锦灯笼饮料的制作工艺研究

以锦灯笼为原料制备一款东北特色的锦灯笼饮料。以锦灯笼果汁添加量、蔗糖添加量、柠檬酸添加量、稳定剂CMC添加量为考查因素进行单因素试验,采取正交试验筛选出最优工艺。结果表明,锦灯笼果汁添加量10%,蔗糖添加量15%,柠檬酸添加量0.2%,稳定剂CMC添加量0.15%为最佳工艺条件,在此条件下制得的饮料口感最佳,具有锦灯笼独特风味,且酸甜可口、质地均匀、入口细腻。     

山药核桃饮料工艺优化研究

研究山药核桃饮料的加工工艺,通过试验确定合适的工艺参数。山药核桃饮料的最佳配方为山药汁添加量20%,核桃汁添加量20%,蔗糖添加量6%;复合稳定剂配方为黄原胶0.02%,羧甲基纤维素钠0.04%,单硬脂酸甘油酯0.04%,蔗糖酯0.08%。应用上述工艺及配方获得的山药核桃饮料风味独特,营养丰富,口感良好,具有广阔的开发前景。     

山药核桃饮料工艺优化研究

研究山药核桃饮料的加工工艺,通过试验确定合适的工艺参数。山药核桃饮料的最佳配方为山药汁添加量20%,核桃汁添加量20%,蔗糖添加量6%;复合稳定剂配方为黄原胶0.02%,羧甲基纤维素钠0.04%,单硬脂酸甘油酯0.04%,蔗糖酯0.08%。应用上述工艺及配方获得的山药核桃饮料风味独特,营养丰富,口感良好,具有广阔的开发前景。     

核桃银耳复合饮料的研制

以核桃、银耳为主要原料,研制出核桃银耳复合饮料,并通过正交试验对复合饮料的配方和复合稳定剂配比进行了优化。结果表明,核桃银耳复合饮料的最佳工艺配方为核桃浆添加量25%,银耳汁添加量25%,蜂蜜添加量12%,pH值6.5;复合稳定剂配比为CMC-Na添加量0.10%,黄原胶添加量0.20%,单甘酯添加量0.09%,蔗糖酯添加量0.05%。     

双玫汁饮料工艺配方优化研究

为研发以玫瑰茄原汁为基础原料生产双玫汁饮料的最优加工配方,先以单因素随机区组实验探索玫瑰花汁、蔗糖、果葡糖浆、柠檬酸添加量对双玫汁外观品质的影响,在此基础上采用正交设计实验,探索生产双玫汁所需玫瑰花汁、蔗糖、果葡糖浆、柠檬酸添加量的最优配比。单因素随机区组试验结果表明,玫瑰花原汁主要影响双玫汁饮料的玫瑰香味品质,其用量宜在2%-4%之间,蔗糖主要影响双玫汁饮料的甜度,其用量宜在3%-4%, 果葡萄糖浆主要调节双玫汁饮料的甜味感和减少蔗糖的用量,其用量宜在2%-4%,柠檬酸主要影响双玫汁饮料的酸味舒适感, 其用量宜在2%-4%。正交试验结果表明,生产双玫汁饮料最佳调配方案为：浓度1.25%的玫瑰茄浸提汁+4%玫瑰花汁添+2%蔗糖+2.5%果葡糖浆+0.12%柠檬酸。通过该工艺加工的双玫汁饮料,颜色柔玫红、玫瑰香味诱人,营养丰富,是一种绿色养生的花卉饮料,本研究能为企业生产加工双玫汁饮料提供一定的理论依据。     

红枣玫瑰花功能饮料的研制

为充分开发利用红枣、玫瑰花,选用新鲜红枣和可食用玫瑰花为主要原料制作饮料,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳配方。结果表明,红枣玫瑰花功能饮料的最佳配方为红枣汁添加量50%,玫瑰花汁添加量35%,柠檬酸添加量0.10‰,冰糖添加量8%。在此工艺条件下制得的饮料颜色清澈透明,具有红枣与玫瑰花特有的颜色和香气,是一种营养丰富、口感风味俱佳的新型功能饮料。     

黄芪玫瑰花复合饮料的研制

以玫瑰花和黄芪为主要原料,研制出集黄芪与玫瑰花保健功效于一体,且具有抗氧化祛斑作用的黄芪玫瑰花复合饮料,探究了黄芪与玫瑰花的提取和浸提工艺,并通过单因素试验与正交试验得出了饮料的最佳配方。结果表明,黄芪汁添加量15%,玫瑰花汁添加量40%,白砂糖添加量4%,柠檬酸添加量0.04%,卡拉胶添加量0.04%,CMC-Na添加量0.10%为该饮料的最佳配方。所得黄芪玫瑰花复合饮料口感良好、感官品质优,为黄芪和玫瑰花的进一步开发利用提供方案。     

功能性芹菜饮料工艺优化研究

以新鲜芹菜为原料,对芹菜功能饮料的工艺进行优化研究。分别考查了芹菜的护色方法、雪梨汁与芹菜汁的比例、蔗糖添加量、柠檬酸添加量、稳定剂添加量和黄酮浓缩液添加量对芹菜功能饮料品质的影响,通过单因素试验和正交试验设计对配方进行优化。结果表明,果蔬汁添加量为12%(芹菜汁和雪梨汁的配比4∶1),蔗糖添加量10%,柠檬酸添加量0.10%,功能稳定剂添加量0.28%(CMC-Na 0.08%,β-环糊精0.1%,果胶0.1%)时,产品具有芹菜清爽和雪梨的清香,风味独特。     

响应面法用于珍珠油杏蛋白饮料稳定剂的优化

利用响应面法对复合稳定剂进行优选,研究珍珠油杏蛋白饮料的制作工艺,并对其稳定性进行研究,通过试验确定了最佳工艺参数:杏仁与水之比为1:8;蔗糖添加量为饮料总质量的8%;复合稳定剂的配比是聚甘油脂肪酸酯添加量0.38%,碳酸氢钠添加量0.36%,柠檬酸添加量0.05%;最佳均质条件为40 MPa;超高压杀菌条件为500 MPa,5 min。在此条件下制得的蛋白饮料的色泽、口感、风味、稳定性佳。     

藜麦番茄复合饮料的工艺研究

以番茄和藜麦为主要原料,对藜麦番茄复合饮料的加工工艺进行了研究。结果表明,藜麦番茄复合饮料最佳的工艺配方为藜麦浆添加量35%,番茄汁添加量25%,白砂糖添加量5%;复配稳定剂的最佳配比为单硬脂酸甘油酯添加量0.12%,黄原胶添加量0.08%,蔗糖脂肪酸酯添加量0.10%,卡拉胶添加量0.05%。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.