Effect of Organically Complexed Copper,Iron, Manganese,and Zinc on Broiler Performance,Mineral Excretion,and Accumulation in Tissues

Supplementation of trace minerals with a large safety margin in broiler chickens has resulted in a high level of mineral excretion that ends up in the environment. Organically complexed trace minerals (organic minerals) may be able to replace the inorganic trace minerals, because the former appear to have a greater bioavailability. Therefore, a 29-d cage study that included diets with supplemental trace minerals from organic and inorganic sources based on a trace mineral deficient control diet was conducted to examine the possible response of broiler chickens to organic mineral supplements. The results showed that supplementation with 4 mg of Cu and 40 mg each of Fe, Mn, and Zn from organic sources may be sufficient for normal broiler growth to 29 d of age. It is possible to use these lower levels of organic trace minerals in broiler diets to avoid high levels of trace mineral excretion.     

Inclusion of Buckwheat in Organic Broiler Diets

Many smaller farms in the United States are switching to organic crop production to remain competitive in an era of industrial agriculture. In doing so, they are cultivating crops not traditionally grown in the area. In the US Midwest, a popular organic crop is buckwheat. As organic corn continues to increase in price, many organic poultry farms are using alternative grains in their poultry diets, including buckwheat. Although buckwheat has been used as a livestock and poultry feed for many years, there are very few published data available on its use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of buckwheat as the main ingredient in organic broiler diets. Four experimental diets were used, with varying levels of buckwheat: 0, 20, 40, and 60%. The results indicated that up to 60% buckwheat can be included in broiler diets with no significant effect on BW gain. With the 60% inclusion level, however, there was a significant decline in feed efficiency. As the price of organic corn continues to increase, the lower price for buckwheat may make it an economical substitute in organic broiler diets.     

有机与无机微量元素比例对肉仔鸡生长和组织生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究有机与无机微量元素的不同比例对肉仔鸡生长性能、血液生化指标、血清和组织中微量元素含量及胫骨性能指标的影响。试验选用1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡400只,随机分成5组,每组8个重复,每个重复10只鸡。试验共设5个组,I组为对照组,以无机盐形式添加铁(Fe)100 mg/kg、铜(Cu)20 mg/kg、锰(Mn)120 mg/kg和锌(Zn)120 mg/kg;Ⅱ~Ⅴ组分别用30%、50%、70%和100%的有机微量元素(OTM)替代对照组相应的无机微量元素(ITM),各组元素的添加水平保持一致。试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)肉仔鸡饲粮中使用30%和50%的OTM替代ITM,4~6周龄和1~6周龄的料重比(F/G)显著低于对照组(P0.05);2)饲粮中添加50%OTM+50%ITM的肉仔鸡肝脏Cu、Mn含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性最高;3)肉仔鸡饲粮中添加70%OTM+30%ITM能显著提高血清中Fe的含量(P0.05)。综上所述,在肉仔鸡基础饲粮中用50%的有机微量元素替代相应比例的无机微量元素对肉仔鸡生长性能、微量元素沉积和SOD活性的提高有良好的效果。     

喹烯酮预混剂对肉鸡的增重试验

研究了喹烯酮预混剂对肉鸡生产性能的影响。选用150羽7日龄肉仔鸡,随机分为3组,每组3个重复。对照空白组饲喂基础日粮,喹乙醇对照组饲喂添加75×10^4的喹乙醇预混剂基础日粮,试验组饲喂添加75×10^4的喹烯酮预混剂基础日粮,试验期35d。结果：实验组肉鸡的末期平均体重、净增重和日增重均高于空白对照组和喹乙醇组,差异显著（P〈0.05）,试验组的平均采食量均高于两对照组（P〉0.05）。试验组的饲料转化率较空白对照组提高了3．69％（P〈0．05）,比喹乙醇组高1．5％（P〉0.05）。结果表明在较高的营养水平条件下喹烯酮对肉鸡有良好的的促生长作用。     

饲粮添加有机和无机微量元素对猪粪矿物元素排泄量及生-K性能的影响

1 摘要 本研究采用分析粪样、试验末体重和超声波检测的方法评定百乐(R)系列有机微量元素对生长肥育猪粪矿物元素(铜、铁和锌)排泄量以及生长性能和肉质的影响(n=528).     

