PG和LOX对采后番茄果实软化及细胞超微结构的影响

以番茄 (Lycopersiconesculentum)品种‘丽春’为试验材料研究了果实采后多聚半乳糖醛酸酶 (PG)和脂氧合酶 (LOX)的活性变化与果实硬度的关系 ,并观察了细胞超微结构的变化。结果表明 ,随着果实采后呼吸强度和乙烯释放量不断增加 ,PG和LOX活性迅速增加 ,而果实硬度逐渐下降。呼吸强度和LOX活性高峰出现在发白期 (BR) ,而乙烯释放量高峰延迟至转色期 (TU)。PG活性随着果实的成熟逐渐增加 ,而LOX活性在发白期之后保持较高水平。分别用外源LOX和LOX加底物处理番茄组织切片 ,发现组织细胞的衰老进程加速 ,进而导致细胞膜瓦解、胞壁纤维松弛以及细胞器空胞化。PG和LOX都与果实的后熟软化有关 ,LOX与衰老的启动有关     

脱落酸对桃果实成熟软化和乙烯生物合成的影响

以"白丽"桃为试材,分析了果实室温条件下贮藏过程中外源ABA(脱落酸)处理和NDGA(去甲二氢化愈创木酸,ABA生物合成抑制剂)处理后多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶甲酯酶、ACC合成酶和ACC氧化酶含量的变化,探讨了在室温贮藏条件下ABA对果实成熟软化和乙烯生物合成的影响。结果表明:外源ABA处理可以提高多聚半乳糖醛酸酶和果胶甲酯酶的活性,加速果实硬度软化进程。外源ABA处理可以提高ACC合成酶和ACC氧化酶的活性,使果实乙烯释放量增加并且乙烯释放高峰提前出现。而NDGA处理则可以抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶的活性,果胶甲酯酶活性与清水相比虽然有降低,但抑制效果不显著。NDGA对果实硬度下降也有延缓作用。NDGA可以抑制ACC合成酶和ACC氧化酶的活性,从而降低乙烯释放量并且使乙烯释放高峰延时出现。     

不同熟期桃果实超微结构及相关代谢的研究

实验研究了不同熟期的大久保桃果肉超微结构变化、果实成熟过程中的乙烯释放规律、Ｌｏｘ酶活性、ＰＧ酶活性变化规律以及相关代谢。结果表明:(１)桃果实超微结构的成熟衰老变化先于乙烯高峰的出现和ＰＧ酶活性的快速上升,但乙烯、ＰＧ仍然是影响超微结构衰老变化的重要因素。(２)Ｌｏｘ可能是引起超微结构前期变化的因素。     

柿果实1 - 甲基环丙烯处理对成熟软化的影响

 研究了乙烯受体抑制剂1 - 甲基环丙烯(1-MCP) 处理对火柿果实成熟的影响。结果表明: 1-MCP 处理能显著抑制果实乙烯释放, 延缓其跃变出现时间, 推迟ACO (ACC 氧化酶) 活性峰及呼吸跃变,抑制采后初期ACO 的活性及呼吸速率的上升, 并能阻止硬度的下降, 推迟其成熟软化, 延长贮藏期。     

水杨酸在桃树抗逆生理中的研究进展(4)

2.8延缓果实衰老果实成熟和衰老是果实发育的最后阶段,该阶段直接关系到品质形成和贮藏保鲜。乙烯是一种气态植物激素,是决定果实成熟、衰老和贮藏期的关键因素。在乙烯合成途径中,1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（ACC）是乙烯合成的前体,ACC合成酶（ACS）,即乙烯合成酶（EFE）和ACC氧化酶（ACO）是控制乙烯合成的两种关键酶,二者在跃变型果实成熟衰老进程中均被诱导,并诱发乙烯自我催化大量合成乙烯（乙烯跃变）。     

