施钾对花生积累氮素来源和产量的影响

利用盆栽试验和15N示踪技术,研究了不同施钾量对花生吸收土壤氮、肥料氮、根瘤固氮量及比例和产量的影响.结果表明,不同施钾处理花生氮素均主要积累在籽仁中,但随着施钾量的增大,花生各器官中茎的含氮量增加幅度最大,果壳的含氮量增加幅度最小.适当增施钾肥可以提高各器官含氮量和15N丰度、氮素和15N积累量,促进花生植株对3种氮源的吸收利用,尤其对籽仁生物量(经济产量)的影响最大.吸收土壤氮的比例在38.29％ ～ 45.10％之间,吸收肥料氮的比例在12.37％～13.40％之间,吸收大气氮的比例在42.53％ ～48.31％之间.适量增施钾肥提高了吸收肥料氮和根瘤固氮的比例,降低了吸收土壤氮的比例,提高了肥料氮的利用率,但过量施钾效果降低.     

EFFECTS OF SALINITY AND CALCIUM ON THE GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PISTACHIO SEEDLINGS

Poor quality of irrigation water (high salinity) has reduced the yields of pistachio over recent years, especially in Kerman. The effects of four salinity levels [0, 30, 60, and 90 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)] and three calcium (Ca) levels [0, 0.5, and 1 mM Ca as calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂.4H₂O)] on growth and chemical composition of pistachio seedlings cv. ‘Badami’ were studied in sand culture under greenhouse conditions in completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. After 170 days, leaf area, leaf number, shoot and root dry weights were determined. Also shoot and root sodium (Na), potassium (K), Ca, and magnesium (Mg) concentrations were measured. Results showed salinity decreased all growth parameters. Ca application increased shoot and root Ca concentrations and root K concentration, while Ca application decreased shoot K concentration and shoot and root Mg concentrations. Salinity decreased shoot Ca, root K, and root Mg concentrations, while salinity increased shoot and root total sodium uptake, and shoot and root Cl concentrations.     

无机氮对土壤氮矿化与固定的影响——兼论土壤氮的“激发效应”

用室内培养和¹⁵N技术研究了土壤氮的矿化和固定,结果表明:无机氮添加不能引起土壤有机氮的加速分解;无机氮添加可显著增强添加氮的生物固定,但以减弱对土壤氮的固定为交换,因此培养期的总固定氮量并无显著增长。培养期间土壤净矿化氮因添加无机氮而有所增长,这一现象(时常被称为氮激发效应)看来主要是由于添加氮在土壤氮固定过程中替代了部分土壤氮之故。     

施用预处理秸秆对土壤供氮特征及菠菜产量和品质的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了施入经过预处理的水稻秸秆(预处理秸秆)后土壤的供N特征和菠菜产量与品质的变化。研究结果表明,经预处理后,秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素和二氧化硅的含量显著降低,但可溶性物质含量显著增加;预处理稻秆与N肥配合使用,土壤中微生物量N、有效态N(NO3--N和NH4 -N)含量显著增加,并且在供N方式上具有鲜明的渐进性和持续性;第41天时每钵菠菜的鲜重比对照增产81.4%,菠菜中Vc含量高于单施尿素处理,硝酸盐积累量低于单施尿素处理。可见预处理稻秆配施N肥能显著改善土壤的供N能力,提高菠菜的产量和品质。     

EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCK ON SALT TOLERANCE OF LOQUAT: GROWTH AND MINERAL COMPOSITION

The salinity tolerance of loquat grafted onto anger or onto loquat was studied. The plants were irrigated using solutions containing 5, 25, 35, 50, or 70 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for five months. Different parameters of vegetative growth were studied, all of them showing that plants grafted onto loquat are much less salinity-tolerant than those grafted onto anger. Thus, the concentration of NaCl that produced a growth reduction of 50% (C₅₀) for the growth parameters of the shoot was around 35 mM for loquat plants grafted onto loquat. With the NaCl levels employed, loquat-anger plants did not reach the C₅₀. Lower chloride (Cl^?) and sodium (Na⁺) uptake, higher potassium (K⁺)-Na⁺ selectivity and a lower reduction in the leaf magnesium (Mg²⁺) concentration for the loquat-anger combination can explain the higher salinity tolerance compared to loquat-loquat.     

