Washington update

Jesse and Doris Lyons are the recipients of the 2008 Poultry Extension Special Recognition Award for their exceptional contributions to state, regional, and national extension programs. The National Poultry Extension Workshop continues to be possible only through the dedicated efforts of volunteers. In a welcome break from tradition, the workshop was moved from Sunday to Monday morning, which reduced personal conflicts related to Saturday travel and early Sunday meetings. The Future Trends in Animal Agriculture 2008 Symposium was “Complementary Relationships in Animal Agriculture.” The 2009 Quadrennial Poultry Extension Workshop will be held in Raleigh, North Carolina. The National Poultry Waste Management Symposium coordinator for 2008 is Casey Ritz, University of Georgia. The USDA grants, deadlines, and procedures can be found on the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service Internet site (http://www.csrees.usda.gov). The Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, Plant and Animal Systems has yearly internal reviews of its various portfolios that summarize the accomplishments and impacts of system personnel. Program accountability requires documentation by everyone. Now and in the future, cooperation, networking, teamwork, and participation in multistate research committees are essential to our ability to make meaningful contributions to the poultry system. Several universities now provide animal welfare education programs, including participation in assessment competitions and distance education. The Animal Welfare Assessment Contest will be coordinated by Michigan State University for the next few years. Tyson Foods sponsors the Poultry Science Association Support Personnel Award, and Felicity Dennis of the University of Alberta was the 2008 recipient.     

Washington Update

Paul Patterson is the recipient of the 2005 Poultry Extension Special Recognition Award for his exceptional contributions to regional and national extension programs over many years. Current responsibilities include the recently completed National Swine Alternative Housing project; liaison to several multistate research committees; review of grant proposals, plans of work and accomplishment reports and Hatch projects; coordination of biobased plant nutrient related workshops; and evaluation of CRIS reports. The National Extension Workshop has a long track record of accomplishment, which has been possible only through the dedicated efforts of volunteers. The Future Trends in Animal Agriculture 2005 symposium was “Certification and Education Programs: Current Status of Farm Animal Welfare.” The Triennial Poultry Extension Workshop will become a biennial event in 2007. The National Poultry Waste Management Symposium was led by Mike Hulet in 2004. Susan Watkins is the coordinator for 2006; please contact Susan to volunteer.New procedures for USDA grants and deadlines can be found on the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (CSREES) Web site. The CSREES/Plant and Animal Systems (PAS) review of their portfolio on animal health and welfare resulted in an outstanding evaluation (95/100). Increasing demands for accountability require increased documentation by all persons in our system. Michigan State and Purdue University are providing leadership in several animal welfare educational areas, including assessment and distance education programs. The Texture Technologies Corporation Support Personnel Award recipient is JoAnna Tharrington Foegeding, North Carolina State University. This award will be sponsored by Tyson Foods, Inc. in 2006. We are achieving impressive results through cooperation and networking, which are of increasing importance. Continued teamwork and increased participation in multistate research committees is essential.     

家禽饲料原料有效能和氨基酸消化率评定体系及影响因素

饲料是家禽所需能量和蛋白质的物质基础,饲粮中碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪在体内经生物氧化供能,而家禽所需的蛋白质实际上是饲料中的各种氨基酸。准确测定家禽饲料原料有效能和可利用氨基酸是确定家禽营养需要量及优化饲粮配方的关键。在家禽营养研究中,科学合理的评定体系及方法对准确测定饲料原料有效能和可利用氨基酸至关重要。然而,家禽饲料原料营养价值评定受诸多因素影响,如动物因素、评定体系及方法、饲料及原料因素、饲料加工工艺和饲料添加剂等。为此,本文就家禽饲料原料有效能和氨基酸消化率评定体系及影响因素进行综述,且就近3年来本课题组开展的有关肉仔鸡饲料原料营养价值评价工作进行了介绍。     

Book reviews

Gas Exchange in Avian Eggs, compiled by H. Rahn and G. V. Paganelli. 1981. 358 pp. Department of Physiology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214.

Bioassays Based on Precision Feeding of Poultry, I. R. Sibbald. 1981. 34 pp., illustrated. Animal Research Centre, Technical Bulletin No. 3, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K3A 0C6.     

