基于复合纳米微粒修饰和磁性分离富集的一次性有机磷农药酶传感器

在Fe3O4/Au微粒上固定乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE),制得磁性复合粒子Fe3O4/Au/AChE。通过磁力将其吸附于涂覆了碳纳米管(CNTs)/纳米ZrO2/普鲁士蓝(PB)/Nafion(Nf)复合膜的丝网印刷碳电极(SPCEs)表面,制得一次性有机磷农药(OPs)酶传感器。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线荧光光谱(XRFS)表征传感器的制备过程,采用循环伏安法(CV)和示差脉冲伏安法(DPV)研究了传感器的电化学性质。利用OPs对AChE的抑制作用,以硫代乙酰胆碱(ATCh)为底物,对乐果进行了检测。在pH=7.5的0.1 mol/L硝酸钾溶液中,乐果浓度的对数与酶电极的抑制率(A)在1.0×10-6~1.0×10-2 mg/L间呈良好的线性关系,检测限为5.6×10-7 mg/L,用于实际样品白菜检测时的添加回收率在88% ~105%之间,与气相色谱法(GC)所得结果一致。该传感器采用复合纳米粒子修饰电极表面,具有较高的比表面活性,响应迅速,检测限低;ZrO2可特异性地富集样品中的OPs,磁性纳米颗粒包被AChE可实现磁场分离和电极表面更新,且具有高灵敏度、低样品量、一次使用可抛弃、便携式等特点,可用于蔬菜等农产品中痕量OPs的快速、简便、准确检测。     

Histochemical studies on the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (O2 and H2O2) in the incompatible and compatible interaction of wheat—Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

The generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion (O₂⁻) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), were studied in the interaction between wheat cv. ‘Suwon 11’ and two races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (avirulent and virulent). Generation of O₂⁻ and H₂O₂ was analyzed histochemically using nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and 3,3-diamino-benzidine (DAB), respectively. At the pre-penetration stage during appressorium formation both stripe rust races induced H₂O₂ accumulation in guard cells. In the incompatible interaction, a rapid increase of O₂⁻ and H₂O₂ generation at infection sites was detected. The percentage of infection sites showing NBT and DAB staining was 36.1% and 40.0%, respectively, 12 h after inoculation (hai). At extended incubation time until 24 hai, percentage of infection sites showing H₂O₂ accumulation further increased, whereas those exhibiting O₂⁻ accumulation declined. The early infection stage from 12 to 24 hai coincided with primary haustoria formation in mesophyll cells. In contrast, in the compatible interaction, O₂⁻ and H₂O₂ generation could not be detected in most of the infection sites. In the incompatible interaction, intensive DAB staining was also determined in mesophyll cells, especially in cell walls, surrounding the infected cells 16–24 hai; thereafter, these cells contained fluorescing compounds and underwent hypersensitive response (HR). The number of necrotic host cells surrounding the infection sites increased continuously from 20 to 96 hai. It might be concluded that H₂O₂ accumulation during the early infection stage is associated with the occurrence of hypersensitive cell death and that resistance response is leading to arrest the avirulent race of the obligate stripe rust pathogen. In the compatible interaction at 96 hai, H₂O₂ accumulation was observed in mesophyll cells surrounding the rust lesion.     

氮肥与秸秆还田对陕西关中灌区冬小麦 农田CO2排放的影响

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对陕西关中灌区不同氮素用量及秸秆还田处理(190 kg N·hm-2,N190;150 kgN·hm-2,N150; 75 kg N·hm-2,N75; 150 kg N·hm-2+ 5000 kg· hm-2秸秆,N150+S)下冬小麦农田CO2排放及其影响因素进行研究.结果表明:农田CO2排放通量呈明显的季节变化规律,且与温度的动态变化趋势相一致;各处理CO2排放通量与大气温度和土壤温度均具有极显著的指数相关关系,且与大气温度相关性最好;全生长季各处理累积CO2排放量顺序为:N1S0+ S＞ N150≈N190＞ N75,在中低氮水平范围内CO2排放量随施氮量增加而增加,秸秆还田增加了农田CO2排放,排放量较不还田增加18％.     

施肥对旱作免耕土壤酶活性与CO_2排放量的影响

通过对不同施肥处理的免耕土壤酶活性和CO2排放通量测定分析,研究北方农牧交错区施肥对旱作免耕农田土壤酶活性、CO2排放量的影响及其相互关系,为提高土壤质量、实现固碳减排和可持续利用提供理论依据。结果表明:免耕施肥土壤酶活性和CO2排放通量高于不施肥处理;氮肥对脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性和CO2排放通量的增加影响最大,其次是磷肥,钾肥最小;过氧化氢酶活性的增加受钾肥影响最大,磷肥次之,氮肥最小;氮磷或氮磷钾肥配施更能增加土壤酶活性和CO2排放通量,单施钾肥土壤过氧化氢酶活性高于氮磷肥配施。蔗糖酶和脲酶活性与土壤CO2排放量呈显著正相关,碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶与土壤CO2排放量之间相关性不显著。