桃果实采后脂氧合酶活性与内源乙烯对果实软化衰老的影响

以“南京白凤”桃果实为试验材料，研究了常温、低温和GA3处理条件下果实采后LOX(脂氧合酶)活性变化和内源乙烯发生规律。获得了后熟期间LOX活性与乙烯发生量的跃变型变化趋势；在果实软化衰老过程中，LOX启动膜脂过氧化作用导致果实软化衰老，同时内源乙烯的大量合成加速了果实的软化衰老速度；低温和GA3处理通过降低LOX活性和抑制内源乙烯合成，并延迟其高峰期的出现而延缓果实衰老进度。     

乙烯与脂氧合酶在番茄果实香气合成中的作用

通过对番茄成熟突变体和野生型果实香气物质、乙烯释放量、氢过氧化物裂解酶(HPL)、脂氧合酶(LOX)活性及基因表达的测定,明确LOX与乙烯在番茄果实香气物质合成中的作用。以番茄成熟突变体rin、nor、cnr、nr(均为乙烯合成缺陷突变体)、hp-1(高色素突变体,乙烯生成正常)和野生型Ailsa Craig(AC)为试材,分别在果实破色期(0 d)、破色3 d(3 d)和破色7 d(7 d)取果实,测定香气物质、乙烯释放量、LeHPL基因表达、LOX活性和TomloxC基因表达。结果表明,随着果实的成熟,4种乙烯合成突变体果实中的香气物质种类和含量与野生型AC相比均减少,但突变体hp-1果实中香气物质与AC无显著差异;rin、nor、cnr突变体中不产生乙烯,nr中产生少量乙烯,hp-1和AC果实中能正常生成乙烯;除AC果实外,突变体rin、nor、cnr果实中LOX酶活性和TomloxC基因表达水平均较低,而在hp-1和nr破色7 d果实中酶活性和基因表达量均最高;Le HPL表达量在AC和hp-1果实中随果实成熟显著增加,在nor破色7 d显著高于破色期(0 d)和破色3 d的,而在cnr、rin和nr破色7 d均显著下降。在乙烯合成缺陷突变体果实中香气物质种类和含量较野生型减少,且不能合成乙烯或合成少量乙烯,同时LOX酶活性降低,TomloxC及LeHPL表达下降,表明番茄果实香气物质合成的LOX途径是依赖乙烯的过程。     

杏果实成熟前后果肉硬度及软化相关酶活性的变化

为了探究不同杏品种果实成熟前后软化生理机制的差异,以软肉品种早金艳、硬肉品种金太阳为试验材料,比较了成熟前20 d至成熟后15 d果实果肉硬度、乙烯释放量以及活性氧代谢相关酶活性的变化。结果表明,果实成熟前20 d至成熟后15 d,果肉硬度持续下降,早金艳果实成熟前的果肉硬度大于金太阳,成熟后的果肉硬度小于金太阳,早金艳果实软化速度大于金太阳,在成熟前5 d至成熟后5 d尤其明显。乙烯释放量在前期一直处于较低水平,从果实成熟前10 d开始逐渐增加,成熟后5 d达峰值,此后下降;MDA含量和LOX活性一直呈上升趋势;CAT活性呈现为升—降—升—降的变化趋势,SOD活性呈现为降—升—降的变化趋势,POD活性呈现为先降后升的变化趋势,CAT、SOD和POD在成熟时均处于较低或最低水平。早金艳果实的乙烯释放量从成熟前5 d开始始终高于金太阳,尤其成熟前后5 d的乙烯释放量增量和增幅明显大于金太阳;早金艳果实的MDA含量和LOX活性始终高于金太阳;金太阳果实的POD活性一直高于早金艳,且CAT活性从成熟前5 d开始、SOD活性从成熟时开始也高于早金艳。     