Book reviews

Proceedings of the Third European Symposium on Poultry Welfare. Edited by J. M. Faure and A. D. Mills, 1989. 284 pp., illustrated. Nouzilly, France, French Branch of the World's Poultry Science Association, in collaboration with the European Federation of the WPSA's Working Group 9 on Poultry Welfare.

Duck Production—Science and World Practice. Edited by D. J. Farrell and P. Stepleton. Australia, University of New England Press. ISBN 085834–6265.     

丝兰提取物生理功能及其在养殖生产上的应用

丝兰属是一类集观赏、食用、药用、饲料添加剂于一体的多功能植物。丝兰提取物的活性成分包含甾体皂苷、多酚类、多糖等物质,具有抗氧化、抗炎抑菌、抗肿瘤、免疫刺激活性、降糖、降低胆固醇、促进生长等多种功能。本文从丝兰提取物的主要活性成分、生理功能及其在养殖生产上的应用等方面进行阐述,深入探讨丝兰属植物在食用、药用及动物生产中可能的作用机制及潜在的应用价值。     

黑水虻幼虫粉对育肥猪营养物质消化率、血清生化指标和氨基酸组成的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加黑水虻幼虫粉对育肥猪营养物质消化率、血清生化指标和氨基酸组成的影响。选取72头初始体重相近且健康的“杜×长×大”三元杂交母猪,随机分成3组,按照等能等氮的原则,在饲粮中分别添加0(对照组)、4%和8%的黑水虻幼虫粉,每组8个重复,每个重复3头猪,进行为期46d的试验(其中预试期4d)。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加4%黑水虻幼虫粉显著提高了有机物的消化率(P<0.05),而添加8%黑水虻幼虫粉显著降低了粗蛋白质的消化率(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加4%黑水虻幼虫粉显著增加血清中总蛋白、白蛋白和葡萄糖的含量(P<0.05),但显著减少了血清中尿素氮的含量(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加4%黑水虻幼虫粉显著增加了血清中缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和总必需氨基酸的含量(P<0.05)。由此可见,本试验条件下,在饲粮中添加4%黑水虻幼虫粉,可调控机体与氮代谢和糖代谢相关的血清生化指标,促进机体对营养物质的消化吸收,改善机体氨基酸平衡,说明黑水虻幼虫粉可作为新型优质蛋白质原料应用于育肥猪饲粮中。     

尿苷酸的营养代谢与生理功能研究进展

在猪乳的5种核苷酸(尿苷酸、胞苷酸、肌苷酸、鸟苷酸以及腺苷酸)中,尿苷酸的含量最为丰富,占乳汁中总核苷酸的90%以上。与母猪乳汁相比,仔猪教槽料中尿苷酸最为缺乏,这种现象在仔猪断奶早期尤其明显,因此,尿苷酸可能对仔猪正常的生长发育起着重要的作用。尿苷酸作为一种基础的嘧啶核苷酸类化合物,具有非常重要的生理功能。本文从尿苷酸的结构、吸收代谢、生理功能、与三大营养物质代谢关系及在动物生产中的潜在应用等方面予以综述,旨在为单核苷酸在动物生产中的添加和单核苷酸营养提供参考。     

柑橘提取物对黄羽肉鸡器官指数、屠宰性能、肉品质和肌肉抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究柑橘提取物对黄羽肉鸡器官指数、屠宰性能、肉品质和肌肉抗氧化指标的影响。选取540只28日龄快大型黄羽肉鸡,随机分为3组(每组6个重复,每个重复30只)。对照组饲喂不含抗生素的基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加10 mg/kg柑橘提取物和10 mg/kg杆菌肽锌的饲粮。试验期35 d,试验结束后,每个重复选2只鸡进行屠宰取样。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,柑橘提取物组肉鸡脾脏指数和肝脏指数分别提高了56.25%和21.15%(P<0.05);与抗生素组相比,柑橘提取物组脾脏指数提高了56.25%(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,柑橘提取物组肉鸡腿肌率和胸肌率分别提高了16.40%和21.18%(P<0.05),抗生素组肉鸡胸肌率提高了19.48%(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,柑橘提取物组肉鸡屠宰后45 min胸肌肉色的红度(a*)值提高了11.21%(P<0.05),亮度(L*)值和黄度(b*)值分别降低了3.87%和18.95%(P<0.05),抗生素组肉鸡屠宰后45 min胸肌肉色的b*值降低了16.77%(P<0.05);与抗生素组相比,柑橘提取物组肉鸡屠宰后45 min胸肌肉色的L*值降低了3.74%(P<0.05)。4)与对照组和抗生素组相比,柑橘提取物组肉鸡肌肉中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性分别提高了15.57%和32.03%(P<0.01)。由此可见,柑橘提取物具有提高肉鸡器官指数和屠宰性能、改善肉品质和提高肌肉抗氧化能力的作用,且其改善效果优于杆菌肽锌。     