复合酶制剂对肉种鸡生产性能和繁殖性能的影响

试验选用28周龄AA父母代肉种鸡576只,随机分为正对照组、负对照组、试验组Ⅰ(正对照组日粮添加500g/t复合酶)和试验组Ⅱ(负对照日粮添加500 g/t复合酶),研究在正常和低能量的玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加复合酶对肉种鸡生产性能和繁殖性能的影响。结果表明:高峰前期2个试验组在产蛋率方面都显著高于正对照和负对照组(P<0.05)。高峰后期加酶组的产蛋率有提高的趋势,但是差异不显著,试验组之间也无显著差异(P>0.05)。与正对照组相比,2个试验组在第36周龄的受精率有显著(P>0.05)提高;试验组Ⅱ的健雏率有显著(P<0.05)提高。与负对照相比,2个试验组在第45周龄的健雏率有显著(P<0.05)提高,试验组Ⅱ的孵化率比正对照有显著提高。说明在日粮中添加复合酶对生产性能和繁殖性能有一定的改善。     

有机微量元素对蛋鸡生产性能、血清抗氧化指标、蛋黄中微量元素含量及微量元素减排效果的影响

本试验旨在探讨低于常规预混料中无机微量元素添加量的小肽螯合铁、铜、锰、锌与纳米硒复合使用对蛋鸡生产性能、血清抗氧化指标、蛋黄中微量元素含量以及微量元素减排效果的影响。选择225只50周龄、体重相近、健康的海兰褐壳蛋鸡,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复9只。在基础饲粮中添加饲料级无机微量元素6 mg/kg铜、75 mg/kg铁、60 mg/kg锌、60 mg/kg锰、0.3 mg/kg硒,为无机组,试验组为70%有机组、60%有机组、50%有机组、40%有机组,其微量元素添加量分别为无机组的70%、60%、50%、40%。预试期10 d,正试期42 d。结果表明:1)与无机组相比,60%有机组可显著提高产蛋率(P0.05),并显著降低料蛋比(P0.05),各组在蛋品质上无显著差异(P0.05)。2)与无机组相比,70%有机组显著提高了血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P0.05),有机组均显著提高了血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P0.05),70%和60%有机组显著降低了血清丙二醛(M DA)含量(P0.05)。3)各组蛋黄中铜、锰、铁含量无显著差异(P0.05);与无机组相比,60%有机组显著提高了蛋黄锌含量(P0.05),而50%与40%有机组在显著提高蛋黄锌含量(P0.05)的同时,显著降低了硒含量(P0.05)。4)有机组粪中铜、锰、锌的含量均显著低于无机组(P0.05)。综合考虑,为保证蛋鸡正常生产和生理功能,在5056周龄,按常规预混料中无机微量元素添加量的60%添加小肽螯合铁、铜、锰、锌与纳米硒效果较好。     

