Holstein Friesians,Dutch Friesians and Dutch Red and Whites on two complete diets with a different amount of roughage: Differences in performance between first and second lactation

Groups of 11 Holstein Friesian (HF), 11 Dutch Red and White (DRW) and 12 Dutch Friesian (DF) second calved cows were fed a complete diet with only roughage (a mixture of grass- and corn-silage) or the same mixture of roughage with 50% concentrates on a dry matter basis. The animals had participated in the same experiment during their first lactation.For none of the characteristics was a significant breed-feed composition interaction found. The differences between breeds in feed intake, milk production, body weight and gain were equal with both feed compositions.The breeds differed significantly in the increase in milk, fat and protein yield from the first to the second lactation. This increase was 902, 194 and 103 kg milk, 46, 16 and 5 kg fat and 27, 1 and 3 kg protein for the HF, DRW and DF animals, respectively. The body weight gain of the concentrates group in the second lactation was much less than in the first lactation.For the HF animals, 55% of total energy intake was used for milk yield, 37% for maintenance and 8% for gain; corresponding values for the DRW animals were 48, 41 and 11%, respectively, and for the DF animals 44, 37 and 19%, respectively. For the concentrates group, this partition was 51, 36 and 13%, respectively, and for the roughage group 47, 41 and 13%, respectively.     

Comparison of two models for estimation of variance components in a sample of Spanish Holstein Friesians

SUMMARY: Two models for estimating genetic parameters in animal populations were compared. The cheapest, in terms of computing costs, was based on a sire model and the most expensive on an animal model. In order to check the accuracy of both methods they were applied to the best available sample of Spanish Friesian cattle. Milk production of each cow, as well as fat contents were simulated using prior estimates of genetic additive, permanent environment and residual variances, keeping the actual mating scheme, so that the simulation mimicked the actual population structure. Results, under the above premises, show no advantages of the more costly procedure over the cheaper one, suggesting that a sire model based estimating procedure for genetic parameters may be preferred when a small number of individuals, little pedigree information and highly disequilibrated distribution of effects characterize the data. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Vergleich zweier Methoden der Varianzkomponentensch?tzung beim Spanischen Holstein Zwei Modelle zur Sch?tzung von genetischen Parametern wurden verglichen. Das im Hinblick auf die Rechenleistung günstigere Modell war ein Vatermodell, das aufwendigere Modell ein Tiermodell. Um die Genauigkeit der Modelle in der Praxis zu prüfen, wurden sie auf verfügbares Material der spanischen Holstein-Friesian Population angewendet. Sowohl die Milchleistung jeder Kuh als auch der Fettgehalt wurden simuliert mit Hilfe von Sch?t- zwerten der additiv-genetischen Varianz, der permanenten und der residuellen Umweltvarianz. Dabei wurde das tats?chliche Ungleichgewicht in der Population berücksichtigt. Unter den obengenannten Voraussetzungen zeigen die Ergebnisse keinen Vorteil der rechnerisch aufwendigeren Prozedur gegen?ber der einfacheren. Die Schlu?folgerung lautet, da? das Vatermodell unter den Bedingungen der kleinen Tierzahlen, wenig Pedigree-Informationen und einer stark unbalan- cierten Verteilung der Tiere auf die einzelnen Effektklassen zu bevorzugen ist.     

Differences in mastitis susceptibility between Holstein Friesian,Dutch Friesian and Dutch Red and White cows

Summary

On an experimental farm 3 dairy breeds were compared with regard to mastitis by various parameters.

Higher cell counts and more udder infections were present in the Dutch Red and White (DRW) in comparison with the Holstein Friesian (HF) and the Dutch Friesian (DF). Within the HF breed a negative correlation between cell count and production was established and also in this breed, a negative correlation between maximum rate of milk flow and cell count.

There is no evidence that higher procuction and easier milking are connected with more mastitis. On the contrary, within the breeds an opposite trend appeared. Selection against mastitis does not conflict with selection for production and ease of milking.