饲粮添加蒙脱石和枯草芽孢杆菌对产蛋鸡盲肠菌群和肠道通透性的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加蒙脱石(MMT)和枯草芽孢杆菌(BS)对产蛋鸡盲肠菌群和肠道通透性的影响。采用2×2双因子随机设计,选择360只29周龄健康的罗曼粉壳蛋鸡,随机分为4组(每组6个重复,每个重复15只),分别饲喂基础饲粮(对照组)、基础饲粮+0.5 g/kg MMT(MMT组)、基础饲粮+5×108CFU/kg BS(BS组)、基础饲粮+0. 5 g/kg MMT+5×108CFU/kg BS(MMT+BS组)。预试期7 d,正试期70 d。结果表明:1) BS组测序获得的有效序列显著多于其他各组(P<0.05),试验组测序获得的优质序列较对照组均有一定增加(P>0.05)。2)在门水平上,与对照组相比,MMT组梭杆菌门相对含量有降低的趋势(P=0.072),MMT+BS组迷踪菌门相对含量有降低的趋势(P=0.053)。在属水平上,与对照组相比,MMT组梭杆菌属相对含量有降低的趋势(P=0.072),BS组乳杆菌属相对含量显著提高(P<0.05),BS组和MMT+BS组巨单胞菌属相对含量显著提高(P<0.05),MMT+BS组梭菌属相对含量显著降低(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮添加BS显著降低了产蛋鸡血浆二胺氧化酶活性和内毒素含量(P<0.05),有降低血浆D-乳酸含量的趋势(P=0.051)。可见,MMT、BS及其联用均在一定程度上影响了产蛋鸡盲肠菌群的物种丰度,添加BS降低了肠道通透性。     

厚朴多酚的生物学功能及其饲用化前景

厚朴酚与和厚朴酚是中药厚朴中2种主要多酚类活性物质,具有抗氧化、抗菌消炎等多种生物学活性,是现代畜禽养殖业中新型抗逆保健添加剂开发的有效选择之一。本文主要围绕厚朴中厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的生物学特性、代谢、功能及初步的应用进行综述,旨在为其饲用化研究提供依据。     

脂肪酸移位酶CD36/SR-B2及其介导的长链脂肪酸跨膜转运

长链脂肪酸是维持机体正常代谢的重要营养素,其吸收、转运和代谢对动物的健康、生长和生产具有重要意义。近年来,研究发现一些脂肪酸转运蛋白介导长链脂肪酸的跨膜转运。脂肪酸移位酶CD36/SR-B2是一种整合膜蛋白,能特异性介导脂肪酸在多种细胞中的跨膜转运。本文对CD36/SR-B2的由来、亚细胞定位、功能调控及其介导的长链脂肪酸跨膜转运进行概述,探讨其对脂质代谢的调控机制。     

有机锌对哺乳动物先天性免疫的调控机制研究进展

锌作为动物机体一种不可缺少的微量元素,在加强机体免疫方面起着重要作用。基于微量元素锌对动物机体免疫功能的调节作用机理研究的日益深入,文中通过阐述有机锌作用、功效以及在哺乳动物生产中的应用,探究有机锌单独添加对哺乳动物先天性免疫的影响,旨在探究锌对动物机体先天性免疫的调控机制。     