饲粮类型和肥育后期不添加维生素和微量矿物元素对猪生长性能、胴体和肌肉品质、粪中矿物元素排泄的影响

本研究共开展两个试验,探讨饲粮类型和不添加维生素和微量矿物元素对猪肥育后期生长性能、胴体和肌肉品质、粪中微量矿物元素排泄的影响。在试验1中,选用128头平均体重(78.5±4.6)kg的肥育猪,根据体重和性别分成4组,每组4圈(重复),每个重复8头猪。四组试验猪的试验处理为2×2因子设计,即两种类型(玉米-豆粕型和玉米-杂粕型)饲粮和添加或不添加维生素/微量矿物元素预混料。在试验2中,选用112头平均体重(90.3±6.3)kg的肥育猪,根据体重和性别分成4组,每组4圈(重复),每个重复7头猪。试验处理同试验1。结果显示,在79~110kg肥育期中(试验1),采食玉米-豆粕型饲粮的猪的增重速度和采食量显著高于采食玉米-杂粕型饲粮的猪(P<0.01或0.05)。在90~105kg肥育期中(试验2),采食玉米-豆粕型饲粮的猪的增重速度仍然高于采食玉米-杂粕型饲粮的猪(P<0.05)。但是,维生素和微量矿物元素添加与否对生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮类型和不添加维生素和微量矿物元素对胴体和肌肉品质均无显著影响(P>0.05)。粪中微量矿物元素含量不受饲粮类型的影响(P>0.05),但不添加维生素和微量矿物元素时,粪中铜、铁、锰的含量显著降低(P<0.01),粪中锌含量也有降低的趋势(P>0.05)。对于生长性能、胴体和肌肉品质以及微量矿物元素排泄量,饲粮类型×维生素/微量矿物元素预混料的交互作用不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,在猪的肥育后期(最后约25~40d),在玉米-豆粕型和玉米-杂粕型饲粮中可不添加维生素和微量矿物元素,从而可降低饲料成本和减少微量矿物元素的排泄。     

Effect of Continuous Multiphase Feeding Schedules on Nitrogen Excretion and Broiler Performance

Two experiments were conducted simultaneously to evaluate the effects of continuous multiphase feeding programs on nitrogen excretion and broiler performance. Birds in both experiments were fed diets based on 1 of 3 unique feeding schedules. One feeding program consisted of an industry-type 4-phase schedule, whereas the remaining treatments consisted of diets that were blended and replaced every 3 d. One of these continuous multiphase feeding programs was based on industry average nutrient compositions, whereas the other feeding program was based on the EFG Broiler Growth Model. In experiment 1, 60 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly placed in 30 separate battery brooding pens with 3 unique feeding schedules (10 replicates per treatment). Nitrogen analyses were conducted on broiler excreta and ground, whole birds. Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the effects of continuous multiphase feeding programs on broiler performance in floor pens. A total of 540 one-day-old male broiler chicks were placed in 36 pens, yielding 12 replicates of 3 treatments. Continuous multiphase feeding schedules improved BW gain and the feed-to-gain ratio during wk 3 and 4 (experiment 1) and wk 5 and 6 (experiment 2). Nitrogen excretion and retention, however, were unaffected by the different feeding programs.     

牛磺酸对肉仔鸡肝中矿物元素含量及血浆中牛磺酸水平的影响

以Ｒｏｓｓ父母代肉仔鸡为对象,研究了日粮中添加牛磺酸对肝中矿物元素含量及血浆中牛磺酸水平的影响。结果表明,饲料中添加０．１％的牛磺酸,可使６日龄肉仔鸡肝中铁、铜、锰、锌含量分别高于对照组２８．７２％、４３．９３％、３５．６１％、６０．１６％;１４日龄时肝中铜、锰、锌分别显著高于对照组２５％、３３％、３８．５％;２１日龄时,牛磺酸对肝中矿物元素含量无显著影响。０～１４日龄肉仔鸡血浆中牛磺酸含量呈上升趋势（７６．７６～１２８．７９ｍｇ／Ｌ）,饲料中添加０．１％的牛磺酸可使血浆中牛磺酸水平显著提高;１４日龄后,饲料中添加牛磺酸对血浆中牛磺酸水平无显著影响。     

Effect of Phytase Supplementation in Diets on Nutrient Digestibility and Performance in Broiler Chicks