EFFECTS OF ZIRCONIUM ON THE GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENT COMPOSITION OF CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA GREEN ALGAE

The effects of zirconium (Zr) were investigated on the growth rate, dry matter accumulation, and elemental and photosynthetic pigment composition of Chlorella pyrenoidosa green algae. Algae were treated with 0.1–50 μM (≈ 0.009–4.561 mg dm^?3) of Zr; inorganic compounds (Zr oxychloride, Zr nitrate) and organic chelates (Zr ascorbate or Zr citrate) were applied. All Zr compounds displayed only a slight insignificant inhibitory effect on the growth rate of algae. Treatment of algae with 1 μM Zr (as Zr ascorbate, a water soluble pH stable chelate) slightly stimulated and 5–50 μM Zr slightly inhibited the dry matter accumulation of Chlorella. Zirconium concentration in the nutrient solution decreased rapidly during the algae propagation, and Chlorella cells accumulated significant amounts of Zr. In the case of 1 μM Zr (Zr ascorbate) treatment, 60.6 μg g^?1 Zr was found in the washed cells; after 50 μM Zr application this value was 441 μg g^?1 Zr. Zirconium treatment reduced the P, Mg, Cu, and Ti concentrations in algae cells, and the concentration of Fe, Mn, and partly Zn was enhanced. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, and carotenoid concentrations were equally reduced by 13–33% in Zr-treated cultures. Zirconium treatment changed the chlorophyll a:chlorophyll b ratio and caused appearance of several new chlorophyll derivatives in Chlorella.     

硼对大豆结瘤和固氮作用的影响——Ⅰ.对生长、营养元素吸收与分布和固氮量影响

在短期无氮营养液栽培(28天)条件下,研究缺硼和正常供硼处理对Bragg大豆品种及不结瘤突变体nod49和超结瘤突变体nts382生长、矿质元素吸收与分布及固氮量的影响。试验结果表明:1.在正常供硼的条件下,不结瘤突变体nod的植株生长量,株高、主根生长均高于超结瘤突变体及其亲本。缺硼处理时三种基因型大豆的生长均受到明显的抑制作用。无论是正常供硼还是缺硼处理,超结瘤突变体nts382根系的生长量均明显小于其它基因型。2.正常供硼处理时三种基因型大豆地上部、根及nts382的根瘤中硼的浓度和积累量均高于缺硼处理。缺硼处理,超结瘤突变体及其亲本地上部和根中大部分矿质元素浓度高于正常供硼处理,但积累总量低于正常供硼处理或变化不大。施硼处理的nts382和Bragg,根和根瘤中钙的浓度和积累量明显降低,而地上部变化不大,同时在nts382根瘤中,锌、锰、铁、铜浓度和含量也下降,而钼含量增加。3.施硼处理和Bragg和nts382地上部、根及根瘤中氮的浓度和含量均显著高于缺硼处理,其中超结瘤突变体中氮浓度和总量最高。在缺硼条件下,Bragg和超结瘤突变体能够结瘤,但是Bragg大豆根瘤的固氮作用完全受到抑制,而nts382根瘤还能保持较强的固氮能力。     