苗药添加剂对织金白鹅生长及免疫性能的影响

本试验通过研究不同苗药饲料添加剂对织金白鹅生长、屠宰及免疫性能的影响,筛选出效果较好的苗药饲料添加剂。试验选择30日龄健康织金白鹅180只,随机分成6组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只(公母各半),进行饲养对比试验,试验期90d。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲粮在基础饲粮中分别添加1.5%相应的苗药添加剂。结果表明:饲粮中添加苗药添加剂3及5可提高平均日增重、日均采食量、屠宰率、半净膛率及全净膛率(P<0.05),降低料重比(P<0.05),添加添加剂5则降低腹脂率(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加苗药添加剂2及5能提高肾脏、脾脏、胸腺及法氏囊指数(P<0.05),能提高血清免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG、IgM及补体C3、C4含量(P<0.05)。由此可知,饲粮中添加苗药添加剂5效果最好,可显著提高织金白鹅生长性能、免疫性能、屠宰性能及脏器指数。     

Book reviews

Research and Development in Relation to Farm Animal Welfare, contributions by B. A. Baldwin, J. R. Bareham, I. J. H. Duncan, R. Ewbank, D. C. Hardwick and K. Vestergaard, Animal Management, 11, Series Edited by D. W. Fölsch. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 1981. ISBN‐3–7643–1241–6.

First European Symposium on Poultry Welfare. Edited by L. Yding S0RENSEN. Published by the Danish Branch of World's Poultry Science Association. 1981. 238pp. D.Kr.90. ISBN 87–88162–00–1.     

Book reviews

Food Quality Control, Foods of Animal Origin, by H. V. Hagstad and W. T. Hubbert, 1986. viii+148 pp. illustrated. Ames, The Iowa State University Press. £12.95. ISBN 0 8138 0702 6.

Animal Nutrition, by A. A. Bond, 1987. English edition. 540 pp, illustrated. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0 471 90375 2.

Egg Quality—Current Problems and Recent Advances—Poultry Science Symposium 20, Edited by R. G. Wells and C. G. Belyavin, 1987. 302 pp. illustrated. London, Butterworths. £35.00. ISBN 0 470 00470 X.

The Microbiology of Poultry Meat Products, Edited by F. E. Cunningham and N. A. Cox, 1987. ix+359 pp. illustrated. Orlando, Florida, Academic Press. £54.00, $65.00. ISBN 0 12 199880 0.     

猪流行性腹泻免疫抗体的ELISA检测及其与琼脂扩散试验相关性分析

为了解不同免疫程序对母猪初乳中猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)抗体水平的影响,以及PEDV抗体的ELISA与琼脂扩散试验(琼扩试验)检测相关性,选取5家免疫程序不同的大型猪场,用PEDV IgA抗体ELISA检测试剂盒对其初乳抗体水平进行检测,并根据检测结果,选OD值大小不同的5组初乳样本,琼扩法检测其PEDV抗体效价并分析。结果显示,5家猪场初乳PEDV IgA抗体阳性率均较高,阳性率为94.00%~100%,阳性样本平均OD值为1.858 8~2.148 0,差异不显著;PEDV抗体琼扩几何平均效价与ELISA检测的OD值存在正相关性。分析表明,母猪产前进行猪流行性腹泻活疫苗和灭活苗各一次的组合免疫较为合理;对PEDV抗体检测琼扩法一定程度上可做为ELISA法的替代。     

鸡白痢沙门菌减毒候选疫苗株的环境应激评价及主要生物学特性测定

为评估鸡白痢沙门菌减毒候选疫苗株对环境应激及消毒剂的抵抗力,本研究对S6702△rfaG△csgA、S6702△rfaL△csgA、S6702△rfaG△csgA△ompR和S6702△rfaL△csgA△ompR等4种鸡白痢沙门菌双基因缺失株和三基因缺失株进行了生长曲线、生物被膜形成能力、药敏试验、环境应激试验及消毒剂的灭活效果的测定。结果显示,4株缺失株均丧失生物被膜形成能力并保留了与亲本株相似的药物敏感性。多基因缺失株对pH为4.0和8.0的培养条件较野生菌株和单基因缺失株更为敏感,呈现微耐酸和不耐碱的特性;所有菌株对54℃热处理和紫外线处理均敏感。消毒剂对实验菌株的杀灭效果显示,野生菌株和各基因缺失株均对0.01%的聚维酮碘溶液敏感,基因缺失株相比野生菌株过硫酸氢钾复合物更为敏感。因此,鸡白痢沙门菌减毒候选疫苗株对环境应激的抵抗力均有所降低,本研究为该菌后续候选疫苗株的进一步筛选奠定了基础。     

