HACCP在玉米汁饮料生产中的应用

应用HACCP体系的基本原理和方法,分析了玉米汁饮料加工生产中可能出现的主要质量安全问题和关键环节,确定了关键控制点及相应的监控与预防措施,制订了玉米汁饮料生产的HACCP计划。HACCP体系在玉米汁饮料生产中的应用,可有效保证产品的质量安全。     

浅谈鲜食玉米加工技术

概述了鲜食玉米的甜玉米汁饮料加工技术、鲜食玉米真空软包装技术、鲜食玉米速冻加工技术及玉米笋加工工艺技术,分析了目前我国鲜食玉米加工中存在的问题,并提出了今后的发展对策.     

原子荧光光谱法测定长春市售玉米汁中铅的含量

铅是一种易于沉积在骨骼中造成中毒的重金属。介绍了玉米汁的加工发展现状、铅的危害,论述了玉米汁饮料中铅的来源及检测方法。对最佳试验条件进行了优化,确定了氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法的最佳工作条件:灯电流80 mA,光电倍增管负高压-320 V,主气流量(载气)500 mL/min,屏蔽气流量(辅气)800 mL/min,泵速70 r/min,最后测定了长春市市售玉米汁中的铅的含量并进行了分析。     

东北黏玉米汁饮料工艺研究

利用东北地产黏玉米作为主要生产原材料,确定东北黏玉米汁饮料的工艺条件为料水比1∶6,液化酶(α-淀粉酶)、糖化酶用量及各自的酶解时间和酶解温度分别是0.25%,90 min,78℃和0.2%,3 h,50℃。确定玉米汁饮料调配时各组分的添加量,玉米糖化汁为75%,柠檬酸为0.3%,白砂糖为5%,氯化钠为0.2%,此时的玉米汁饮料风味最佳。成品的灭菌温度和时间分别是95℃,5 min。     

双玫汁饮料工艺配方优化研究

为研发以玫瑰茄原汁为基础原料生产双玫汁饮料的最优加工配方,先以单因素随机区组实验探索玫瑰花汁、蔗糖、果葡糖浆、柠檬酸添加量对双玫汁外观品质的影响,在此基础上采用正交设计实验,探索生产双玫汁所需玫瑰花汁、蔗糖、果葡糖浆、柠檬酸添加量的最优配比。单因素随机区组试验结果表明,玫瑰花原汁主要影响双玫汁饮料的玫瑰香味品质,其用量宜在2%-4%之间,蔗糖主要影响双玫汁饮料的甜度,其用量宜在3%-4%, 果葡萄糖浆主要调节双玫汁饮料的甜味感和减少蔗糖的用量,其用量宜在2%-4%,柠檬酸主要影响双玫汁饮料的酸味舒适感, 其用量宜在2%-4%。正交试验结果表明,生产双玫汁饮料最佳调配方案为：浓度1.25%的玫瑰茄浸提汁+4%玫瑰花汁添+2%蔗糖+2.5%果葡糖浆+0.12%柠檬酸。通过该工艺加工的双玫汁饮料,颜色柔玫红、玫瑰香味诱人,营养丰富,是一种绿色养生的花卉饮料,本研究能为企业生产加工双玫汁饮料提供一定的理论依据。     

玉米须苦瓜复合饮料研究

利用酶法提取玉米须中多糖功能成分,榨取苦瓜汁并经脱色处理,经科学调配后加工制成玉米须苦瓜复合饮料。结果表明,采用响应面试验设计和优化酶法提取玉米须多糖的最佳工艺条件为纤维素酶添加量4.2%,酶解温度50℃,pH值5.5,酶解时间2 h,多糖提取率为10.65%。采用单因素试验和正交试验,确定复合饮料的最佳配方为玉米须多糖提取液30%,苦瓜汁20%,木糖醇6%,柠檬酸0.15%,β-环状糊精0.3%,以及稳定剂组合CMC和黄原胶添加量分别为0.1%和0.1%,所制得的复合饮料口感清爽、风味独特。     

普通玉米饮料的研制

研究了以普通玉米籽粒为原料加工谷物饮料的生产工艺,得出了普通玉米饮料加工的关键技术,通过该技术可以得到营养价值高,口感较好的普通玉米饮料。     

稳定剂对玉米汁水溶性膳食纤维饮料影响的研究

研究稳定剂对玉米汁水溶性膳食纤维饮料稳定性的影响,确定最佳稳定剂添加量。利用酶法分离提取水溶性膳食纤维,并加入玉米汁饮料中,以产品的感官评分和混浊稳定系数为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验对稳定剂进行筛选,确定提高产品稳定性的最佳稳定剂添加量。稳定性研究表明,黄原胶、海藻酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠对玉米汁水溶性膳食纤维饮料的影响较大;单因素试验结果表明,黄原胶最佳添加量为0.12%,海藻酸钠最佳添加量为0.10%,羧甲基纤维素钠最佳添加量为0.15%;正交试验结果表明,复配稳定剂最佳配方为黄原胶添加量0.12%,海藻酸钠添加量0.20%,羧甲基纤维素钠添加量0.15%,此时产品的稳定性较好。稳定剂复配使用可以增加玉米汁水溶性纤维饮料的稳定性,并能得到良好的感官性状。     

双酶法玉米汁饮料的研制

以新鲜玉米为原料,经过粉碎、糊化等工艺处理后,对酶解的工艺进行研究,分别测定玉米汁饮料在高温α-淀粉酶和糖化酶的不同酶解条件下的DE值,以确定2种酶最佳的工艺参数。通过感官评价的方法,进一步确定蔗糖和稳定剂的添加量,保证玉米汁饮料的最佳口感以及合适的稳定效果。结果表明,高温α-淀粉酶酶解玉米汁的工艺参数为加酶量20 U/g,酶解时间60 min,酶解温度80℃;糖化酶的酶解工艺参数为加酶量200 U/g,糖化时间5 h,糖化温度60℃。选择蔗糖添加量1.0 g/100 mL时,玉米汁饮料甜度适宜、口感清爽;选择黄原胶和CMC作为稳定剂,其中黄原胶添加量0.2%,CMC添加量0.1%达到较好的稳定效果。     

橄榄汁饮料的研制

研究了橄榄汁饮料的加工工艺。结果表明,采用质量分数为0.005%的果胶酶,酶解温度25℃,酶解时间60min,可获得理想的产率,橄榄汁的产率可提高为20%。通过调配(添加稳定剂、防腐剂、调节糖酸比),可生产出色、香、味俱佳的橄榄汁饮料。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.