硼对大豆结瘤和固氮作用的影响——Ⅰ.对生长、营养元素吸收与分布和固氮量影响

在短期无氮营养液栽培(28天)条件下,研究缺硼和正常供硼处理对Bragg大豆品种及不结瘤突变体nod49和超结瘤突变体nts382生长、矿质元素吸收与分布及固氮量的影响。试验结果表明:1.在正常供硼的条件下,不结瘤突变体nod的植株生长量,株高、主根生长均高于超结瘤突变体及其亲本。缺硼处理时三种基因型大豆的生长均受到明显的抑制作用。无论是正常供硼还是缺硼处理,超结瘤突变体nts382根系的生长量均明显小于其它基因型。2.正常供硼处理时三种基因型大豆地上部、根及nts382的根瘤中硼的浓度和积累量均高于缺硼处理。缺硼处理,超结瘤突变体及其亲本地上部和根中大部分矿质元素浓度高于正常供硼处理,但积累总量低于正常供硼处理或变化不大。施硼处理的nts382和Bragg,根和根瘤中钙的浓度和积累量明显降低,而地上部变化不大,同时在nts382根瘤中,锌、锰、铁、铜浓度和含量也下降,而钼含量增加。3.施硼处理和Bragg和nts382地上部、根及根瘤中氮的浓度和含量均显著高于缺硼处理,其中超结瘤突变体中氮浓度和总量最高。在缺硼条件下,Bragg和超结瘤突变体能够结瘤,但是Bragg大豆根瘤的固氮作用完全受到抑制,而nts382根瘤还能保持较强的固氮能力。     

种稻方式对后茬大麦生长及土壤氮素转化和氮肥利用的影响

稻麦轮作是我国南方一种传统的耕作模式，有关该体系下作物的生长和土壤氮素的转化已有较多报道。近年来，随着水稻种植方式的多元化，除传统的水稻水作外，还诞生了水稻旱作，即水稻在全生育期不建立水层的条件下生长，土壤的理化性状均有别于水稻水作，石英等120发现水稻旱作条件下不同覆盖物和常规淹水种植水稻条件下水稻生育期间土壤NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N的动态变化规律不同，殷晓燕等则报道水作水稻和旱作水稻的覆盖地膜、覆盖秸秆种植对土壤氮素盈亏的影响是不同的，     

氮、磷富营养及海带对赤潮三角褐指藻生长的影响

三角褐指藻是极具危害的赤潮藻之一。本文研究了不同氮磷营养浓度对三角褐指藻生长的影响,以及海带对赤潮藻生长的抑制作用。结果表明,不同的氮磷浓度及配比对三角褐指藻的生长有显著影响,氮浓度为12.35mg/L,磷浓度为1mg/L时最适宜三角褐指藻的生长;海带对三角褐指藻生长有较好的抑制作用,抑制率可达到78.8%;用海带组织培养水滤出液培养三角褐指藻7d,三角褐指藻的生长也受到明显抑制。     

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FORMS ON THE GROWTH AND POLYAMINE CONTENTS IN DEVELOPING SEEDS OF VEGETABLE SOYBEAN

A pot culture experiment of nitrogen forms [nitrate (NO^? ₃ ): ammonium (NH ⁺ ₄ )] with four ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75) in nutrient solutions was conducted to examine the effect of nitrogen forms on the growth and polyamine contents of developing seeds of vegetable soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. ‘Li-xiang 95-1′]. Results showed that the best plant growth vigor was observed in (75%), and then in (50%). However, the fresh and dry weight of biomass decreased when a high concentration of either (100%) or (75%) was the primary nitrogen source in the nutrient solution. The numbers of flowers and pods in (75%) were significantly decreased compared with other ammonium-nitrate ratios in which the numbers of flowers and pods were not influenced by nitrogen forms. During the development of seeds, levels of free Put and Spd decreased, and the decrease extents were more marked in 100:0 and 25:75 (:), but the change of free Spm was opposite. Levels of conjugated and bound polyamines in all nitrogen forms increased, but the increases in 75:25 and 50:50 (:) were not so obvious as in 100:0 and 25:75 (:) treatments. The possible roles of polyamines in the adaptive mechanism of vegetable soybean seeds to different nitrogen forms were discussed.     

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN APPLICATION TIMING ON GROWTH AND QUALITY OF A TURFGRASS MIXTURE

A 3-year field study was conducted to determine the influence of nitrogen (N) application timing on the growth and quality of a turfgrass mixture consisting of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra var. rubra L.), and chewings fescue (Festuca rubra var. commutata Gaud.) under irrigated conditions. Nitrogen was applied annually at the rate of 30 g m^?2 year^?1, with six application regimes: control (no N), single spring (30 g m^?2), single fall (30 g m^?2), spring + fall (15 + 15 g m^?2), spring + summer + fall (10 + 10 + 10 g m^?2), and monthly from April through September (5 g m^?2).