An addition trial revealed that sampling after too quick preparation of the cows before milking resulted in much higher cell counts in quarter samples.

Cows which were selected for drying off with antibiotics recovered from their infection but these more susceptible animals maintained a higher cell count to a certain extent.     

Differences in mastitis susceptibility between Holstein Friesian, Dutch Friesian and Dutch Red and White cows

Summary On an experimental farm 3 dairy breeds were compared with regard to mastitis by various parameters. Higher cell counts and more udder infections were present in the Dutch Red and White (DRW) in comparison with the Holstein Friesian (HF) and the Dutch Friesian (DF). Within the HF breed a negative correlation between cell count and production was established and also in this breed, a negative correlation between maximum rate of milk flow and cell count. There is no evidence that higher procuction and easier milking are connected with more mastitis. On the contrary, within the breeds an opposite trend appeared. Selection against mastitis does not conflict with selection for production and ease of milking. An addition trial revealed that sampling after too quick preparation of the cows before milking resulted in much higher cell counts in quarter samples. Cows which were selected for drying off with antibiotics recovered from their infection but these more susceptible animals maintained a higher cell count to a certain extent.     

Comparative study on the regulation of body fluids and mammary circulation at different stages of lactation in crossbred Holstein cattle feeding on different types of roughage

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of prolonged feeding of urea‐treated rice straw, compared with feeding of hay, on the regulation of body fluids, milk yield and mammary circulation at early lactation (30 days postpartum), mid‐lactation (120 days postpartum) and late lactation (210 days postpartum) in crossbred Holstein Friesians. Sixteen first lactating crossbred Holstein Friesians (HF), consisting of eight animals of two breed types, 87.5%HF and 50%HF, were selected and each breed was randomly allocated into two groups. Each group, consisting of four animals from the same breed, was fed either 5% urea‐treated rice straw or pangola hay (Digitaria decumbens) as the source of roughage in combination with a similar concentrate throughout the experiments. During the course of lactation there were no significant differences in body weight, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, plasma osmolality, plasma volume and blood volume among groups of 87.5%HF animals and 50%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw. Water turnover rate, total body water space and total body water as a percentage of body weight of 50%HF animals were significantly higher than those of 87.5%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw. The packed cell volume was significantly higher in all lactating periods of both groups of 50%HF animals in comparison with 87.5%HF animals. The ratio of DM intake to milk production for 87.5%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw was significantly lower than that of 50%HF animals in early lactation. The udder blood flow and milk secretion of 87.5%HF were significantly higher in early lactation and markedly declined when lactation advanced in comparison with those of 50%HF animals fed either hay or urea‐treated rice straw. The ratio of mammary blood flow to milk yield for all groups was in a similar range during early lactation although it significantly increased in mid‐ and late lactation for both groups of 87.5%HF animals. From these results it can be concluded that both 50%HF and 87.5%HF animals feeding on urea‐treated rice straw as a roughage source do not show any undernutritional effects in comparison with those fed with hay during the course of lactation. The physiological response differences between breeds are that 87.5%HF animals, which have a genetic makeup closer to the exotic bos taurus breed and a high milk yield, show a poor adjustment to the tropical environment and poorer lactation persistency in comparison with 50%HF animals.     

Relationships of first lactation yields with lifetime performance traits in Holstein cows

