A political ecology of violence and territory in West Kalimantan

Abstract: This paper uses a political ecology perspective to examine relationships between violence and territory in West Kalimantan, focusing on the violent incidents of 1996–1997 and 1967–1968. Besides a regional account, the paper examines some of the ways residents of one village were drawn into and chose to participate in violence. The author concludes that while regional analyses can identify broad patterns, local analyses enable a greater understanding of both variation and the processes by which ethnic categories are constructed through violence.     

Resources,representation, and authority in Jharkhand,India

Abstract: Jharkhand is at the centre of India's struggles to define ‘the environment’ and ‘economically relevant natural resources’. Although cultural labels are applied by leaders who seek influence in these struggles as well as by many of those people who listen, an ethnonational analytic frame does not help answer the questions: How, why and when has the political idea of environment changed in India? When and why has the Jharkhand movement chosen violent tactics? When and why has the Jharkhand statehood movement realised electoral success? Or, why was Jharkhand state formed? To address such questions, a long range historical‐institutional approach is much more fruitful.     

Introduction: Natural resources and ethnic conflicts in Asia Pacific

Abstract: The papers in this special issue are the product of a comparative interdisciplinary workshop on ‘Natural Resources and Violent Ethnic Conflicts in the Asia Pacific Region’ held in Honolulu, Hawaii, 18–20 March 2005. The workshop brought together scholars who study conflicts between ethnic groups and those who study conflicts over natural resource claims in order to examine the interplay of resources and ethnicity and to seek answers to the question of why violence occurs in some cases and not in others. Both sets of scholars agreed on some points but disagreed on others. They agreed that ethnic and resource grievances occur not so much out of objective deprivation but out of ‘relative deprivation’ when groups compare their situation with others, to the past, or to future expectations. They both stressed the role of democratic processes in alleviating resource competition and ethnic conflicts – but they did this in different ways. The perspectives and solutions offered by these papers sum to a deeper and more contextualised understanding of the cause of conflict and to mutually reinforcing solutions for resolving them.     

History and geography of identifications related to resource conflicts and ethnic violence in Northern Thailand

Abstract: Resource conflicts often intensify ethnic violence and vice versa. However, in specific cases situations can be more complex than they appear. To understand this phenomenon, this chapter takes incidents of violence in Northern Thailand as a point of departure to explain how the historical construction of ethnic identification is tied to the spatial division of highlands and lowlands. I argue that these incidents of violence are not just about resource scarcity but also about notions of forests and highlands as places of wildness and lowlands as the source of civilisation. The current adoption of a nature conservation discourse among Thais puts forests and hills into a battlefield of perceived resource degradation. Some situations have been aggravated to the point that violence has been perpetuated against ethnic highlanders by lowlanders who have adopted orthodox science and nationalist sentiments drawn from a history and geography of ethnic identification. Taking a political ecology approach, this article highlights the interplay among resources, access rights, identity, history, polity, and space to unveil the complexity and specificity of ethnic violence.     

Blood,timber, and the state in West Kalimantan,Indonesia

Abstract: West Kalimantan (West Borneo) has a history of violent communal conflict.¹ It also has extensive forests that have been looted for decades. The argument will be that these two are linked, but not by the grievances of the forest dwellers. Except in its first few days, the two main episodes of 1997 and 1999 were not driven mainly by grievances among marginal groups. Rather, explanations based on the ‘resource curse’ carry more weight. These focus attention on the contested nature of the state, rather than on rebellious activities of marginal groups. When state institutions were thrown into disarray by the sudden resignation of President Suharto in 1998, Dayak militants already close to state power rewrote the rules of local politics by demonstratively ‘cleansing’ certain areas of an unpopular immigrant minority. This theatrical manoeuvre impressed political rivals sufficiently to allow Dayaks to gain control over several timber‐rich districts, which had a thriving black economy. Malays later imitated these techniques to stem the tide.     