Color, turf quality, clipping weights, and shoot density were correlated with fertilizer rates and application timing in this study. Fertilization monthly or every 2 months resulted in more uniform color and turf quality and less clipping weights than with comparable heavy spring and fall fertilizations. Heavy N applications in the fall did not cause winter injury and produced significantly darker color and more uniform appearance in early spring than other N applications. All N-fertilization regimes increased shoot density, but spring fertilization stimulated density the most. Nitrogen applied monthly or every 2 months was enough to enhance the color, turf quality, and shoot density of the turf during the growing season but did not greatly affect the growth rate.     

THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT REGIME AND SUBSTRATE ON FLOWER PRODUCTIVITY AND LEAF MINERAL COMPOSITION IN TWO GERBERA CULTIVARS

This research evaluates the influence of light regime and substrate composition on the flower productivity and leaf macronutrient content of two gerbera cultivars (‘Ruby Red’ and ‘Vino’) grown in a greenhouse. A special emphasis was given to macro-element ratios in gerbera leaf. The results confirm positive influence of supplemental lighting on flower yield in both gerbera cultivars. Also, mixed substrate (coco fiber + rice husks) resulted with higher flower yield. Cultivar ‘Vino’ showed better productivity and significantly lower concentration of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) as compared to ‘Ruby Red’. The total flower productivity per plant correlated with some of the tested macronutrients in gerbera leaf (N, K, Mg) only in natural light conditions. Among all calculated leaf nutrient ratios, only P/Mg was significantly and positively correlated to flower yield, based on data from both light variants.     

INOCULATION EFFECTS OF PANTOEA AGGLOMERANS STRAINS ON GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PLUM

In this study, five non-pathogenic Pantoea agglomerans strains were utilized. The objective of this study was to test for biochemical characteristics of these strains, and to evaluate their inoculation effects on fruit set rate, fruit pomological traits, fruit chemical compositions and some vegetative parameters of plum cultivar ‘Stanley’. The results showed that some of the tested strains had beneficial effects on the fruit set rate, fruit pomological traits, fruit chemical composition and/or some vegetative growth parameters of plum in comparison to the control. In conclusion, tested Pantoea agglomerans strains (especially RK-85) are the suitable inoculants for plum cultivation in cold areas such as Erzurum, and these strains may be considered as biofertilizer and protector sensitive plants against frost damage by applying in suitable timing and dose.     

EFFECTS OF SALINITY AND SOIL ZINC APPLICATION ON GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PISTACHIO SEEDLINGS

The effects of four salinity levels [0, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg sodium chloride (NaCl) kg^?1 soil] and three zinc (Zn) levels [0, 5, and 10 mg kg^?1 soil as zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄.7 H₂O)] on growth and chemical composition of pistachio seedlings (Pistacia vera L.) cv. ‘Badami’ were studied in a calcareous soil under greenhouse conditions in a completely randomized design with three replications. After 26 weeks, the dry weights of leaves, stems and roots were measured and the total leaf area determined. Salinity decreased leaf, stem, and root dry weights and leaf area, while this effect diminished with increasing Zn levels. Zn fertilization increased leaf, stem and root Zn concentrations, leaf potassium (K) concentration, and stem and root sodium (Na) concentrations, while decreased leaf Na concentration, and stem and root K concentrations. Salinity stress decreased leaf, stem, and root Zn concentrations, and leaf K concentration, while salinity increased leaf, stem and root Na concentrations, and stem and root K concentrations. Proline accumulation increased with increasing salinity levels, whereas the reverse trend was observed for reducing sugar contents. Zn application decreased proline concentration but increased reducing sugar contents. These changes might have alleviated the adverse effects of salinity stress.     

