黑龙江省中熟大豆品种叶片主要生理性状的变化

对黑龙江省1981-2010年间育成的30个中熟大豆品种叶片主要生理性状遗传改良的研究表明,大豆叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量、比叶重、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、硝酸还原酶活性均随年代推进而增加;产量与净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性呈极显著正相关,与叶绿素含量、比叶重呈显著正相关.净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性、叶绿素含量和比叶重可以作为高产育种选择的指标性状.     

黑龙江省中熟大豆品种主要农艺性状演变趋势的研究

黑龙江省近20年来中熟大豆品种遗传改进的明显趋势是株高、有效节数、一二粒荚数、三四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数和单株粒重增加,底荚高度略有增加。分枝数、蛋白质含量呈现先增后减的趋势,脂肪含量呈现先减后增的趋势,百粒重变化不大。株高、有效节数、三四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重与单株粒重呈显著或极显著的正相关。各性状对单株粒重的贡献大小依次为单株粒数、单株荚数、三四粒荚数、株高、有效节数、百粒重。提高单株粒数、单株荚数、三四粒荚数,兼顾株高、有效节数、百粒重是该区大豆育种的主攻方向。     

黑龙江省中熟大豆品种主要农艺性状演变趋势分析

黑龙江省近20年来中熟大豆品种遗传改进的明显趋势是株高、有效节数、一二粒荚数、三四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数和单株粒重增加,底荚高度略有增加。分枝数、蛋白质含量呈现先增后减的趋势．脂肪含量呈现先减后增的趋势,百粒重变化不大。株高、有效节数、三四粒荚数、单株荚数、单株粒数、百粒重与单株粒重呈显著或极显著的正相关。各性状对单株粒重的贡献大小依次为单株粒数、单株荚数、三四粒荚数、株高、有效节数、百粒重。提高单株粒数、单株荚数、三四粒荚数．兼顾株高、有效节数、百粒重是该区大豆育种的主攻方向。     

吉林省大豆品种遗传改良过程中主要农艺性状的变化

以吉林省1923—2005年间育成的30个大豆品种为材料, 两年的研究结果表明, 大豆种子产量随育成年代呈线性增加, 根据回归方程计算, 产量从1923年的1 197.80 kg hm^-2到2005年的2 305.54 kg hm^-2, 82年来增加了 1 107.73 kg hm^-2, 平均每年增加14.60 kg hm^-2。随着产量的提高, 株高降低, 主茎直径增加, 节数增多, 节间缩短, 分枝减少。相关和通径分析表明, 产量与单株荚数、单株粒数、单株叶面积、叶面积指数和单株复叶数目呈显著正相关(P<0.05), 单株荚数和单株粒数对于产量的提高贡献最大; 产量与株高、单株分枝数和倒伏指数呈显著负相关(P<0.05), 表明大豆产量的遗传改良过程中, 植株抗倒伏能力提高, 库容量增加, 源器官叶片的同化能力增强。     

江苏淮北地区大豆品种遗传改进

江苏淮北地区５０～８０年代推广的夏大豆品种主要农艺性状遗传改进的趋势是：单株粒数、每荚粒数、百粒重、单株粒重、收获指数、粒茎比、生育后期和脂肪含量增加,主茎节数、节间长度、分枝数、生育前期和全生育期减少。蛋白质含量没有改进。产量的年遗传改进为２．６％。相关分析表明,单株粒重、每荚粒重、百粒重、收获指数、粒茎比与产量正相关或显著正相关．遗传改进研究是确定育种目标和后代选择方向的重要依据。提高单株荚数和粒数,仍是今后淮北夏大豆育种的主攻方向。在品质方面,宜在保持现有脂肪含量的基础上逐步提高蛋白质含量。大豆全生育期不必再缩短,以充分利用光能和地力。     

中国大豆遗传资源的分析研究——Ⅱ.不同栽培区大豆品种若干子粒性状

分析了中国大豆遗传资源子粒性状的特点,指出中国大豆品种以黄种皮、黄子叶、椭圆形、中小粒为主体。子粒生态分布特点的分析表明,东北春大豆以黄种皮、圆粒椭圆粒、大粒和中粒为主,黄河中下游的大豆有较多的小粒、黑种皮、长椭圆及肾形粒品种,长江下游是我国极大粒、特大粒大豆资源最丰富的地区,青豆比例也较高。     

黄淮夏大豆形态性状的遗传研究

本文以黄淮地区6个夏大豆品种(系)通过双列杂交保留下来的F_3代材料,研究大豆6个形态性状的遗传特性.结果表明,株高、有效分枝数、主茎节数、主茎荚丛数和茎粗5个性状均符合加性—显性模型.而底荚高则存在非等位基因之间的互作效应.株高、有效分枝数、主茎节数和主茎荚丛数为部分显性,茎粗存在超显性现象.主茎节数和主茎荚丛数可能有相似的遗传特点.豫豆8号大豆带有较多的控制株高的显性基因,油84-30大豆带有较多的控制分枝和茎粗的显性基因,而尖顶大白角大豆控制主茎节数和美丛数的显性基因较多.     

