水稻拔节期根系呼吸对臭氧污染和厌氧—有氧环境变化的响应

依托O3FACE(Free-Air O3 Enrichment)研究平台,研究了大气臭氧(O3)浓度增加对拔节期水稻根系呼吸和生物量积累分配的影响,利用特制集气装置分析了厌氧—有氧条件对根系呼吸的影响。结果表明,O3浓度升高水稻冠层和总生物量略有降低,而根干物重和根/冠比分别显著降低14.7%和10.4%。9∶1和9.5∶0.5的纯N2∶O2配比利于根系呼吸,纯N2或空气、CO2饱和蒸馏水条件不同程度降低了根系呼吸速率;高臭氧处理、对照处理的水稻根系呼吸速率分别在CO2饱和蒸馏水、纯N2条件下最小,表明尽管不同根系测定条件影响根系呼吸速率,但影响程度也受植物生长的大气环境制约。臭氧污染处理水稻根系的呼吸速率在气态测定条件下显著高于正常大气处理23.6%～52.7%,在CO2饱和蒸馏水测定条件下未达到显著水平,臭氧污染效应明显降低。两个环境生长的水稻根系呼吸均随测定根系气态环境供氧量的增加呈凸二次函数变化,5%～10%比例的氧气供应促进了根系呼吸,较强的厌氧环境(纯N2)和有氧环境(Air)均不利于水稻根系呼吸。     

Irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging effects on residual nitrite,ascorbic acid,nitrosomyoglobin, and color in sausage

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging effects on emulsion-type cooked pork sausage during storage for 4 weeks. CO(2) (100%), N(2) (100%), or 25% CO(2)/75% N(2) packaged sausage were irradiated at 0, 5, and 10 kGy, and residual nitrite, residual ascorbic acid, nitrosomyoglobin (NO-Mb), color values, and their correlation were observed. Irradiation significantly reduced the residual nitrite content and caused partial reduction of NO-Mb during storage. No difference was observed in ascorbic acid content by irradiation. Irradiation decreased the Hunter color a value of sausage. CO(2) or CO(2)/N(2) packaging were more effective for reducing residual nitrite and inhibiting the loss of the red color of sausage compared to N(2) packaging. Results indicated that the proper combination of irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging could reduce the residual nitrite in sausage with minimization of color change.     

Solubility of purified lutein diesters obtained from Tagetes erecta in supercritical CO(2) and the effect of solvent modifiers

Purified lutein diesters deposited on commercial nonporous glass beads were solubilized in supercritical CO(2) in a computerized batch extractor, and their solubilities were compared to their solubilities in hexane. Densities of 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 g/mL were evaluated without modifiers. Both pressure and temperature increased solubility, although temperatures >50 degrees C promoted carotenoid loss as determined by mass balance. Solubility was enhanced by the use of modifiers and was related to their log P. Chloroform (log P = 2) increased 2.8 times the amount of solubilized lutein diesters compared to pure CO(2) at the same extraction conditions (0.9 g/mL and 40 degrees C) to yield 65% of the amount extracted with hexane. Supercritical CO(2) extraction of lutein diesters could represent a cleaner technology as compared to the current industrial use of hexane with important ecological and health-related implications.     

Feasibility study on chemometric discrimination of roasted Arabica coffees by solvent extraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

In this feasibility study, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometric analysis were adopted to discriminate coffees from different geographical origins and of different roasting degrees. Roasted coffee grounds were extracted using two methods: (1) solvent alone (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, hexane, acetone, ethanol, or acetic acid) and (2) coextraction using a mixture of equal volume of the solvent and water. Experiment results showed that the coextraction method resulted in cleaner extract and provided a greater amount of spectral information, which was important for sample discrimination. Principal component analysis of infrared spectra of ethyl acetate extracts for dark and medium roast coffees showed separated clusters according to their geographical origins and roast degrees. Classification models based on soft independent modeling of class analogy analysis were used to classify different coffee samples. Coffees from four different countries, which were roasted to dark, were 100% correctly classified when ethyl acetate was used as a solvent. The FTIR-chemometric technique developed here may serve as a rapid tool for discriminating geographical origin of roasted coffees. Future studies involving green coffee beans and the use of larger sample size are needed to further validate the robustness of this technique.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of fat from ground beef: effects of water on gravimetric and GC-FAME fat determinations