NITROGEN SOURCE AND MANGANESE APPLICATION EFFECTS ON MANGANESE DYNAMICS IN THE RHIZOSPHERE OF WHEAT CULTIVARS GROWN ON MANGANESE-DEFICIENT SOILS

To study the effect of two different nitrogen (N) sources and manganese application on root-shoot relations and manganese (Mn) dynamics in the rhizosphere of two wheat cultivars, a screen house experiment was conducted using manganese-deficient soil. Significantly higher root length (RL), root surface area, shoot dry weight (SDW), root length density, and manganese uptake were recorded in calcium nitrate supplied plants of cultivar ‘WH 542’ when applied with calcium nitrate along with manganese rather than ammonium sulfate. Cultivar ‘PD W274’ produced 72% of the maximum RL and 77% of the maximum SDW under similar conditions. Results indicated that cultivar ‘WH 542’ was more manganese efficient than ‘PD W274’ and calcium nitrate was a better source of nitrogen than ammonium sulfate. However, maximum shoot manganese content was recorded in ammonium sulfate supplied plants, which was due to depletion of manganese at root surface to a lower value, causing higher concentration gradient and hence higher manganese influx to root.     

ALUMINUM EFFECTS ON GROWTH,PHOTOSYNTHESIS, AND MINERAL NUTRITION OF CACAO GENOTYPES

A solution culture experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with two cacao genotypes (Catongo and Theobahia). Plants were subjected to seven aluminum (Al) concentrations and Al effects on growth, photosynthesis, and mineral content were assessed. Inter-genotypic differences for F_o, F_m and F_v fluorescences, as well as for F_v/F_m, were observed with increasing Al concentrations. There was a decreasing of F_o, F_m, F_v and F_v/F_m for the Catongo. Increasing Al concentration decreased photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and leaf transpiration rate, however, inter-genotypic differences in these parameters were not observed. The Al-treatments decreased content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in different plant parts, with the exception of K content in stems of Theobahia and in leaves of both genotypes. Theobahia showed higher tolerance to Al phytotoxicity, manifested mainly in the higher levels of Al in the growth medium. Inter-genotypic differences were observed in the growth and mineral nutrition.     

AM真菌和施氮量对烟叶生长和部分矿质元素含量的影响

采用土培试验研究了不同施N水平下接种AM真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)对烤烟不同叶位烟叶生长和部分矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,接种AM真菌提高了烟草根系菌根侵染率,增加了烟叶总干重,其中对下位烟叶效果明显。在低N水平下,接种AM真菌提高了烟叶中N、K、Fe含量,在下位叶表现尤为显著。较高N水平下,提高了P含量,在3个叶位都有体现。Mg含量随施N量增加而提高,但处理与对照间差异不明显。施氮量为0.05~0.2g/kg土时,AM真菌接种效果最佳。     

卡那霉素对杨树和刺槐外植体生长与分化的影响

卡那霉素(Km)对中嘉8号杨芽苗生长具有明显的抑制作用,随着浓度的提高,芽苗存活率逐渐降低,当Km≥60 mg/L时,存活率为0。Km对宽叶刺槐茎段的分化和芽的生长有较大影响,Km=10 mg/L时,促进分化,分化频率达100%,高出对照11.1%;Km≥40mg/L时,抑制芽的生长,芽的黄化率为100%;Km≥60mg/L时,没有芽的分化。因此,中嘉8号杨、宽叶刺槐遗传转化用卡那霉素为选择剂是合适的。     

SILICON NUTRITION AND PHYTOPHTHORA DRECHSLERI INFECTION EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND MINERAL NUTRIENTS CONCENTRATION,UPTAKE, AND RELATIVE TRANSLOCATION IN HYDROPONIC-GROWN CUCUMBER

A hydroponic experiment was performed to investigate silicon (Si) and Phytophthora drechsleri root rot effects on growth and tissue partitioning of Si, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in two cucumber cultivars (Cucumis sativus L. cvs. ‘Dominus’ and ‘Super Dominus’). Root length, plant height, and root fresh weight were significantly decreased by P. drechsleri, which were all significantly alleviated by 1.0 mM Si. Increasing Si level in the nutrient solution was accompanied with its enhanced uptake by cucumbers. Plants infected with P. drechsleri transported lower Mn to shoot than non-infected plants. Influence of P. drechsleri infection on root Fe concentration was dependent on cucumber cultivar while a decrease in root Zn concentration was found in infected cucumbers. Silicon nutrition increased Zn and Fe uptake in both cucumber cultivars. It is suggested that Si nutrition improved the crop growth, particularly under biotic stress, and hereby, increased micronutrients uptake by cucumber.