SUMMARY: Genetic and phenotypic correlations between the first lactation and lifetime yields of milk, fat and protein, herdlife, productive life and number of lactations initiated in the herd were estimated from records of 24,231 progeny of 234 young and 119 proven Holstein sires in 1791 herds using a multivariate REML technique to fit a sire model with relationships among young sires. Proven sires were fitted as fixed effects. Genetic correlations between first lactation and lifetime yields were highest for milk (0.666) followed by fat (0.660) and protein (0.512). Genetic as well as phenotypic correlations of herdlife, productive life and number of lactations were higher with first lactation milk yield than with first lactation fat and protein yields. Direct selection for higher lifetime yields would not be effective because of low heritabilities. However the high, positive genetic correlations of lifetime yields of milk and fat with first lactation yields suggested that first lactation yields might be used for indirect selection for higher lifetime yields. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Beziehung zwischen Erstlaktations- und Lebensleistung bei Holstein-Kühen Zwischen Erstlaktations- und Lebensleistung für Milch, Fett, Protein, Verbleibedauer, produktiver Lebensdauer und Zahl von Laktationen in der Herde wurden von 24.291 T?chtern, 234 Jung- und 119 geprüften Holsteintieren in 1.791 Herden genetische Beziehungen gesch?tzt, wobei eine multivariate REML-Technik zur Analyse eines Stiermodells mit Verwandtschaft zwischen jungen Stieren angewendet worden ist. Die geprüften Stiere wurden als fixe Effekte angesehen. Genetische Korrelationen zwischen Erstlaktation und Lebensleistung war am h?chsten für Milch (0,666), gefolgt von Fett (0,660) und Protein (0,512). Genetische und ph?notypische Korrelationen mit Verbleibedauer, produktiver Lebensdauer und Zahl der Laktationen waren ebenfalls für Erstlaktations-milchmenge h?her als bei Fett und Protein. Direkte Selektion auf h?here Lebensleistung würde wegen der niedrigen Heritabilit?t nicht wirksam sein. Allerdings k?nnten die hohen positiven genetischen Korrelationen des Merkmals mit Erstlaktationsleistungen diese als geeignetes indirektes Selektionskriterium für h?here Lebensleistung anzeigen.     

Effects of housing and two forage diets on the development of claw horn lesions in dairy cows at first calving and in first lactation.

This paper describes a systematic study of the development of lesions of the claw horn (CHL, sole and white line) in heifers calving for the first time, housed either in cubicles or a straw yard and fed either a low- or high-dry-matter forage diet. The feet of all animals were inspected on five occasions, at approximately four weeks before and four, eight, 16 and 24 weeks post calving. Haemorrhagic lesions of the sole and white line were described according to a geometric lesion score for severity and a cumulative lesion score based on the product of (severity x area) for each lesion. Geometric and cumulative lesion scores increased in all groups of cattle in the first eight weeks after calving. However, the severity and persistence of the lesions were significantly greater in cattle housed in cubicle yards. Wet feeding increased the severity of CHL in the cubicle yard only. There were no associations between lesion scores and body weight, body condition or foot conformation. The heels of the cattle in straw yards tended to be thick but many showed pitting erosions. In cubicles the heels were smooth but thin. This may have contributed to CHL by increasing concussive forces within the hoof. There was a highly significant (but relatively low) correlation between scores for sole lesions and lameness in individual animals. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that systemic events associated with calving and the onset of lactation may set in motion the chain of events that lead to the lesions of CHL; the extent and severity of these lesions being then determined by the externally imposed conditions of housing and feeding. Copyright Harcourt Publishers Ltd.     

Prevalence and severity of foot lesions in Danish Holstein heifers through first lactation

Several studies have shown that foot lesions and clinical lameness occur before first calving and develop further during the lactation period. Lameness may cause production losses, but the relationship between foot lesions, particularly in the claw horn, and lameness in heifers is unclear. The objectives of this study were to describe the development of and evaluate the relationship between lameness and foot lesions in Danish Holsteins before and after first calving. In a longitudinal study, 147 heifers were examined for lameness and foot lesions 2–5 times over an 18-month period. Lameness was assessed by means of a visual locomotion score and foot lesion severity was recorded.The prevalence of a locomotion score 3 was 25% before calving, and 90% at approximately 250 days in milk (DIM). Prevalence of moderate to severe sole haemorrhage (SH) was 27% before calving and 56% at 250 DIM, and that of moderate to severe white line lesion (WLL) 44% before calving with a peak of 70% at 200 DIM. There was one case of white line abscess but SH was seen throughout the entire study period. Digital dermatitis (DD) was prevalent prior to first calving (15%) and peaked at 39% at 0–100 DIM. Heel horn erosion (HHE) occurred in almost all cows (93–100%) and was strongly correlated with DD (r = 0.51). The correlation coefficient between SH and WLL was also high (0.42). The relatively high correlations between WLL and both DD and HHE were more surprising (0.38 and 0.35, respectively), those between SH and both DD and HHE were moderate (around 0.18). Interdigital dermatitis was significantly correlated with both HHE and DD, but completely unrelated to SH and WLL.The overall average locomotion score increased by about one-half of a score unit from 1 month prior to calving until 250 DIM, with a large difference between herds, although this was unsurprising as cows may alter their locomotion pattern with management factors (e.g. floor properties). DD and WLL were both associated with a locomotion score 3 but of the cows with severe WLL there was no clear association between a locomotion score 3 and DD. The highest locomotion scores occurred among cows with DD but without WLL.     