Political contestation,resource control and conservation in an era of decentralisation at Indonesia's Kerinci Seblat National Park

Since the fall of long‐time strongman Suharto and his authoritarian ‘New Order’ government in 1998, Indonesia has embarked upon a series of decentralisation and democratisation reforms. This new era of decentralised politics has come to be known as Reformasi and has significantly altered the political landscape of the archipelago as national and subnational levels of administration continue to contest the balance of power. Indonesia's national parks, which remain under the authority of the national government, have become arenas for negotiated encounters between local resource users, aspiring district elites and the national government. This essay explores three legacies of incomplete and unfinished decentralisation as they related to national‐park‐based conservation, using Sumatra's Kerinci Seblat National Park as a case study.     

树立现代政治意识，提高农民的政治素质

随着传统社会向现代社会的转换,农民的政治意识发生了重大变化。对于中国这样的发展中国家来说,使数亿农民转变传统的那种盲从的、封闭的政治意识,树立起现代的、理性的、开放的政治意识,有着更加特殊的必要性和重要性。农民应当树立的现代政治意识的主要内容包括社会主义、集体主义、爱国主义意识;政治主体意识和政治参与意识;改革、开放、发展意识;民主意识、平等意识和公民意识;人权意识;法律意识等几个方面。要使农民树立起现代政治意识,必须进行多方面的努力,这至少应包括：第一、对农民进行民主启蒙,提高农民的参政素质;第二、加强农村思想政治工作,提高农民的思想道德素质;第三、加强农村普法工作和社会治安工作,增强农民的法制观念;第四、加强农村基层民主政治建设,搞好村民自治工作。     

From free to forced adaptation: A political ecology of the ‘state‐society‐flood’ nexus in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

This paper investigates the adaptation processes with reference to the narrative analysis of human–environment interactions in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. From the political ecology perspective, it focuses on the discourses of the power relationships embedded within the ‘state‐society‐flood’ nexus over the course of its ‘opening‐up and closing‐off’ processes (e.g. excavating large‐scale canals for human settlements and agricultural expansion (opening‐up) and human interventions into natural systems through water control structures (closing‐off)). Drawing on empirical data gathered from 33 interviews and nine focus group discussions in three study areas and relevant literature, the paper argues that human interactions with the flood environments are intertwined with adjustments of adaptation patterns as evidenced through three periods: free adaptation (pre‐1975), transitional adaptation (1976–2010) and forced adaptation (after 2010). These processes have witnessed a gradual power shift in the ‘state‐society’ relations in manipulating floods, which moves from the top‐down towards a more collaborative fashion. By unravelling the political ecology of the ‘state‐society‐flood’ nexus, this paper exhibits the skewed development in the delta, which is largely bound to short‐term development planning to prioritise local socio‐economic and political objectives. The paper contributes important policy implications for achieving socially just and environmentally sustainable development in the delta.     

Taking a climate chance: a procedural critique of Vietnam's climate change strategy

This article asks through what processes and for which interests the emerging Vietnamese climate change strategy is being designed, and if, ultimately, it is likely or not to be effective in the face of the looming threat. Through a review of an emerging body of literature and field observations, the paper finds the strategy partial and problematic in several ways. Its technocratic process prevents a pluralist representation of interests, obfuscating and perpetuating sectorial ones, at the expense of a more transparent and democratic resource allocation. The strategy therefore reflects and reinforces existing power relations in both politics and production. It feeds into a business-as-usual complacency, protecting national and international interests vested in unchallenged continuity, even when considering post-carbon technological fixes, which largely serve to expand capital accumulation opportunities. The article concludes that the national climate change strategy provides an illusion of intervention and security, but largely fails to identify and mitigate the underlying causes of climate change, or to lay the ground for a robust mid- and long-term adaptation strategy that can cope with yet unknown levels of climatic and other structural changes.     