1-MCP对不同成熟度粉红女士苹果贮藏生理和品质的影响

以粉红女士苹果为试材,研究了1-MCP对不同成熟度果实贮藏生理的影响。结果表明,用0.5μL/L的1-MCP在20℃下处理粉红女士苹果24h,显著降低果实在0℃贮藏期间呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率和ACC氧化酶活性,延缓果实硬度和可滴定酸含量下降。虽然不同成熟度的果实呼吸高峰和乙烯释放速率到达平台期的时间不同,但1-MCP处理对不同成熟度果实品质的影响无明显差异。SDS-PAGE分析表明粉红女士苹果在贮藏过程中出现了分子质量分别为37.1、18.0、16.6ku的3条特异性蛋白条带,1-MCP处理显著抑制特异蛋白表达,延缓特异蛋白出现的时间。     

转基因番茄果实成熟与乙烯含量的关系

为探索番茄果实成熟与乙烯的关系,测定了转反义NR和ACC基因突变体番茄果实不同发育期乙烯释放量的变化,结果显示:(1)NR2、NR17和NR18号转反义NR基因果实各期的乙烯含量变化规律与普通果实相同。(2)转反义 NR基因番茄果实与转反义ACC基因番茄果实不同,前者果实能正常成熟、但成熟延迟,后者不能正常成熟。(3)在转反义NR基因果实发育各期中,粉红期乙烯释放量最高。(4)转反义NR基因果实成熟各期乙烯的释放量均明显低于普通果实。说明乙烯受体蛋白基因——NR基因的表达在被抑制后,也反过来抑制了番茄果实乙烯的释放。(5)转反义NR基因果实在常温下贮藏,贮藏期延长了43d。     

Methyl jasmonate plays a role in fruit ripening of ‘Pajaro’ strawberry through stimulation of ethylene biosynthesis

The role of methyl jasmonate (MJ) in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv Pajaro) fruit ripening was investigated by monitoring its endogenous concentrations in fruit at various stages of development and the effects of exogenously applied MJ at these stages on ethylene biosynthesis. The concentration of endogenous trans-MJ was significantly higher in the white fruit (31.7–162.2 ng g⁻¹) and decreased sharply in half and fully ripe fruit. Higher concentrations of endogenous trans-MJ at the white stage of strawberry fruit development followed by a decline during fruit ripening indicate that MJ may play an important role in modulating fruit ripening. Significantly increased ethylene production was measured in the fruit when MJ was applied at white, half ripe and at fully ripe stage. The application of MJ (50 μM) resulted in significantly highest ethylene production and increased activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase as compared to all other treatments. The effect of exogenously applied MJ on ethylene production, ACC synthase and ACC oxidase activities was dependent on concentration of MJ applied and on fruit developmental stage. In conclusion, MJ in strawberry modulates fruit ripening, as its concentration is higher in white fruit and is declined with the progression of ripening and exogenous application of MJ increases ethylene production, activities of ACC oxidase and ACC synthase depending upon the concentration of MJ applied and fruit developmental stage.     

Chilling induced ethylene biosynthesis in ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit following storage

‘Hayward’ kiwifruit were stored at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20°C for 5, 12 and 17 days before rewarming to 20°C for 10 more days. Ethylene and CO₂ production, ACC, ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) activities, flesh and core firmness, soluble solids content (SSC) and flesh colour were measured. Kiwifruit stored at 0, 5, 10 and 15°C did not ripen, produce ethylene or show increases in ACS or ACO activity. Fruit stored for 5 days at the above temperatures, then rewarmed to 20°C, did not show any change during the following 10 days. Rewarmed fruit, pre-stored at 0–10°C for 12 days, started autocatalytic ethylene production within 24 h, followed by fruit ripening. Fruit stored at 15°C for 12 days needed 72 h to start ethylene autocatalyse and did not fully ripen during 10 days at 20°C. After 17 days storage at 0–15°C kiwifruit started autocatalytic ethylene production with no delay upon exposure to 20°C. Autocatalytic ethylene production correlated with increased ACC content, and increased activities of ACS and ACO. Fruit held continuously at 20°C started autocatalytic ethylene production after 19 days, with concomitant increases in ACC content, ACS and ACO activities and ripening. Respiration increased after rewarming, concomitantly with the increase in ethylene production.We concluded that exposing kiwifruit to chilling temperatures (0–10°C) for 12 days advanced ethylene biosynthesis and ripening when compared with fruit held continuously at 20°C. The advanced ethylene biosynthesis was due to increase ACS and ACO activities immediately upon rewarming of the fruit.     

