外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用和根叶碳水化合物积累的影响

采用营养液水培,以盐敏感黄瓜品种‘津春2号’为试材,研究外源亚精胺(Spd)对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用及根叶碳水化合物积累的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,50 mmol·L-1 NaCl抑制了幼苗生长和光合作用;盐胁迫提高了叶片可溶性总糖、蔗糖、淀粉含量及根系可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量,降低根系淀粉含量;盐胁迫提高了根系磷酸蔗糖合酶(SPS)、蔗糖合酶(SS)和淀粉水解酶活性及叶片SPS、SS活性,降低叶片淀粉水解酶活性。与单纯盐胁迫相比,外施Spd显著提高了幼苗生长及光合作用,降低了叶片碳水化合物含量及根系可溶性总糖、蔗糖含量,提高了根系淀粉含量,降低了叶片中SPS、SS活性和根系SPS、SS和淀粉水解酶活性,提高叶片淀粉水解酶活性。推测外源Spd可能参与了盐胁迫下气孔调控,并调节相关酶活性以减少碳水化合物积累对光合作用的负反馈抑制,从而缓解了盐胁迫对光合作用的伤害,提高了植株盐胁迫耐性。     

外源葡萄糖对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用和离子分布的影响

[目的]为了探讨外源葡萄糖缓解盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生理伤害的作用机制。[方法]采用营养液水培法,以盐敏感型黄瓜品种‘津春2号’为材料,研究外源葡萄糖对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、光合作用以及体内离子分布的影响。[结果]盐胁迫(65mmol/L Na Cl)显著降低了黄瓜幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci),限制了黄瓜幼苗植株的生长,而根施2 mmol/L葡萄糖缓解了盐胁迫诱导的光合速率和生长下降;在盐胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗叶片、茎和根中Na+和Cl-含量显著增加,而K+和Mg2+含量明显降低,外源葡萄糖处理逆转盐胁迫诱导黄瓜植株体内离子含量的变化。[结论]外源葡萄糖通过抑制根中Na+和Cl-向地上部的运输,减轻叶片中Na+和Cl-积累诱导的离子毒害,从而缓解盐胁迫对光合作用的抑制,进而促进盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的生长。     

盐胁迫对不同基因型黄瓜幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

研究了盐胁迫对2个耐盐性不同的黄瓜品种幼苗生长和光合作用的影响。结果表明,早多佳品种的耐盐性强于津春2号,盐胁迫处理显著抑制了黄瓜幼苗的生长,随着盐浓度的升高,两个黄瓜品种的株高、茎粗、叶面积均显著降低,叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率亦显著降低,而胞间CO2浓度则无显著差异,表明盐胁迫下非气孔因素是导致黄瓜叶片光合速率下降的主要原因。早多佳幼苗生长受盐胁迫的抑制小于津春2号,其光合机构受伤害的程度小于津春2号。     

外源硝酸钙对盐胁迫黄瓜幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

以较耐盐黄瓜品种新泰密刺为试材,采用营养液栽培,研究了叶面喷施Ca(NO3)2对盐胁迫(65 mmol/L NaCl)下黄瓜幼苗生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,外源Ca(NO3)2显著提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的干鲜重和叶片叶绿素含量;Ca(NO3)2也提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光条件下最大光化学效率(F'v/F'm)和光化学淬灭系数(qP),而对胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、暗条件下最大化学效率(Fv/Fm)和非光化学淬灭系数(qN)没有显著影响。这些结果说明外源Ca(NO3)2可能通过提高叶绿素含量和调节气孔限制,以缓解盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗光化学效率的抑制,进而提高植株耐盐胁迫能力,促进其生长。     