不同粗饲料来源对荷斯坦公犊生长性能、血清生化指标及营养物质表观消化率的影响

试验旨在研究桑枝、花生藤和燕麦草3种粗饲料对断奶荷斯坦公犊生长性能、血清生化指标和营养物质表观消化率的影响.选取8周龄、健康的体重(64±5)kg断奶荷斯坦奶公犊27头,随机分成A、B、C3组,每组9个重复,分别饲喂桑枝、花生藤和燕麦草3种粗饲料.试验期24 d.结果 显示,C组犊牛的末重和平均日增重均极显著高于A组和...     

日粮中不同能量和蛋白水平对西农萨能羊泌乳量、乳成分及血浆生化指标的影响

为了筛选出产奶羊合适的日粮能量和蛋白水平,研究采用2×2二因子完全随机区组试验将60只处于泌乳盛期的西农萨能羊[体重为(60.00±7.88)kg]随机分为4组,分别饲喂能量水平为12.36 MJ/kg(干物质)和12.92 MJ/kg(干物质)、蛋白水平为13.25%和15.80%的日粮,研究不同能量和蛋白水平对泌乳量、乳成分及血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:各处理间产奶量无显著差异(P0.05);各组羊产奶量由产奶高峰期开始出现下降趋势,当能量水平为12.92 MJ/kg、蛋白水平为13.25%时泌乳量下降幅度最小,有利于保持产奶量。不同能量和蛋白水平对乳成分中的非脂固形物、乳糖、密度、冰点及酸度均无显著影响(P0.05),但是能量水平为12.92 MJ/kg、蛋白水平为13.25%时乳中乳脂、乳蛋白及全脂固形物的含量均低于其他处理,尤其是乳脂的含量显著降低(P0.05);能量水平为12.92 MJ/kg的2个试验组羊血浆中葡萄糖、三酰甘油及胆固醇含量均高于能量水平为12.36 MJ/kg的2个试验组(P0.05),各蛋白水平之间无显著差异(P0.05)。     

Effect of mastitis during the first lactation on production and reproduction performance of Holstein cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of postpartum mastitis between first calving and subsequent conception on production and reproduction performance as well as culling of Holstein cows. A data set of 9,183 first lactation cows was used. Results showed that the first cumulative 100?days' milk production and the milk yield standardized to 305?days were affected by the interval from calving to first mastitis (P??0.05). Calving year, calving difficulty score, and cumulative first 60?days milk production had significant impacts on mastitis risk (P?相似文献   

Effects of growth and dietary crude protein level until first insemination on milk production during first lactation in Holstein heifers

To decrease the age at first calving in Holsteins, the effects of average daily body weight gain (ADG) and crude protein (CP) level until first insemination on growth performance and milk production were examined. The MM group had a target ADG of 0.75 kg and received a diet with a CP level of 14%. The HM and HH groups had a target ADG of 1 kg; both these groups received a diet with CP levels 14% and 16%, respectively. The ADG in the HM and HH groups was 1.1 kg, whereas in the MM group it was 0.97 kg (P < 0.01). The HM and HH groups showed no differences in withers height at body weight 350 kg. The ages at first calving in MM, HM and HH groups were 23.1, 21.0 and 21.8 months, respectively. The HM and HH groups had lower milk yield at day 305 than the MM group (P < 0.01). These results suggest that growth performance until first insemination should be maintained at an ADG of 0.97 kg or less with a CP level of approximately 14%, to shorten time until first insemination and prevent the decrease of milk yield.     