Wound induced ethylene production from excised muskmelon fruit tissue

Summary

Previous studies indicate that physical damage or wounding increases the preclimacteric production of ethylene in muskmelon fruit (Cucumis melo L., var. reticulatus Naud.) by inducing 1-aminocylopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase. In our experiments, ethylene production increased in the cylinders of preclimacteric fruit tissue from an undetectable level to 125 nl g^?1 h^?1 within 24 h after excision but declined to less than 50 nl g^?1 at 48 h. Tissues subsampled from the inner portion of the original cylinder never exceeded 50 nl g^?1 h^?1 unless incubated for an additional 24 to 48 h after removal from the original cylinder. In contrast to ethylene production, ACC increased throughout all tissues in the original cylinder during the initial 48 h incubation. Wound induced increases in ACC were unaffected by inhibiting endogenous ethylene production with cobalt. The temporal and spatial patterns of wound induced ethylene production in preclimacteric muskmelon fruits are apparently determined by changes in the tissue’s ability to convert ACC to ethylene rather than the presence of ACC.     

乙烯对‘洛阳红’牡丹切花开放衰老进程及内源乙烯生物合成的影响

 以开花指数为1级的‘洛阳红’牡丹切花为试材,研究了外源乙烯和乙烯作用抑制剂1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）处理对其采后开花衰老进程中开花指数、花径增大率、瓶插寿命、内源乙烯生成量及乙烯生物合成关键酶ACC合成酶（ACS）和ACC氧化酶（ACO）活性的影响,从乙烯生物合成角度探讨了乙烯对其采后开花衰老的调节机理。结果表明,10 μL·L^-1乙烯处理6 h明显加快了‘洛阳红’花朵开放进程,缩短了切花的瓶插寿命,并促使其在盛开后出现严重落瓣;1.0 μL·L^-1 1-MCP处理6 h则延缓了花朵开放,延长了瓶插寿命,但却影响了部分切花的充分开放;内源乙烯的生成分别受乙烯和1-MCP处理的促进和抑制,与切花的开放衰老进程密切相关。不同处理后ACS、ACO酶活性分析表明,ACS活性变化与内源乙烯的生成相联系,是影响牡丹切花开放衰老进程的主要因子,这与目前得出的ACS是植物乙烯生物合成限速酶的研究结果相一致。     

The post-harvest ripening of water stressed banana fruits

SUMMARY

Maintaining banana fruit in a low humidity environment accelerated fruit ripening. This was reflected in an earlier increase in respiration and ethylene production and more advanced peel colour and pulp sugars. At the end of the trial the fruit kept in low humidity were yellow with green tips (stage 5) whereas those kept at high humidity were still green (stage 1-2). Fruit kept at low humidity did not show a large increase in pulp ethylene production compared with the fruits stored at high humidity. This difference occurred despite a large increase in the 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC) content of both samples, with the low humidity fruit preceding the high by two days. The peel ethylene production of the low humidity stored fruit increased dramatically as the fruit ripened, coinciding with an increase in ACC. The ACC oxidase activity of the peel reflected the ethylene production with a large increase in the low humidity stored fruit and a later, smaller increase in the high humidity stored fruit. The ACC oxidase activity of the pulp of both low and high humidity stored fruit increased gradually during storage. The changes in ethylene production are discussed with reference to banana ripening being regarded as co-ordinated by pulp ethylene production while the peel is passive, depending on pulp ethylene production for degreening.     

