沙棘多糖提取纯化的工艺研究

对超声波辅助提取沙棘(Hippophae fhamnoides L)多糖的工艺进行优化。采用单因素试验考察提取时间、功率和料液比对沙棘多糖得率的影响,采用正交试验确定最佳工艺参数,并与水提法、微波法和酶法的提取效果进行对比研究。结果显示,超声波辅助提取沙棘多糖的最佳工艺条件为:提取时间45 min,功率100 W,料液比1:30,在此最佳工艺条件下,沙棘多糖得率最高为7.36%。     

沙棘多糖提取纯化的工艺研究

对超声波辅助提取沙棘(Hippophae fhamnoides L)多糖的工艺进行优化.采用单因素试验考察提取时间、功率和料液比对沙棘多糖得率的影响,采用正交试验确定最佳工艺参数,并与水提法、微波法和酶法的提取效果进行对比研究.结果显示,超声波辅助提取沙棘多糖的最佳工艺条件为:提取时间45 min,功率100 W,料液比1∶30,在此最佳工艺条件下,沙棘多糖得率最高为7.36％.     

微波辅助提取油茶籽油的工艺优化

为优化油茶籽油的微波辅助提取工艺,选择提取时间、微波处理功率以及液料比为自变量,茶油得率为响应值,应用Design Expert 8.0.5软件技术,采用响应曲面法设计、分析研究各自变量及其交互作用对油茶得率的影响,并利用预测的二次回归模型优化微波辅助提取油茶籽油的最佳工艺条件：提取时间4 min、微波处理功率500 W、液料比3.4:1（mL/g）。     

超声辅助水相酶解提取文冠果油

以文冠果种仁粉为原料,利用超声波辅助预处理样品,采用水相酶解法提取文冠果油。研究了酶种类、酶解pH值、固液比、温度和时间等因素对文冠果种仁油提取率的影响,并通过正交试验获得了水酶法提取文冠果游离油的较佳工艺条件。结果表明,纤维素酶和碱性蛋白酶均能有效促进蛋白质的水解,提高文冠果油的得率;水相酶解的最佳工艺参数为:料液比1∶6(g∶mL),温度45℃,碱性蛋白酶(pH值7.0)用量3.0%,纤维素酶(pH值4.5)用量1.0%,反应时间8h(各反应4h),游离油的总提取率可达81.2%。水酶法无溶剂残留,是一种提取文冠果油的较好方法。     

库尔勒香梨果胶提取工艺的研究

以库尔勒残次香梨为原料,探讨微波辅助法提取果胶的工艺条件,研究了微波功率、微波时间、pH值和液料比对果胶得率的影响。结果表明,功率为400W、pH为3．5、时间为5min和液料比为9：1是提取库尔勒香梨果胶的最佳工艺条件,果胶得率为4．89％。     

黑松松针多糖的复合酶法提取及其抑菌性研究

为了优化复合酶提取黑松松针多糖的工艺,并考察其抑菌性,根据松针粉的结构特点选取纤维素酶、果胶酶高效提取黑松松针多糖,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验对这两种酶提取松针多糖的条件(液料比、酶添加量、酶解温度、酶解时间、pH)进行优化。根据优化后的工艺条件,建立了双酶复合提取黑松松针多糖的工艺,且证实分步加酶法提取的多糖得率较高,即:液料比20∶1(mL/g),酶解温度50℃,pH 6.5,先添加2.5%纤维素酶,酶解时间2 h,后添加1.5%果胶酶,酶解时间1.5 h。此条件下得到的黑松松针多糖得率达6.17%,远高于单酶提取效果。松针多糖对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌有较好的抑菌效果。该方法简便,可用于提取黑松松针多糖,为松针的开发利用提供技术基础和方法。     

超声波辅助酶法提取枇杷叶多糖工艺研究

探讨运用响应面法优化超声波辅助酶法提取枇杷叶多糖工艺条件,在单因素试验基础上,选取果胶酶用量、酶解温度、酶解p H值和料液比为影响因子,枇杷叶多糖得率为响应值进行响应面分析。结果表明,超声波时间1 h,料液比1∶15,酶解时间2 h,果胶酶用量1.9%,酶解温度52℃,酶解pH值4.5,枇杷叶多糖的得率最高为4.97%。     

酶解组合高速匀浆法提取人参总皂苷和多糖

以人参总皂苷和多糖提取得率为考察指标,采用酶解组合高速匀浆法同时提取人参中的两种重要成分,比较不同酶及组合对两者得率的影响,筛选出提取效果较好的果胶酶。通过单因素试验对酶解温度、酶解时间、酶解pH、酶添加量和人参粉末粒径分别进行优化,继而进行响应面试验,得到最佳酶解工艺为:酶解温度60℃,酶解pH 4.7,酶解时间4 h,酶添加量6%,人参粉末粒径约285μm,此时人参总皂苷得率为6.88%,多糖得率为28.58%。将提取后的渣料进行高速匀浆提取,以乙醇浓度、匀浆时间、固液比为变量设计正交试验,得到最佳提取条件为:乙醇浓度0%(蒸馏水),匀浆时间4 min,固液比1∶50(g/mL),此条件下人参总皂苷得率为2.56%,多糖得率为16.92%。两步提取法人参总皂苷得率9.44%,多糖得率45.50%,均高于现有方法的提取得率。     

响应面优化超声波辅助水酶法提取荸荠多糖

以荸荠为原料,采用超声波辅助水酶法提取荸荠多糖,探讨超声波辅助条件下提取时间、提取温度、α-淀粉酶添加量和料液比对荸荠多糖提取效果的影响;应用Box-Behnken设计四因素三水平试验,依据响应面分析确定最优的提取工艺条件。结果表明,荸荠多糖最佳提取工艺参数为提取温度56℃,提取时间47 min,料液比1∶14,α-淀粉酶添加量4.4×10~3 U,在此条件下荸荠多糖得率11.95%。     

黑豆油水酶法提取工艺及其脂肪酸组成分析

以黑豆为原料,探讨水酶法及超声波辅助水酶法提取黑豆油工艺条件,对酶解条件和超声波预处理条件进行研究。通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定水酶法提取的最适条件为料液比1∶8(g∶mL),碱性蛋白酶用量2.0%,酶解pH值8.5,酶解温度55℃,酶解时间5h,在此条件下黑豆油提取率为89.2%。超声波辅助处理可有效提高黑豆油提取率,在超声功率420W下处理20 min可将黑豆油提取率提高至94.5%,比未经超声波预处理的高出5.3%。对黑豆油进行GC-MS分析,其主要脂肪酸有棕榈酸19.33%,亚油酸46.17%,油酸18.73%和硬脂酸7.18%等10种脂肪酸,其不饱和脂肪酸相对含量达68.34%。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.