不同涂膜处理对樱桃番茄保鲜效果的影响

以樱桃番茄为试材,以大豆分离蛋白(SPI)、蜂蜡、芦荟原汁等不同组合作为涂膜材料对樱桃番茄进行涂膜处理,通过测定樱桃番茄的失重率、硬度、颜色、可溶性固形物含量和pH等指标,研究不同涂膜处理对樱桃番茄保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,2%大豆分离蛋白+30%芦荟原汁+0.2%蜂蜡复合涂膜可以降低樱桃番茄失重率,有效维持番茄果实的硬度、颜色、可溶性固形物含量及pH,对樱桃番茄的保鲜具有明显效果。     

壳聚糖涂膜对冬枣室温条件下生理生化的影响

以壳聚糖为成膜物质制得可食性涂膜保鲜剂,研究其不同浓度(1%,1.5%,2%)对冬枣生理生化效果的影响.结果表明,涂膜处理可以明显地抑制冬枣果实硬度下降,可溶性固形物含量下降,酸含量下降,VC含量下降和叶绿素分解及多酚氧化酶活性.其中以1.5%壳聚糖涂膜处理效果最佳.     

贮藏温度对马铃薯品质和采后生理的影响

以青薯9号马铃薯为试材,研究不同贮藏温度(4、10、15、20℃)对150 d贮藏期间马铃薯块茎品质及采后生理的影响。结果表明,贮藏过程中,马铃薯块茎淀粉含量随贮藏时间的延长呈下降趋势,还原糖含量、发芽率、失重率、腐烂率以及相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量呈上升趋势,过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性呈先上升后下降的趋势。贮藏温度不同对马铃薯贮藏期间的品质及生理的影响不同,20℃下马铃薯块茎的贮藏品质及生理劣变最快,其次是15℃和10℃,4℃条件下贮藏能够较好地保持马铃薯块茎的商品价值和食用价值。     

茶多酚-海藻酸钠涂膜处理对草鱼储藏品质的影响

对茶多酚-海藻酸钠复合涂膜提升储藏过程中草鱼品质的可行性进行了研究。在1.5%海藻酸钠溶液中分别加入0、1%、2%、3%(m/m)的茶多酚,制成茶多酚与海藻酸钠复合涂膜剂处理草鱼片,并以不作涂膜处理为对照组（CK）,考察草鱼储藏过程中鱼肉的持水性、pH、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS）及质构特性的变化。结果表明：与对照组相比,茶多酚-海藻酸钠涂膜组草鱼品质变化程度明显较低,并且涂膜中茶多酚含量越高,鱼肉品质保持越好。由此说明,茶多酚-海藻酸钠涂膜能够有效控制鱼肉品质的劣变,保鲜效果良好,且以3.0%茶多酚+海藻酸钠涂膜组处理保鲜效果最佳,能够有效延长鱼肉的储藏期6 d左右。     

紫色马铃薯醋饮料的配方及稳定剂的优化

以紫色马铃薯为原料制得紫色马铃薯醋饮料,以感官评定为指标,对紫色马铃薯醋饮料配方进行优化,以离心沉淀率为指标对其稳定剂进行优化。结果显示,优化后的紫色马铃薯醋饮料的配方中各物质添加量为醋15%,木糖醇10%,蜂蜜1.8%;稳定剂添加量为羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)0.1%,黄原胶0.02%,海藻酸钠0.12%。在加工过程中对紫色马铃薯中花青素进行追踪,产品中花青素含量保持在70.95 mg/100 g。     

臭氧处理解决马铃薯淀粉微生物超标问题的研究

用臭氧对不同品种马铃薯淀粉处理,以探讨其对马铃薯淀粉中微生物的杀灭作用及对马铃薯淀粉品质的影响。试验表明,臭氧对马铃薯淀粉具有显著的杀菌作用,菌落总数比对照组减少60%,经臭氧处理后,不同品种马铃薯淀粉在白度、电导率、pH值、糊化温度等主要特性上没有显著影响,但臭氧体积浓度过高时,马铃薯淀粉的峰值黏度下降,其中臭氧体积分数控制在50×10-6以内,对马铃薯淀粉表面只产生极微弱的氧化作用,不影响淀粉内在品质变化。     

涂膜对鸭肉储藏期品质的影响

以壳聚糖、明胶等为主要原辅料制作壳聚糖-明胶涂膜液,对新鲜生、熟鸭肉进行涂膜,考察在（0±1）℃储藏条件下,涂膜后的鸭肉与未处理的鸭肉在储藏期内水分含量、pH、色泽、酸价、MDA含量、羰基含量等指标的变化。结果表明：储藏期内,无论生、熟鸭肉,涂膜对其水分含量、a*值、酸价、MDA含量、羰基含量均有较好的改善,而对于鸭肉的pH及L*值影响不明显。涂膜处理能较好地改善鸭肉储藏期间的品质,是一种鸭肉保鲜的有效措施。     

番木瓜货架期的防腐保鲜技术研究

为了研究番木瓜货架期的复合防腐保鲜技术,以番木瓜为试材,采用生物(Nisin)、化学(咪鲜胺)与涂膜(大豆分离蛋白、海藻酸钠)相结合的方法,以各项感官指标和理化指标做评价,对黄熟过程的番木瓜进行防腐保鲜效果研究。结果表明,最佳复合防腐保鲜工艺条件为:0.3 g/L Nisin与0.35 g/L咪鲜胺复配成复合防腐剂,处理番木瓜2 min,1%(V/V)乙烯利喷雾处理,再以3%大豆分离蛋白、0.3%海藻酸钠制成pH 7.0的复合涂膜液进行涂膜。通过此联合防腐处理,可有效延缓番木瓜的腐烂指数及失重率的上升,抑制VC和TSS含量的下降,防腐保鲜效果显著,也利于番木瓜黄熟指数的上升。     

多糖涂膜对冷冻面团的保鲜研究

选取羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、海藻酸钠、卡拉胶、罗望子胶、果胶6种多糖基材对面团进行涂膜处理,考查其在-20℃下冷冻贮藏7 d期间的品质及加工特定变化。结果表明,冷冻面团在贮藏中逐渐失水、硬度降低、弹性增加,油炸后面饼咀嚼性与硬度下降、含油率提高。涂膜能够延缓面团冷冻时的水分损失、改善冷冻面团和油饼质构、降低油饼吸油率,其中海藻酸钠效果最好,HPMC和CMC效果次之。研究结果为进一步提高冷冻面团产品的贮藏品质提供了一定的科学依据和理论指导。     

不同包装方式对脐橙采后贮藏品质的影响

以赣南脐橙为材料,研究了果蜡涂膜、聚乙烯薄膜(PE膜)单果包装对脐橙好果率、失重率、主要内在品质及色泽等方面的影响。结果表明,常温(10～20℃,相对湿度70%～80%)贮藏30 d,聚乙烯薄膜(PE膜)单果包装处理较果蜡涂膜处理与对照组相比,能够显著提高脐橙的好果率,降低失重率,同时有利于提升果实内在品质及果皮色泽,提高了其耐贮性。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.