中国大豆品种熟期组划分的研究

根据北美13个熟期组大豆代表品种48份及我国各地地方品种256份在南京春播自然条件结合18小时长光照条件的试验,部分品种在石家庄、哈尔滨的春播试验,获得以下主要结果：(1)将我国大豆品种归属为相应的000～Ⅸ共12个熟期组,未发现熟期组Ⅹ品种;(2)按同一熟期组品种生育前期变异的地理分布,0～Ⅲ熟期组内各划分为秦岭淮河     

安徽省历年油菜审定品种主要性状遗传改良

通过对1983~2012年安徽省审定的70份油菜品种的品质和主要经济性状演变规律及其与产量的相关性进行研究,发现育成年代与生育期、一次有效分枝、单株角果数及产量间具有极显著线性回归关系,与株高、千粒重、硫普和芥酸具有显著线性回归关系;进一步分析发现,经过30年的品种改良,产量、单株角果数、千粒重、生育期、株高和一次有效分枝数分别增加了81.22%、97.56%、11.90%、10.08%、10.03%和29.42%。而品种育成年代与每果粒数和含油量无显著线性关系,表明这些年育成品种在每角粒数与含油量方面未有明显改良。6个经济性状和产量的相关性研究表明单株角果数与一次有效分枝数、产量均表现极显著正偏相关,偏相关系数分别为0.5626和0.5190,千粒重和生育期表现显著正偏相关(0.2588)。数据分析暗示品种进一步改良有可能通过提高每果粒数和(或)含油量实现。     

间作对大豆主要经济性状的影响及适宜品种筛选

采用11个大豆品种与同一玉米品种间作,研究间作对大豆叶绿素含量和经济性状的影响。结果表明:(1)间作大豆叶绿素相对含量比净作平均降低7.20%,品种间差异显著。(2)间作使多数品种株高增加,平均增加13.28%,少数品种株高下降;分枝数平均减少36.99%;株荚数、百粒重和株粒重减少。(3)以单株产量为标准,善选1号、凉豆和南豆12号3个品种最适合与玉米间作种植。     

黑龙江西部半干旱地区玉米产量与农艺性状灰色关联度分析

利用灰色关联度分析方法,对黑龙江省西部半干旱地区13个玉米品种的12个农艺性状与产量进行了分析与评价。结果表明:出籽率(r=0.7389)与产量的关联度最大,其次是单穗粒重(r=0.7199)和行粒数(r=0.7092);关联度最小的是穗位高(r=0.598);其他农艺性状与产量的关联度都介于0.6～0.7之间。说明出籽率、单穗粒重、行粒数对产量的影响最大;穗位高与产量的关系最远,相对于其他性状对玉米产量的影响最小。     

Comparative mapping and its use for the genetic analysis of agronomic characters in wheat

Summary The advent of molecular marker systems has made it possible to develop comparative genetic maps of the genomes of related species in the Triticeae. These maps are being applied to locate and evaluate allelic and homoeoallelic variation for major genes and quantitative trait loci within wheat, and to establish the pleiotropic effects of genes. Additionally, the known locations of genes in related species can direct searches for homoeologous variation in wheat and thus facilitate the identification of new genes. Examples of such analyses include the validation of the effects of Vrn1 on chromosome 5A on flowering time in different crosses within wheat; the indication of pleiotropic effects for stress responses by the Fr1 locus on chromosome 5A; the detection of homoeologous variation for protein content on the homoeologous Group 5 chromosomes; and the detection of a new photoperiod response gene Ppd-H1 in barley from homoeology with Ppd2 of wheat.     