福建滨海湿地生态气象监测方法及指标体系研究

利用福建滨海湿地分布区所属基本气象观测站1971-2009年的气象资料,采用平行观测方法进行小气候观测,通过气候分析,总结福建滨海湿地生态气象监测方法和指标体系,揭示光照、温度、降水量、大风等气象因子对湿地生态的利弊影响,为科学管理、趋利避害提供依据。结果表明：福建滨海湿地生态气象监测方法简单可靠,指标体系完整科学;应用湿润指数(K)进行生态质量气象评价,能为生态建设科学决策服务。根据气象指标和植物生物量指标分析温度对红树林生育和闽江口互花米草生育的影响,为促进红树林发展、控制互花米草蔓延提供依据。研究结果对于福建滨海湿地生态保护、合理开发和利用具有重要的指导意义。     

农村金融生态环境关键影响因素的辨识与分析

农村金融生态环境受到系统内外许多因素制约,确定影响农村金融生态环境的关键影响因素成为农村金融生态环境改善的重要环节。利用DEMATEL方法,从各因素之间的相互影响关系出发,建立直接影响矩阵并求出综合影响矩阵,通过计算各因素的影响度、被影响度、中心度,考察因素综合影响关系,确定了农村金融生态环境的关键影响因素并对其进行系统分析,提出了改善农村金融生态环境的建议。     

“食品营养学”课程思政元素的融合及思政目标达成路径

食品营养学课程思政将打破思政课程孤军作战的态势,充分利用课程本身思政元素丰富的优势,弥补思政课程理论性较强、吸引力不足的缺陷,增强课堂亲和力和感染力。食品营养学所蕴含的丰富思政元素为课程思政提供了良好的可行性,食品营养学课程思政势在必行。课程思政元素在融合过程中应尊重课程本身的属性和规律,讲究融合的技巧和策略,从而达到较好的思政效果。     

龙岩市家养水禽寄生蠕虫的群落生态分析

2008-2010年对闽西山区（龙岩市所辖的七个县市区）进行家养水禽寄生蠕虫的种类分布调查,并以随机抽检的309只水禽体内的所有寄生蠕虫群体作为一个生态群落抽样单位,计算出18种寄生蠕虫种群的生态特征值,然后进行寄生蠕虫的群落生态分析。结果表明：优势种为裂刺四棱线虫和卷棘口吸虫,次优势种为美丽膜壳绦虫、福建单睾绦虫、冠双盔绦虫、鸭对体吸虫、似椎低颈吸虫、分歧单睾绦虫、楔形前殖吸虫、东方次睾吸虫、鸭瓣口线虫、台湾束首线虫。除了细背孔吸虫和大多形棘头虫属于随机分布外,其它16种蠕虫属于聚集分布,聚集度最高的是大膜壳绦虫,其次是矛形剑带绦虫、东方次睾吸虫、宫川棘口吸虫和鸭瓣口线虫。     

浅谈高校学生思想政治工作的特点与要求

简要分析了高校学生的思想特点。针对各个阶段大学生的两种思想状态,分别从思想认同性、情感依赖性、意识独立性、知识广泛性等方面进行分析比较。对思想教育者提出要求:贴近实际,贴近学生,提高自身素质,更好地服务学生,努力构建和谐师生关系。     

Work and struggle of fishing livelihoods in the Delta: Development and ‘new’ change along the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River,Myanmar

Fishing constitutes a key source of income and food for rural communities worldwide. This is the case in predominantly rural Myanmar (World Fish, 2019), particularly in the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River Delta. Fishing has long been a central livelihood strategy and valuable source of food security in the Delta, and now also generates a substantial contribution to the gross domestic product. However, the livelihood practices of the fishers, particularly small‐scale fishers, are largely ‘invisible’ in the literature and policy. In this article, we advance understanding of the significant but understudied livelihoods of small‐scale fishers through interviews with fishers and a range of other actors in 2018. Taking a careful examination of the challenges, practices and responses of fishers in the Delta, our research underlines that fishers are important actors in the ‘making’ of the Delta as a geographical scale and concept, yet they are being pushed out of the very landscape they have helped co‐create and have lived in for generations. At this crucial point in Myanmar's development and change, we contend that a better understanding of the livelihoods of fishing households, as some of the nation's most vulnerable, is important for inclusive policy development, economic reforms and research strategy going forward.     