过瘤胃葡萄糖对围产期奶牛空肠微生物群落和黏膜代谢及免疫相关基因表达的影响

本试验旨在探究过瘤胃葡萄糖对围产期奶牛空肠微生物群落和黏膜代谢及免疫相关基因表达的影响。选择10头围产期荷斯坦奶牛[4~5岁、体重(515±42)kg]随机分为2组,每组5头。对照组和过瘤胃葡萄糖组奶牛饲喂相同的基础饲粮,同时对照组每头每日给予90 g过瘤胃脂肪,过瘤胃葡萄糖组每头每日给予200 g过瘤胃葡萄糖。预试期14 d(产前第21天到产前第8天),正试期21d(产前第7天到产后第14天)。正式期结束后,将所有奶牛(10头)屠宰并取空肠食糜样品,测定其中挥发性脂肪酸的含量和微生物群落;同时取空肠黏膜样品,进行代谢及免疫相关基因表达分析。结果显示:与对照组相比,添加过瘤胃葡萄糖有降低空肠食糜中总挥发性脂肪酸含量的趋势(P=0.094)。与对照组相比,添加过瘤胃葡萄糖有上调空肠黏膜中葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)表达量的趋势(P=0.063),有下调Toll样受体4(TLR4)(P=0.063)、白细胞介素-17A(IL 17A)(P=0.063)和白细胞介素-26(IL 26)(P=0.063)表达量的趋势,同时显著性地上调了丙酮酸羧化酶(PC)(P=0.016)、闭合蛋白(occludin)(P=0.016)和胰岛素生长因子结合蛋白5(IGFBP5)(P=0.032)的表达量,显著性地下调了白细胞介素-22(IL 22)(P=0.016)、基质金属蛋白酶1(MMP1)(P=0.016)和基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9)(P=0.032)的表达量。此外,与对照组相比,添加过瘤胃葡萄糖显著性地增加了空肠食糜中梭菌属ⅪⅤ子集的数量(P=0.036)。由此可见,围产期奶牛饲粮中添加过瘤胃葡萄糖可以改善葡萄糖在机体的代谢以及提高免疫力,同时促进免疫相关有益菌梭菌属ⅪⅤ子集的定植,从而缓解围产期能量负平衡导致的不良影响。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对石门土鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、血清抗氧化指标和肠道形态的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,BS)对石门土鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、血清抗氧化指标和肠道形态的影响。选取540只55日龄、体重[(0.75±0.02) kg]相近的健康石门土鸡母鸡,随机分成3组,每组6个重复,每个重复30只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮的基础上添加300和600 mg/kg BS的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期28 d。结果表明:1) 1～14 d时,与对照组相比,300、600 mg/kg BS组石门土鸡的平均日采食量(ADFI)和平均日增重(ADG)有提高趋势(P>0.05); 15～28 d和1～28 d时,各组间的ADFI、ADG和料重比(F/G)均无显著差异(P> 0.05)。2)与对照组相比,600 mg/kg BS组石门土鸡的屠宰率显著提高(P<0.05),300、600 mg/kg BS组的腹脂率有提高趋势(P>0.05);各组间的半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)与对照组相比,14 d时,300 mg/kg BS组石门土鸡的血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性显著提高(P <0. 05); 14和28 d时,300、600 mg/kg BS组的血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性极显著提高(P <0.01)。4)与对照组相比,300、600 mg/kg BS组石门土鸡的十二指肠绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度均有提高趋势(P>0.05),300 mg/kg BS组的空肠绒毛宽度显著提高(P<0.05);各组间的回肠绒毛宽度、隐窝深度和绒隐比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上,饲粮中添加BS提高了石门土鸡的屠宰性能,增强了机体抗氧化能力,改善了肠道形态。