脲酶抑制剂和粗饲料产品对育肥羊生长性能及血液生化指标的影响

选择小尾寒羊母羔羊24只,体重20.5kg左右,采用2×2析因试验设计。一种粗饲料产品是玉米秸块,在此基础上设加与不加20mg/kg脲酶抑制剂共两个水平;另一种粗饲料产品是苜蓿+玉米秸的混合块,然后设添加与不加20mg/kg脲酶抑制剂共两个水平。进行60d育肥试验,以研究在不同粗饲料产品日粮中添加脲酶抑制剂对育肥羊生长性能和血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:①在不同粗饲料产品日粮中添加脲酶抑制剂均能提高育肥羊的日增重,苜蓿+玉米秸混合块日粮较玉米秸块日粮的育肥羊有较高的日增重;②粗饲料产品较脲酶抑制剂对育肥羊的日增重作用效果大;③粗饲料产品及脲酶抑制剂对试验羊的血液生化指标均没有显著影响。     

Effect of reduced energy density of close-up diets on dry matter intake,lactation performance and energy balance in multiparous Holstein cows

Energy intake prepartum is critically important to health, milk performance, and profitability of dairy cows. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of reduced energy density of close-up diets on dry matter intake (DMI), lactation performance and energy balance (EB) in multiparous Holstein cows which were housed in a free-stall barn and fed for ad libitum intake. Thirty-nine dry cows were blocked and assigned randomly to three groups fed a high energy density diet [HD, n = 13; 6.8 MJ of net energy for lactation (NE_L)/kg; 14.0% crude protein (CP) ], or a middle energy density diet (MD, n = 13; 6.2 MJ NE_L/kg; 14.0% CP), or a low energy density diet (LD, n = 13; 5.4 MJ NE_L/kg; 14.0% CP) from d 21 before expected day of calving. After parturition, all cows were fed the same lactation diet to d 70 in milk (DIM). The DMI and NE_L intake prepartum were decreased by the reduced energy density diets (P < 0.05). The LD group consumed 1.3 kg/d (DM) more diet compared with HD group in the last 24 h before calving. The milk yield and the postpartum DMI were increased by the reduced energy density diet prepartum (P < 0.05). The changes in BCS and BW prepartum and postpartum were not affected by prepartum diets. HD group had higher milk fat content and lower lactose content compared with LD group during the first 3 wk of lactation (P < 0.05). The energy consumption for HD, MD and LD groups were 149.8%, 126.2% and 101.1% of their calculated energy requirements prepartum (P < 0.05), and 72.7%, 73.1% and 75.2% during the first 4 wk postpartum, respectively. In conclusion, the low energy density prepartum diet was effective in controlling NE_L intake prepartum, and was beneficial in increasing DMI and milk yield, and alleviating negative EB postpartum.     

Effect of reduced energy density of close-up diets on dry matter intake,lactation performance and energy balance in multiparous Holstein cows