外源硅对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和光合荧光特性的影响

以耐盐性较弱的黄瓜品种津优4号为材料,采用营养液栽培法,研究外源硅对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、气体交换参数以及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,70 mmol/L Na Cl处理显著降低了黄瓜幼苗叶片的净光合速率(Pn),抑制黄瓜幼苗生长,而2 mmol/L外源硅处理缓解了盐胁迫诱导的光合和生长抑制;盐胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗叶片单位反应中心吸收的光能(ABS/RC)和单位反应中心的能态淬灭(DIo/RC)显著上升,降低了光系统II(PSII)非环式电子传递的能力,引起黄瓜幼苗叶片光合器官的结构性能(PIABS)和光合作用质子驱动力(DFABS)显著下降;外源硅处理逆转了盐胁迫导致的叶绿素荧光参数的变化。这些结果表明外源硅处理可缓解盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗光合器官结构和功能的伤害,促进黄瓜幼苗的生长,从而有助于增强黄瓜植株对盐胁迫的耐受性。     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗生长的影响

[目的]为了解亚精胺是否能缓解盐胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的影响。[方法]采用滤纸培养法,研究了外源亚精胺（Spd）对NaCl胁迫下小麦幼苗生长和部分生理指标的影响。[结果]与对照相比,盐胁迫抑制了小麦幼苗的生长,增加了小麦中SOD、POD活性和MDA含量,降低了可溶性蛋白质含量。亚精胺处理明显促进了小麦幼苗的生长,提高了幼苗中SOD和POD活性,降低了MDA含量,提高了可溶性蛋白质含量。[结论]亚精胺能缓解盐胁迫对小麦幼苗的毒害作用,提高小麦幼苗的抗盐能力,但随处理时间的延长,亚精胺的缓解作用有所下降。     

外源SA对盐胁迫下黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

在100 mmol/L的NaCl胁迫下,研究不同浓度外源SA对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,添加外源SA可促进黄瓜种子的萌发和幼苗的生长,提高光合作用,降低有害物质MDA的含量,从而提高植株的抗逆性, SA浓度为2 mmol/L时,效果最好,黄瓜种子的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数以及幼苗株高、主根长、地上鲜重、地下鲜重均达到最大值,其幼苗蒸腾速率、气孔导度、光合速率、胞间CO2浓度最大,幼苗叶片MDA含量最低,为6.46 mol/gFW,最适合SA浓度为2 mmol/L。     

外源Spd对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和活性氧代谢的影响

以黄瓜品种津春2号为材料,采用营养液栽培,研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和抗氧化酶基因表达的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗超氧阴离子自由基(O.2-)产生速率、H2O2含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量和电解质渗透率显著升高,而株高、茎粗和生物量显著下降;盐胁迫下喷施Spd明显上调了Cu/Zn-超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)基因的表达,提高了SOD、POD活性,显著降低了黄瓜幼苗O.2-产生速率、H2O2含量、MDA含量和电解质渗透率,且植株株高、茎粗和干鲜重下降幅度降低。表明外源Spd可通过上调盐胁迫下Cu/Zn-SOD和POD基因的表达,使SOD和POD酶活性升高,有效清除活性氧,从而缓解膜脂过氧化伤害,进而缓解盐胁迫对植株生长的抑制。     

盐胁迫下外源甜菜碱对番茄幼苗光合作用的影响

[目的]研究盐胁迫下外源甜菜碱对番茄幼苗光合作用的影响。[方法]以番茄中杂101号为试验材料,用不同浓度(5.0、10.0、20.0、50.0mmol/L)甜菜碱处理番茄幼苗,以营养液为对照,测定番茄幼苗叶绿素含量和光合作用参数的变化。[结果]结果表明:在盐胁迫下,外源甜菜碱能使叶片叶绿素含量和叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学参数Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm增高,从而减轻盐胁迫对幼苗的抑制作用,并且甜菜碱浓度以5.0 mmol/L效果更好。[结论]根施外源甜菜碱具有增强番茄幼苗抗盐性的作用。     

盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响

研究了盐胁迫对3个不同黄瓜品种的幼苗生长、游离脯氨酸含量及可溶性蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,3个不同品种中,津优1号的耐盐性强于新津春、蔬春;而不同浓度的盐胁迫处理下,3个黄瓜品种的生长均受到抑制,且随着盐浓度的升高,黄瓜幼苗受到的抑制增强,100 mmol/L为黄瓜幼苗盐胁迫的临界浓度。为了提高对逆境的适应性,黄瓜叶片游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白质含量随盐浓度的增加而增加。     

Effects of exogenous spermidine on the photosynthesis of Cucumis sativus L. seedlings under rhizosphere hypoxia stress

With water culture, this paper studied the effects of exogenous spermidine (Spd) on the net photosynthetic rate (P _n), intercellular CO₂ concentrations (C _i), stomatal conductance (G _s), transpiration rate (T _r), apparent quantum yield (Φ _c), and carboxylation efficiency (CE) of cucumber seedlings under hypoxia stress. The results showed that P _n decreased gradually under the hypoxia stress, and reached the minimum 10 days later, which was 63.33% of the control. Compared with that of the hypoxia-stressed plants, the P _n 10 days after the application of exogenous Spd increased by 1.25 times. A negative correlation (R ²=0.473−0.7118) was found between _{P n} and C _i, and G _s and T _r changed in wider ranges, which decreased under the hypoxia-stress, but increased under the hypoxia-stress plus exogenous Spd application. There was a significant positive correlation between G _s and T _r (R ²=0.7821−0.9458), but these two parameters had no significant correlation with P _n. The hypoxia stress induced a decrease of Φ _c and CE by 63.01% and 72.33%, respectively, while the hypoxia stress plus exogenous Spd application made Φ _c and CE increase by 23% and 14%, respectively. The photo-inhibition of cucumber seedlings under hypoxia stress was mainly caused by non-stomatal inhibition, while the exogenous Spd alleviating the hypoxia stress by repairing photosynthesis systems. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(9): 1609–1612 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

NaCl胁迫对喜树幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

以1年生喜树幼苗为材料,研究在不同NaCl浓度胁迫下喜树幼苗的生长和光合特性。结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的升高,幼苗植株的相对生长量明显降低,盐害指数升高,叶片细胞膜相对透性显著增加;NaCl浓度≤0.30%时,幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量比对照均有不同程度的增加,而在NaCl浓度≥0.45%时与对照无差异;净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度均降低,而气孔限制因素是盐胁迫导致喜树幼苗光合作用下降的主要原因。     

NaCl胁迫对黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

NaCl胁迫对黄瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长影响的试验结果表明:NaCl溶液浓度低于50 mmol/L时,对黄瓜种子的发芽率影响较小,而NaCl溶液浓度高于75 mmol/L时,对黄瓜种子的发芽有不同程度的抑制作用;黄瓜种子α-淀粉酶活性、幼苗地上部和根部鲜重以及根冠比(R/T)随着NaCl溶液浓度的增高,均表现为下降。幼苗叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈现先升后降趋势;丙二醛(MDA)含量在低浓度下缓慢上升,而在高浓度下急剧上升;NaCl溶液浓度低于50 mmol/L时,幼苗根系活力急剧下降,而高于此浓度时缓慢下降。     

Effects of exogenous nitric oxide on growth, active oxygen species metabolism, and photosynthetic characteristics in cucumber seedlings under NaCl stress

The study was conducted by means of nutrient solution culture to investigate the effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on growth of cucumber seedlings, active oxygen species metabolism and photosynthetic characteristics in cucumber leaves under 50 mmol/L NaCl stress. The results showed that 10–400 μmol/L exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP), especially 100 μmol/L SNP, significantly alleviated the injury to seedlings and increased seedling growth. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and the contents of photosynthetic pigments and proline also increased under 50 mmol/L NaCl stress. Similarly, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) also increased significantly. However, exogenous nitric oxide application markedly decreased membrane permeability, rate of O ₂ ^.− production, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂, and intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) under 50 mmol/L NaCl stress. Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(2): 546–553 [译自: 生态学报]     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下辣椒幼苗生长抑制的缓解效应