A performance trial was conducted with broiler chicks to study the effect of phytase (PHY) supplementation in diets formulated with reduced AME, Ca, and P. The nutrient digestibility was determined during the 14- to 21-d and 28- to 35-d periods. The treatments consisted of 3 diets (NC1, NC2, NC3) differing in nutrient content and each diet with or without supplemental PHY (NC1, 0 or 500; NC2, 0 or 750; NC3, 0 or 1,000 U of PHY/kg feed) and 1 positive control diet (PC). Compared with the PC diet, negative control diets (NC) resulted in lower AME and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility for some amino acids. Phytase supplementation of the NC diets increased AME, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility, and apparent ileal crude protein digestibility. Phytase addition also increased mineral absorption in 21- and 35-d-old broilers fed NC diets. Reduced nutrient digestibility appears to be a factor in the weight gain and feed intake results. Reducing Ca and P content reduced feed intake in a stepwise fashion in the NC diets. Phytase increased feed intake and generally improved nutrient digestibility, which resulted in an increase in digestible nutrient intake. Averaged across NC diets, PHY improved body weight. Bone-breaking strength was the most consistent predictor of Ca and P reduction. All NC diets had significantly lower bone-breaking strength than the PC. Phytase supplementation of the NC diets gave bone-breaking strengths that were comparable to the PC. Diets with PHY had the highest bioeconomic index.     

低蛋白质补充合成氨基酸饲粮对肉仔鸡生长性能、氮排泄及胴体品质的影响

本研究分2个试验,旨在探讨低蛋白质补充合成氨基酸饲粮对肉仔鸡生长性能、氮排泄和胴体品质的影响.试验1选用600只1日龄爱拔益加肉仔鸡(公母各占1/2),分1～21 d,22～42 d和43～49 d 3个阶段饲养,饲粮共设5个处理,粗蛋白质水平分别为:生长前期(1～21 d):22.8%、21.9%、21.0%、19.5%和19.0%;生长中期(22～42 d):20.1%、18.8%、17.8%、16.5%和16.0%;生长后期(43～49 d):18.0%、16.9%、15.9%、15.0%和13.8%.各个处理蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和苏氨酸水平均满足NRC(1994)肉仔鸡营养需要.试验2的5组肉鸡饲粮的蛋白质水平与试验1的生长前期和生长中期饲粮相同,同时补充了足够的合成氨基酸以满足肉仔鸡对所有可消化必需氨基酸的需要量.结果表明:降低饲粮粗蛋白质水平同时补充合成氨基酸不影响试验1各个阶段肉仔鸡的生长性能(P>0.05).当以可消化氨基酸为基础配制饲粮时(试验2),生长前期肉仔鸡的日增重和饲料转化效率得到显著改善(P<0.01),但生长中期和生长全期肉仔鸡日增重和饲料转化效率差异不显著(P>0.05).降低饲粮粗蛋白质水平线性增加了试验1中肉仔鸡的脂肪沉积率(P<0.05),但对其他胴体指标没有显著影响(P>0.05).氮排泄随饲粮粗蛋白质水平的降低而线性减少(P<0.01).此外,降低饲粮粗蛋白质水平还降低了试验2中肉仔鸡血浆甘氨酸和苯丙氨酸的含量(P<0.05).综上所述,降低肉仔鸡饲粮粗蛋白质水平同时补充合成氨基酸可获得使用高蛋白质饲粮时的生长性能和胴体品质.     

不同赖氨酸水平的低蛋白质日粮对泌乳母猪生产性能和氮排泄量的影响

为探讨低蛋白质日粮赖氨酸水平对泌乳母猪生产性能和氮排泄量的影响,选用3～6胎次、体况相似、预产期相近的60头长大二元杂交母猪,随机分成4个组,每组15头母猪,分别饲喂总赖氨酸水平为0.90％、0.95％、1.00％和1.05％的4种低蛋白质氨基酸平衡日粮,泌乳期21 d.结果表明,0.90％组和0.95％组仔猪窝均增重和平均日增重显著高于1.00％组和1.05％组（P＜0.05）,但0.90％组和0.95％组间、1.00％组和1.05％组间不显著（P＞0.05）;0.90％组母猪泌乳期体重损失显著高于其他3组（P＜0.05）,但其他3组间差异不显著（P＞0.05）;赖氨酸水平对母猪泌乳期日均采食量和断奶发情间隔影响不显著（P＞0.05）;0.90％组和0.95％组氮表观消化率显著高于1.00％组和1.05％组（P＜0.05）、粪氮排泄量显著低于1.00％和1.05％组（P＜0.05）.可见,在低蛋白质氨基酸平衡日粮的条件下,泌乳母猪赖氨酸适宜摄入量为50.05 g/d,即日粮赖氨酸水平为0.95％,能获得较好的生产性能.     

