction of allergean potential. Approaches to the control A.??artemisiifolia are demonstrated by testing of herbicides in different agricultural crops. High efficacy (up to 100%) was reached in maize using approved herbicides. The active substance imazamox showed the highest efficacy against A.??artemisiifolia in peas. Cultiviation of tribenuron-tolerant sunflower varieties and the use of tribenuron-methyl offers the opportunity to eliminate the competition of A.??artemisiifolia even in strongly infested areas. In grass land and public green space the active substance clopyralid controls A.??artemisiifolia well. Non-selective active substances like glyphosate and glufosinate are appropriate to control A.??artemisiifolia in non-crop areas. Organic farming shows a reduction of A.??artemisiifolia taking adequate agricultural measures. However further spread of A.??artemisiifolia cannot be prevented in organic farming.     

蛴螬土蜂(Tiphia sp.)的研究初报

我所1977年在烟台地区花生田曾发现一种寄生于大黑鳃金龟蛴螬的土蜂,经鉴定属细腰亚目臀钩土蜂科,臀钩土蜂属(Thphia sp.)。国内尚未见报道。作者等于1977～1980年对该种土蜂进行了初步研究,今将结果简报如下:     

水花生[Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.]

水花生学名:Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.;中文俗名:空心莲子草、水花生、空心苋、长梗满天星、革命草(江苏、湖南)、空心莲(福建)、螃蜞菊(湖南)、喜旱莲子草等;英文俗名:Alligatorweed;属双子叶植物纲(Dicotyledoneae)石竹目(Caryo-phyllales)苋科(Amaranthaceae)莲子草属。