This study investigated the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) extraction of fat from ground beef and the effects of several factors on the gravimetric determination of fat. The use of ethanol modifier with the SC-CO(2) was not necessary for efficient fat extraction; however, the ethanol did increase the coextraction of water. This coextraction of water caused a significant overestimation of gravimetric fat. Oven-drying ground beef samples prior to extraction inhibited the subsequent extraction of fat, whereas oven-drying the extract after collection decreased the subsequent gas chromatographic fatty acid methyl ester (GC-FAME) fat determination. None of the drying agents tested were able to completely prevent the coextraction of water, and silica gel and molecular sieves inhibited the complete extraction of fat. Measurements of collection vial mass indicated that CO(2) extraction/collection causes an initial increase in mass due to the density of CO(2) (relative to displaced air) followed by a decrease in vial mass due to the removal of adsorbed water from the collection vial. Microwave-drying of the empty collection vials removes approximately 3 mg of adsorbed water, approximately 15-20 min is required for readsorption of the displaced water. For collection vials containing collected fat, microwave-drying effectively removed coextracted water, and the vials reached equilibration after approximately 10-15 min. Silanizing collection vials did not significantly affect weight loss during microwave-drying. SC-CO(2) can be used to accurately determine fat gravimetrically for ground beef, and the presented method can also be followed by GC-FAME analysis to provide specific fatty acid information as well.     

Levels of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene in diuron and linuron herbicide formulations

Levels of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB) were determined by capillary gas chromatography (GC) with electron-capture detection (ECD) in 25 samples of diuron and linuron formulations obtained from the Canadian market. Acidic aqueous methanol was used to retain urea herbicide and the neutral TCAB was allowed to partition into hexane. Silica gel was used for cleanup of the hexane extract, followed by GC/ECD determination. Recovery data obtained at 4 different spiking levels (i.e., 0.3, 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 ppm) in linuron averaged 93, 86, 85, and 97%, respectively. For diuron, spiking was done at 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 ppm levels and the corresponding average percent recoveries were 95, 101, and 104. The TCAB contamination level observed in diuron on a 100% active ingredient basis ranged from 0.15 to 3.38 ppm, whereas in linuron, it varied from 0.91 to 10.28 ppm.     

Organic compounds in soils and sediments from unlined waste disposal pits for natural gas production and processing

Samples of soil in dry waste pits and of sediment from waste pits currently in-use for natural gas production in the San Juan Basin of northwest New Mexico were collected for characterization of the presence and concentration of organic compounds. Samples were dried at 25 °C and about 50 g were extracted successively in a Soxhlet apparatus using hexane, benzene, and methanol. Extracts were filtered and condensed to 10 mL. Analyses of hexane extracts of samples using high-resolution gas chromatography showed presence of a complex mixture of 40 to 50 organic compounds in dry soil and in sediment from in-use pits. The range of size for compounds was C₁₀ to C₂₅. Although no compounds were detected in GC analyses of subsequent benzene and methanol extracts of the same soil samples, these extracts were highly colored and contained 5 to 10% of total absorptivity at 254 nm. Total extractable residues in the hexane extracts ranged from 49 to 110 mg g^?1 of soil. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in hexane extracts at concentrations of 270 to 870μg g^?1 of dry sample.     

Influence of methanol and hexane on soil adsorption of atrazine

The increasing frequency of chemically contaminated groundwater, occurring as a result of improperly managed waste disposal or accidental spills, presents a need for research on the fate of chemical mixtures in the soil. The batch equilibration technique was used to measure adsorption of ¹⁴C ring-labeled atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) for a Palouse silt loam (Pachic Ultic Haploxeroll) and a Pembroke silty clay loam (Typic Paleudalf). The solution phase consisted of mixtures of methanol-water and hexane-water containing up to 33.3 % organic solvent by volume. Aqueous solubility limited atrazine concentrations to 100 μmol L^?1 except for an additional isotherm determined in 33.3 methanol-water at up to 1542 μmol L^?1 The Freundlich adsorption coefficient indicated that the Palouse adsorbed more atrazine than the Pembroke with K values of 4.95 and 0.54, respectively. Both soils showed a significant decrease in K as the percentage methanol increased. Adsorption isotherms from a 33. 3 methanol-water system were of the Freundlich type for atrazine concentrations of 0.25 to 1542 μmol L^?1. In the hexane-water systems, K decreased as the fraction of hexane increased and the Pembroke soil adsorbed less atrazine than the Palouse soil. These results suggest that the introduction of nonaqueous solvents such as methanol and hexane decreased adsorption and increased the potential for atrazine mobility.     

Organic manure supplementation effects on rice–pulse cropping system productivity

The effects of organic manure supplementation on rice–pulse cropping system productivity were studied. Three pulses, viz., blackgram, greengram and pea were grown after rice on the same plots to explore the feasibility of growing second crops with carry-over residual soil moisture and residual soil fertility. The study revealed that during the rainy season, 30%–35% higher rice grain yield was obtained when both inorganic and organic sources of nutrients were applied compared with the full dose of inorganic fertilizer, and the rice grain yield was 65%–78% higher than obtained following farmers’ practices. In the post-rainy season, pea crop recorded the highest grain yield of 490 kg ha^-1 under the treatment combination of Sesbania and inorganic fertilizer. Organic carbon, and available N, P, K also enhanced yield by 20%–29%, 5.0%–29.4% to 7.9%–39.9% and 22.4%–60.3%, respectively when 25% N was applied through different organic sources of nutrients (green manure/press mud/farmyard manure).     