Practical critique: Bridging the gap between critical and practice‐oriented REDD+ research communities

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is an ambitious global programme oriented towards improving forest carbon management. It aims to attract new sources of ‘green’ capital to fund emissions reductions from avoided deforestation and sustainable forest management. REDD+ is transforming forest conservation, as a diverse array of new stakeholders become involved. Not surprisingly, REDD+ has proved divisive, as critics concern themselves with issues of power, justice, and commodification, while practice‐oriented researchers tackle similar issues from different perspectives, focusing on benefit sharing, safeguards, additionality, measuring and verification. In this paper we explore the different roles of critical and practical research, and argue that there is a need for greater sharing of knowledge across current divides. We draw on our own experiences of conducting a research project on REDD+ in Indonesia that involved critical and practice‐oriented researchers. We argue that critical research disconnected from practical matters can have perverse outcomes for practitioners who are ultimately working towards similar goals; while uncritical practice‐oriented research has the potential to lead to a dilution of core values of environmental justice and conservation. In contrast, forms of practical critique provide ways of researching REDD+ that have practical value while maintaining critical insights.     

BP Algorithm Evaluation Model of Political Risk in International Construction Projects

Political risk is one of the common risks in international construction projects, the political risk is analyzed in this paper and an evaluation model of political risk in international construction projects is presented based on BP algorithm, The model is a self- study and self- adaptive one in risk evaluation. Through the simulation study with practice data, with this model the cost improvement of international construction projects can be predicted in political risks exactly, it is useful in evaluating the comprehensive political risk.     

农村居民政治参与积极性的影响因素分析

农村基层民主建设是影响农村经济发展的一个重要因素。从微观农户的角度来研究影响理性农户政治参与积极性的因素,对于加快基层民主建设,进而促进农村经济发展具有重要的意义。本文利用第一手的农户调查数据,采用有序Probit模型,从农户特征、村集体特征、候选人特征和社会资本四个方面来分析影响农村居民政治参与积极性的因素的方向和强度。分析结果表明：①农户自身特征中的政治面貌、职务经历、家人是否在村办企业工作这三个变量对农户政治参与积极性在统计上有显著的正向影响,而年龄、文化程度、是否有非农就业这三个变量在统计上不显著;②对上届村干部的满意程度、是否发身过过往纠纷这二个村集体特征中的变量表现出对农户政治参与积极性有统计上的显著影响,有无投票误工补贴、公共服务水平这二个变量对农村居民政治参与积极性的影响不显著;③竞选激烈程度、候选人特征、乡镇政府介入与否这三个变量表现出对农户政治参与积极性有统计上的显著影响,竞选规范程度、自家人有无参加候选人提名、有无拉票行为这三个变量对农村居民政治参与积极性的影响不显著;④是否参与经济组织、家里是否有人当干部这二个社会资本变量对农村居民政治参与积极性的影响均不显著。     

基于“食品科学概论”的课程思政教育改革初探

在高校开展课程思想政治教育是提升食品专业学生道德素质和家国情怀的有效途径之一。食品科学概论是食品类专业新生的通识课之一,深入挖掘该课程中的思政元素,采用合适的教学方式将思想政治教育与专业知识教育有机结合,不仅能够提高学生的专业素养,同时还能达到立德树人的目的。     

Researching ‘sustainable consumption’ in Asia‐Pacific cities

Abstract: Asia‐Pacific cities are experiencing substantial environmental problems, which require innovative policy approaches. One newly emergent policy strand is that of ‘sustainable consumption’. This approach aims to reduce environmental degradation by encouraging all consumers to adopt more environmentally friendly modes of behaviour, especially those living in congested and environmentally degraded urban areas. Although a promising initiative, significant conceptual and practical problems exist with sustainable consumption's current policy framework. However, rather than abandon the idea completely, consumption should become central to researching environmental issues in Asia‐Pacific cities. Here, a ‘political ecology’ approach frames all forms of consumption as revealing political, economic and cultural practices and modes of distributions that give rise to current unsustainable outcomes. Through in‐depth examinations of current forms of consumption, this approach aims to offer a challenging perspective for future research into Asia‐Pacific urban environmental problems.