有机锌对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

选择体重为8.10±0.11kg的长×本断奶仔猪72头,随机平均分成4组,每组18头,每组设3个重复,每个重复6头(公、母各半),分别饲喂含Zn0×10-6、100×10-6(ZnSO4)、100×10-6(ZnSO450×10-6+有机锌50×10-6,以Zn计)、75×10-6(ZnSO450×10-6+有机锌25×10-6,以Zn计)的饲料。结果表明:添加锌可以显著地促进食欲、生长和饲料利用率,降低腹泻,皮毛光亮;在添加部分有机锌时效果更好;在添加有机锌时,可以降低饲料中锌的供给量。     

不同日粮组成对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

试验选用1日龄艾维茵雏鸡300只,随机分为3组,每组3次重复,用以观测日粮中添加热炒全脂大豆和复合酶制剂对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响。结果表明:(1)热炒全脂大豆组(占日粮6.7%)较豆饼组(占日粮8.0%)提高肉仔鸡4～7周龄体质量6.3%(P>0.05),饲料利用率提高16.3%(P<0.05);(2)日粮中添加酶制剂可提高饲料利用率(P<0.05)、0～7周龄体质量(P>0.05)和经济效益。     

Effects of a New Recombinant Phytase on the Performance and Mineral Utilization of Broilers Fed Phosphorus-Deficient Diets

An experiment was conducted with Arbor Acres broiler chickens that were fed 3 experimental diets—a control diet containing an adequate level of available phosphorus (AP) and 2 diets that were deficient in AP but supplemented with phytase at a level of either 500 or 750 phytase units/kg—to assess the effects of a novel microbial phytase supplement in broilers fed AP-deficient diets on growth performance and mineral utilization. Similar average daily gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency (P > 0.05) were obtained among broilers fed different diets. Compared with broilers fed the control diet, broilers fed diets with phytase had greater (P < 0.05) retention of Ca, P, and Zn. Moreover, the levels of Cu, Zn, Mg, and Mn in the tibia bone at 28 d of age, and Zn and Mn at 42 d of age in birds fed diets with phytase exceeded (P < 0.05) those of birds fed the control diet. Supplementation of phytase increased Zn and Mg contents in the plasma at 42 d of age. Birds responded similarly to phytase supplemented at a level of 500 or 750 phytase units/kg in terms of growth performance, mineral retention, and mineral content in the serum and bone. Therefore, with the supplementation of this novel phytase, it is possible to reduce the dietary levels of P and other minerals to below the recommended levels of the Feeding Standard of Chicken in P. R. China (ZB B 43005-86).     

日粮铜水平对肉鸡组织中矿物元素含量的影响

选1日龄肉用型雏鸡198只,随机分成6组。各组日粮铜水平分别为1.03ppm、50ppm.100 ppm、150ppm、250ppm、350 ppm。试验期8周。结果表明,增加日粮铜含量能显著提高组织铜含量。组织铜含量依次为肝>肾>骨>羽毛>肌肉。毛铜与日粮铜含量呈强正相关,毛铜含量可作为雏鸡铜营养状况的一个指标。铜和铁在代谢中存在拮抗关系,锰和铜存在协同关系,铜和锌在肉中表现为拮抗,在毛中表现为协同,日粮铜对组织中钙无显著影响。