Ethylene treatment of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruits (Actinidia deliciosa) during ripening and its influence on ethylene biosynthesis and antioxidant activity

The aim of this investigation was to assess the influence of ethylene treatment on ethylene biosynthesis and on antioxidant activity in kiwifruits during ripening. Kiwifruits were treated with ethylene of 100 μg ml⁻¹ at 20 °C for 24 h and then the ripening process at the same temperature was observed for 10 additional days. It was found that in treated fruits: (a) the flesh firmness in the early stage of ripening was significantly decreased in treated samples, (b) the contents of free sugars, soluble solids, ethylene, respiration and sensory value were increased and were significantly higher than in untreated fruits, (c) the ethylene biosynthesis was increased simultaneously with increase in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content, ACC synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) activities, (d) the polyphenols content and the related antioxidant activity were increased significantly higher than in the untreated fruits and (e) the acidity and pH were not influenced by ethylene treatment.     

振动胁迫对桃果实衰老的影响

振动胁迫刺激桃果实的衰老进程，表现为呼吸上升，超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性下降，脂肪氧化酶（ＬＯＸ）激活、乙烯与ＭＤＡ生成量增加和膜透性增大。对振动敏感的品种，在解除振动后的初期，超氧物歧化酶活性明显高于对照，认为是果实抗振动胁迫的应激反应。     

一氧化氮对番茄果实采后成熟和Le-ETR4基因表达的影响

以破色期的‘卡罗’番茄果实为试材,研究了NO供体硝普钠（SNP）50 μmol · L-1处理30 min对番茄果实采后成熟的作用,并采用Northern杂交技术检测NO对番茄乙烯受体基因Le-ETR4表达的影响。结果表明,50 μmol · L-1 SNP处理降低了番茄果实的乙烯释放速率,抑制了ACC氧化酶（ACC oxidase,ACO）、纤维素酶（Cellulase）和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（Polygalacturonase,PG）的活性,延缓了果实的色泽变化和软化,同时显著抑制了番茄乙烯受体基因Le-ETR4的表达。以上结果说明NO主要通过抑制番茄乙烯的生物合成和乙烯受体基因表达来控制成熟相关酶的活性,NO可以在生理水平和乙烯受体水平调控番茄果实的成熟。     

鸭梨,茌梨果实采前乙烯生物合成特性研究

鸭梨、茌梨果实均从盛花后１４５天进入呼吸跃变，同时伴随着乙烯释放高峰的出现。鸭梨的乙烯合成酶（ＥＦＥ）活性和氨基环丙烷羧酸（ＡＣＣ）含量高于茌梨，乙烯释放量的峰值是茌梨的４倍，两品种果实的ＥＦＥ活性变化与果实的呼吸跃变和乙烯释放量的变化同步，ＡＣＣ含量自盛花后１３５天，一直呈止升趋势。两品种果实内含有亚精胺、腐胺和精胺三种内源多胺，亚精胺与梨果实乙烯生物合成有关。     

Characterisation of respiration,ethylene production,and carbohydrate contents during flower opening in Epidendrum ibaguense

Summary

The opening of flowers in Epidendrum ibaguense is characterised by continuous drops in respiration, ethylene production, and 1-aminocyclopropone-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase activity from the bud stage to fully open. Later, an increase in ethylene production and ACC oxidase activity occurred, suggesting autocatalytic production of ethylene, beginning at an early stage of senescence. Regardless of developmental stage, the main non-structural carbohydrates in flowers were non-reducing sugars [23.7% (w/w) fresh weight (FW)]. Starch accounted for 3.1% (w/w) FW and reducing sugars for 0.7% (w/w) FW. No depletion in the level of any carbohydrate was observed throughout senescence. At the beginning of floral senescence, a sharp increase occurred in the activities of acid and alkaline invertases, suggesting a role for both enzymes in the cleavage of sucrose. However, no major changes in sucrose synthase activity were found during flower development.