以辣椒(Capsicum annuumL)幼苗为试材,研究了0.1 mmol.L-1外源亚精胺(Spd)对100 mmol.L-1NaCl胁迫下辣椒幼苗叶片相对含水量、叶绿体色素含量、根系活力、细胞膜透性以及植株地上、地下部干鲜重等各项指标的影响.结果表明:外源Spd的施用,显著降低了盐胁迫导致的幼苗叶片相对含水量、叶绿体色素含量、根系活力与干鲜重下降的幅度,同时有效抑制了盐害造成的细胞膜透性的增大.适量的外源Spd可以减轻NaCl胁迫对辣椒幼苗的盐伤害.     

盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗叶片光合色素含量的影响

采用营养液水培,选用耐盐性不同的黄瓜品种“长春密刺”和“津春2号”,研究了不同浓度(0、25、50、75、100 mmol/L)NaC l处理对黄瓜幼苗植株功能叶片、下位叶片中叶绿素(chl)含量和类胡萝卜素(car)含量的影响。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗功能叶片中chla、chlb、chl、car含量在盐胁迫1 d后开始升高,3 d、5 d时达到最大值,且含量随着NaC l浓度的增加而增加,7 d、9 d时下降;“长春密刺”chl和car含量升高较早,但升高幅度明显低于“津春2号;”car/chl值下降,且“津春2号”下降幅度明显大于“长春密刺”。盐胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗下位叶片中chl总量和car含量下降幅度明显大于对照。     

外源水杨酸对NaCl胁迫下生菜幼苗生长和光合性能的影响

以生菜幼苗为材料,采用溶液培养,研究外源水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)对不同浓度(50、100、150、200 mmol/L)NaCl胁迫下生菜幼苗生长和叶片光合特性的影响.结果表明,NaC1胁迫显著降低了生菜植株生长量、净光合速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量,其中叶绿素a含量降低幅度最大;外源SA显著提高了盐胁迫下生菜幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度,增强了盐胁迫下生菜植株的光合能力,从而使植株生长量明显提高,有效增强了生菜的抗盐能力.     

Effects of polyamines on K+, Na+ and Cl− content and distribution in different organs of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings under NaCl stress

Seedlings from the salt-sensitive cucumber cultivar Jinchun No. 2 and the salt-tolerant cucumber cultivar Changchun Mici were exposed for 8 days to 50 mmol/L NaCl in the absence or in the presence of exogenous foliar spraying PAs [putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) 1 mmol/L] to compare the effects of different kinds of polyamines (PAs) on plant tolerance to salinity. This paper studied the effects of exogenous PAs on K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in different organs of cucumber seedlings. The results showed that K⁺ content as well as the ratios of K/Na and Cl/Na decreased, while Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations increased in salt-treated cucumber seedlings. The differences in K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ content and the K/Na and Cl/Na ratios were greater for the salt sensitive cultivar Jinchun No. 2 than for the salt-tolerant cultivar Changchun Mici. Cucumber seedlings treated with exogenous polyamines and combined with salinity exhibited a higher level of K⁺ accumulation and lower levels of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ accumulation compared with the seedlings treated only with salt stress. Among the three kinds of polyamines, Spd and Spm were more effective in inhibiting the accumulation of Na⁺ and reduction of K⁺. However, Put was more effective in reducing Cl⁻ accumulation. Furthermore, all of the three kinds of exogenous polyamines could increase the ratio of K/Na, improving the absorption and transport selectivities of K⁺ and Na⁺ from stems to leaves for both cultivars. In conclusion, exogenous polyamines could alleviate salt damage to some extent and enhance the accumulation of biomass. Among the three kinds of polyamines, spermidine was most effective. Exogenous polyamines could improve tolerance of cucumber seedlings under salt stress by regulating the absorption and distribution of ions in different organs. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(3): 1122–1129 [译自: 生态学报]