利用果胶酶澄清余甘果汁的研究

以新鲜余甘果为原料,用果胶酶作为澄清剂,研究果胶酶用量、酶解温度、酶解时间和果汁pH值对余甘果原汁澄清效果的影响,确定用果胶酶澄清余甘果汁的最佳条件。结果表明,果胶酶法澄清余甘果汁的最佳工艺条件是:果胶酶用量0.16%,酶解温度55℃,酶解时间80min,果汁pH值为4.5。     

黑曲霉J6有机磷农药降解酶固定化条件的研究

为了制备有机磷农药水体或土壤污染修复剂,对黑曲霉J6有机磷农药降解酶的粗酶液固定化条件进行优化研究,首先制备黑曲霉J6有机磷农药降解酶的粗酶液,然后分别对海藻酸钠和CaCL2浓度以及固定化时间等固定化条件进行优化,得出其粗酶液的最佳包埋条件。研究结果表明其粗酶液最佳固定化条件为：2%海藻酸钠,4% CaCl2,包酶量20%,（其中蛋白含量为0.15 mg/mL）,固定化时间4 h,在最佳条件下固定化粗酶液成球较易,比较规则,弹性好,强度较高,并且相对酶活最高。本研究成功地对黑曲霉J6有机磷农药降解酶的粗酶液的固定化条件进行了优化研究,得出了最佳包埋条件。     

交联壳聚糖磁性微球的制备及固定化果胶酶研究

以交联壳聚糖磁性微球为载体制备固定化果胶酶,并研究固定化酶的酶学性质与操作稳定性。通过Fe3O4磁核与壳聚糖制备磁性微球载体,戊二醛交联后对果胶酶进行固定,利用正交试验确定固定化酶制备条件,比较研究了固定化酶与游离酶的酶学性质。结果表明：在Fe2+:Fe3+体积比为1:1的溶液中,制得Fe3O4磁核;1 g Fe3O4磁核,3.0%壳聚糖,在3.0%戊二醛中交联4 h,3.0 mg/mL果胶酶在pH 4.0下固定化反应1 h,制备的固定化酶酶活力的回收率高达68.4%。对固定化酶酶学特性研究表明：最适pH 4.0,最适温度50℃,酸碱稳定性范围为pH 2.6~5.6,温度稳定性得到提高,70℃下剩余酶活力为82.8%,米氏常数Kmapp值为1.38 mg/mL,固定化酶连续使用6次还保留61.0%酶活力。说明以交联壳聚糖磁性微球为载体制备的固定化果胶酶,机械强度大、弹性好,酶活力回收率较高,操作稳定性好。     

果胶酶澄清石榴汁的工艺优化

以新疆石榴原汁为材料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验筛选果胶酶澄清石榴汁的工艺条件。结果表明,果胶酶澄清石榴汁最佳工艺为:果胶酶添加量64.32 U/100 m L,酶解时间35 min,酶解温度45℃,经该工艺条件澄清后石榴汁的透光率为91.39%,花色苷含量为89.74 mg/100 g。     

果胶酶澄清葡萄汁的工艺研究

采用果胶酶澄清葡萄汁工艺效果研究,通过单因素与正交试验确定最佳工艺条件,结果表明,果胶酶澄清葡萄汁的最佳工艺为酶用量0.04g/L、酶解温度50℃、酶解时间50min,用此工艺条件澄清的葡萄汁透光率在83.7%以上,可溶性固形物含量基本不变。     

果胶酶在制备澄清型香蕉汁中的工艺研究

澄清型香蕉汁的制备中,果胶酶应用的工艺条件对产品的品质有很大影响。分别考察了果胶酶的添加量、温度、反应时间等因素对香蕉汁澄清度的影响,并通过正交试验发现,反应温度55℃,反应时间为150 min,果胶酶质量浓度为0.09 g/L,果汁的透光率最大为76.74%。     

果胶酶对香蕉汁澄清的工艺研究

研究了果胶酶对香蕉汁的工艺澄清条件,结果表明,采用果胶酶对香蕉汁进行澄清处理,果胶酶添加量为0.03%,在pH值为3.5,温度为45℃,处理60min,果汁的透光率大于97%。果胶酶能有效地去除香蕉汁中的果胶物质。     

米曲霉HDF-7菌体固定化方法的筛选及其优化

米曲霉(Apergillus oryzae)菌体固定化产酶及其应用一直是人们研究的热点,筛选出一种适应需要的固定化方法极其重要。利用从传统豆酱中分离得到的米曲霉HDF-7 作为出发菌株,筛选出最佳的固定化方法,并研究各单因素对固定化菌球蛋白酶酶活保留率的影响,通过正交设计实验确定各单因素的最佳组合。结果表明,最佳固定化方法为海藻酸钠法,在海藻酸钠浓度2%时,蛋白酶酶活保留率最高为(27.77±0.80)%,菌体浓度为1:15,固定化时间为2.5 h,CaCl2浓度为3%,正交实验最高蛋白酶酶活保留率为38.67%。本研究通过米曲霉HDF-7 菌体筛选出最佳的固定化方法并对该方法进行优化,进而确定最佳发酵条件并应用到固态发酵中,为固定化方法的选择提供了依据。     

仙人掌复合果蔬汁饮料的工艺研究

以米邦塔食用仙人掌为主要原料,配以黄瓜、猕猴桃为辅料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验,研究仙人掌复合果蔬汁饮料的制备工艺与配方。确定原料适宜的热烫护色条件为:仙人掌:80℃温度下处理1 min;黄瓜:70℃温度下处理4 min;猕猴桃:70℃温度下处理20 s;仙人掌原汁澄清的工艺条件为:果胶酶用量150 mg/kg,pH 4~4.6,温度35℃,处理14 h;猕猴桃原汁澄清的工艺条件为:酶用量50 mg/kg,pH 4~4.6,温度35℃,处理4 h。复合果蔬汁的最佳配方为:仙人掌汁10%,黄瓜汁2.5%,猕猴桃汁7.5%,蔗糖6.5%,柠檬酸0.08%。采用此工艺与配方制得的仙人掌复合果蔬汁饮料澄清透明,性状稳定,口感清凉,风味独特,营养丰富,具有一定的保健功能。     

酶解对青梅汁澄清效果的影响

采用单因素试验,分别研究了果胶酶和纤维素酶澄清青梅汁的最佳工艺条件。设计复合酶澄清青梅汁的4因素3水平正交试验,以透光率和出汁率为指标,确定澄清青梅汁的最适工艺条件为:果胶酶用量为0.07%,纤维素酶用量为0.08%,酶解时间为3.5h,酶解温度为40℃,青梅汁的透光率和出汁率分别为79.43%和77.29%。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.