Energy intake prepartum is critically important to health,milk performance,and profitability of dairy cows.The objective of this study was to determine the effect of reduced energy density of close-up diets on dry matter intake(DMI),lactation performance and energy balance(EB) in multiparous Holstein cows which were housed in a free-stall bam and fed for ad libitum intake.Thirty-nine dry cows were blocked and assigned randomly to three groups fed a high energy density diet[HD,n = 13;6.8 MJ of net energy for lactation(NE_L)/kg;14.0%crude protein(CP)],or a middle energy density diet(MD,n = 13;6.2 MJ NE_L/kg;14.0%CP),or a low energy density diet(LD,n = 13;5.4 MJ NE_L/kg;14.0%CP) from d 21 before expected day of calving.After parturition,all cows were fed the same lactation diet to d 70 in milk(DIM).The DMI and NE_L intake prepartum were decreased by the reduced energy density diets(P 0.05).The LD group consumed 1.3 kg/d(DM) more diet compared with HD group in the last 24 h before calving.The milk yield and the postpartum DMI were increased by the reduced energy density diet prepartum(P 0.05).The changes in BCS and BW prepartum and postpartum were not affected by prepartum diets.HD group had higher milk fat content and lower lactose content compared with LD group during the first 3 wk of lactation(P 0.05).The energy consumption for HD,MD and LD groups were 149.8%,126.2%and 101.1%of their calculated energy requirements prepartum(P 0.05),and 72.7%,73.1%and 75.2%during the first 4 wk postpartum,respectively.In conclusion,the low energy density prepartum diet was effective in controlling NE_L intake prepartum,and was beneficial in increasing DMI and milk yield,and alleviating negative EB postpartum.     

含不同秸秆的全饲粮颗粒料对绵羊瘤胃代谢参数的影响

选用4只1岁左右、装有瘤胃永久瘘管的杂种羯羊,按2×3交叉试验设计分为2组,交替饲喂以玉米Zea mays秸和苜蓿Medicago sativa为粗料(A处理,精粗比为1∶1)和以小麦Triticum aestivum秸和苜蓿为粗料(B处理,精粗比为5.3∶4.7)的等消化能、等氮饲粮.每期试验19 d,3期试验共57 d.测定了试羊在采食2种饲粮的情况下,瘤胃液pH值及瘤胃内环境参数(总氮、氨态氮、尿素氮及蛋白氮)的变化.试验结果表明:采食2种饲粮绵羊的瘤胃液pH值及瘤胃液总氮、氨态氮、尿素氮及蛋白氮之间均无显著差异(P＞0.05).2种饲粮的配方均有较好的效果.     

Combinations of cactus pear with different roughage sources on the production,chemical composition,and milk fatty acid profile of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The qualities of food, mainly of animal origin, have always been of concern to consumers. It is known that the composition of animals’ diets can...     

不同蛋白水平饲粮对荷斯坦公犊牛生长性能、氮消化代谢和血清指标的影响

研究旨在探讨不同粗蛋白水平饲粮对断奶前后犊牛生长性能、氮消化代谢和血清指标的影响。选取30头20日龄、平均体重为(48.33±4.75)kg荷斯坦公犊牛,随机分为2组,每组15头。饲喂粗蛋白水平分别为19%(L)和22%(H)的两种饲粮。试验期70 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期60 d。每天测定采食量,每隔30 d测量体重和体尺;在犊牛60日龄和90日龄时采用全收粪尿法进行消化代谢试验;在30、60日龄和90日龄时饲喂前颈静脉采血。结果表明:①试验全期两处理组间的平均日增重(ADG)、日均采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)差异均不显著(P0.05)。90日龄,L组的体斜长显著大于H组(P0.05);②试验全期两处理组间粪氮、沉积氮、氮表观消化率和氮沉积率差异均不显著(P0.05),90日龄H组的摄入氮、尿氮和消化氮显著高于L组(P0.05);③试验全期两处理组间的血清总蛋白(TP)、葡萄糖(GLU)、白蛋白(ALB)和球蛋白(GLB)差异均不显著(P0.05),90日龄H组的尿素氮(BUN)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)均显著高于L组(P0.05)。综上所述,相比19%粗蛋白水平饲粮,22%粗蛋白水平饲粮对犊牛的生长性能有不利影响,但对氮沉积率和氮表观消化率没有影响,易导致犊牛腹泻。     

红色荷斯坦牛与西改牛杂交一代产奶性能的研究

为提高西改牛产奶量，选用外表与其相似的红色荷斯坦牛精液对西改牛进行杂交改良，结果表明，杂一代牛一、二、三胎泌乳期平均产奶量达到4010.33 kg；乳脂、非脂、蛋白质、乳糖含量分别为3.54%、8.52%、2.72%、4.70%，说明，红杂牛完全可作为奶牛的后备资源，加以开发利用。