不同类型大豆主要农艺性状与小区产量的多元回归与通径分析

本文应用多元统计方法,对15份春大豆和14份夏大豆品种的主要农艺性状与产量进行了分析,结果表明：春大豆的单株粒数、百粒重和株高对产量的直接作用较大,在育种时可优先考虑;夏大豆的单株荚数、单株粒重对产量直接较大,单株粒数与单株产量存在着极显著的正相关,因此通过这3个性状进行选择效果较好。同时考虑到大豆各农艺性状之间存在着相互影响,在育种时应注意各性状之间的平衡。     

新疆春小麦品种（系）农艺性状分析

农艺性状在小麦的品种改良中有着重要的意义,为给新疆春小麦新品种的选育提供科学依据,本研究以30个新疆春小麦品种（系）为试验材料进行农艺性状的简单相关分析,以及多远逐步回归和通经分析。结果表明：供试春小麦品种（系）株高总体偏低,千粒重和单株产量平均为30.04g、8.84g。穗粒数、穗重和千粒重与单株产量之间存在极显著正相关,小穗数与穗长、穗重之间正相关也达到显著水平。多元回归方程为Y = 0.6139 + 0.02X3 + 1.07 X4 +0.42 X5,表明穗粒数、穗重和千粒重三个因素所决定的单株产量变异占产量总变异程度的74%。因此,协调好各农艺性状与单株产量这一性状间的关系可作为新疆春小麦高产育种的重要筛选指标。     

Effectiveness of in vitro selection for agronomic characters in potato

Effectiveness of in vitro selection for agronomic characters was studied by finding correlation coefficients between in vitro and in vivo performance of 22 potato genotypes. Evaluation was performed under eight in vitro and two in vivo conditions. Genotypic differences were highly significant for various characters under all in vitro and in vivo conditions. Error mean squares were much lower in in vitro experiments than in in vivo experiments. In vitro selection was found to be highly effective for tuber colour, stem pigment and number of eyes, and moderately effective for average tuber weight, plant vigour and foliage senescence under specific conditions. The results also indicated the possibility of in vitro selection for heat tolerance. For tuber yield and number of tubers, effectiveness of in vitro selection was low to very low, because differences in phenotypic expressions of genotypes were much enlarged under in vitro conditions compared to under in vivo conditions. Correlation coefficients for certain characters were better when in vitro conditions were closer to in vivo conditions. To improve the efficiency of in vitro selection, there is perhaps a need to simulate and identify the in vitro conditions under which genotypic differences are reflected in phenotypes more realistically as they are expressed under in vivo conditions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

黑龙江省农作物种业发展问题研究

黑龙江省自2000年推进农业良种化工程以来,农作物种业发展取得重大成就,在确保粮食安全等方面发挥了重要作用.但目前黑龙江省农作物种业发展仍处于初级阶段,面临一些制约现代农作物种业发展的严峻挑战.本文指出了黑龙江省农作物种业发展的成就与面临的问题,并提出具体的对策建议.     

The inheritance of morphological and agronomic characters in spring wheat

Summary Inheritance of yield and its component (number of ears per plant, number of spikelets per ear, number of kernels per ear, 1000-kernel weight), together with the inheritance of morphological characters (flag leaf length, flag leaf breadth, peduncle length, extrusion length and leaf sheath length) and anthesis date was studied in a 5-parent diallel cross of spring wheat varieties. The diallel analysis of gene actions indicated that a large part of the total genetic variation observed for all the characters studied was in the form of additive genetic effects. The degree of dominance was also determined for each character. Number of ears per plant showed most overdominance, followed by leaf sheath length. Full or nearly full dominance was found for anthesis date, flag leaf length and yield per plant. Other characters showed partial dominance. Correlation coefficients showed that yield per plant, as well as being correlated with the yield components, was also assiciated with flag leaf breadth and leaf sheath length. There was no evidence of genetic barriers to the combining of ideal characters among the varieties of different origin.     

种植密度对黎民518产量及农艺性状的影响

设置4个密度,研究种植密度对株型紧凑型玉米品种黎民518产量及农艺性状的影响。结果表明,黎民518鲜草产量和子粒产量的最佳适宜密度不同,鲜草产量的适宜密度高于子粒产量的适宜密度。随群体密度的增加黎民518刈割青贮时的绿叶片数、单株鲜重、穗长、穗行数、行粒数呈下降趋势;高密度下秃尖长、株高、穗位高、倒伏(折)率、瘤黑粉病病株率逐渐增加;高密度下千粒重降低;青贮生育期略有延长。在黄河三角洲地区,黎民518饲用夏播最佳适宜密度为7.50万株/hm~2。     

转bar基因小麦的抗性遗传及农艺性状分析

【研究目的】以皖麦48和扬麦87158两个小麦品种的转bar基因株系为材料,探讨bar基因在转基因小麦自交后代的遗传表现及对农艺性状的影响。【方法】利用涂叶法和PCR法研究bar基因在转基因植株自交后代T1、T2的遗传表现,并对产量及品质等主要农艺性状进行比较分析。【结果】证实抗除草剂bar基因已经整合到小麦基因组中,并能稳定表达;遗传分析显示bar基因能稳定的遗传给后代,符合孟德尔遗传规律;在产量及品质等主要农艺性状方面,转bar基因小麦与对照相比无显著差异。