半开放式CO_2和温度递增系统(CTGC)的改进:CO_2浓度控制效果

环境控制模拟系统,是开展农田生态系统对全球气候变化响应研究的有效手段,但目前应用于试验中的模拟系统均存在一定局限,如CO_2气体过量消耗、试验成本较高、模拟的试验环境与真实的自然环境差异较大、试验空间有限、不易重复等。针对这些问题,本研究对半开放式CO_2浓度和温度递增模拟系统(CTGC)进行了硬件升级和设计改进,针对其CO_2浓度的控制效果包括CO_2浓度监测、CO_2气体释放两大系统进行改进,使其能达到精准控制CO_2气体释放,降低试验成本,精确模拟未来高CO_2浓度的生产环境,其空间面积较大,适合多种作物同时试验。改进后的系统利用电磁阀组和CO_2浓度检测传感器组成的多通道监测系统,实时检测各处理区域内的CO_2浓度,实现精准监测。在CO_2气体释放源端,采用比例调节式减压器,有效减少了CO_2从储气罐中被减压后在气体管路中的压力积蓄,控制CO_2气体精量释放;系统将CO_2释放方式由纵向改为横向,释放管道由主管加支管组成,由控制流量调节阀将主管与支管相连接,使气室内形成均匀的CO_2释放区域,从而达到CO_2浓度梯度升高的模拟效果。试运行结果表明,改进后的CTGC系统可以实现CO_2浓度387±4.5、441±13.4、490±20.9、534±24.3和567±28.9μmol·mol-1的梯度递增,系统对环境变化的响应速度加快,能够精确实时监测气室内各处理区域CO_2浓度的变化,并实现CO_2气体的精量释放;系统内的CO_2浓度梯度递增趋于稳定,从而更好地模拟大气CO_2浓度逐渐升高的过程,满足作物对气候变化响应研究的需要。     

花生根瘤菌L_(8-3)菌株氢酶活性的表达及化能自养生长

本文研究了花生根瘤菌L_(8-3)菌株氢酶活性的诱导、表达。在吸氢培养基(H-UM)中,氢酶表达的最佳O_2浓度是5％,诱导氢酶活性的最佳H_2浓度也是5％,H_2浓度继续增大到20％时,氢酶活性基本保持恒定,CO_2对氢酶活性没有影响。在无机盐/维生素培养基和5％O_2、10％H_2、5％CO_2及80％N_2的混合气体条件下,花生根瘤菌能进行化能自养生长。生长15天后,培养液中的菌体光密度、细菌数、菌体蛋白质含量及有机碳含量明显提高,氢酶活性比异养液体HUM培养时高10倍,比斜面HUM培养高35倍。用N_2分剐代替混合气体中的H_2或CO_2,菌体则不能生长,光密度、细菌数、蛋白质含量及吸氢活性没有变化。     

膜下滴灌对土壤CO2与CH4浓度的影响

在温室进行了马铃薯盆栽试验,采用静态暗箱气相色谱法比较了滴灌(D)和漫灌(F)两种不同灌溉制度对土壤CO2与CH4浓度的影响。在每种灌溉制度下再分设覆膜(M)与不覆膜两种农艺措施处理。覆膜滴灌(MD)下按土壤湿润比(P)不同,再设3个处理,分别为P1(P=25%)、P2(P=33%)、P3(P=50%),共6个处理,即DP1、MDP1、MDP2、MDP3、FC(不覆膜漫灌)和MF(覆膜漫灌),裸土(BS)和覆膜裸土(MBS)为对照。研究结果表明:覆膜的增温保湿作用及薄膜对土壤与大气间气体传输的自然阻隔作用使土壤CO2浓度升高10.4%~94.5%,CH4浓度降低5.1%~47.4%。滴灌的干湿交替现象以及漫灌对土壤通气性的降低使漫灌处理土壤中CO2浓度高于滴灌7.4%~49.7%,CH4浓度降低6.6%~68.2%。而土壤湿度通过影响土壤通气性和土壤溶解性有机质两方面来影响土壤温室气体排放,覆膜滴灌下湿润比越高,土壤中CO2浓度越低,其对CH4浓度的影响不确定。土壤温度是土壤呼吸的主要驱动因子,也会影响CH4的氧化过程。观察DP1处理灌水后土壤中温室气体浓度发现,CO2浓度与温度呈显著正相关关系,CH4浓度与温度呈显著负相关关系,土壤中CO2浓度与CH4浓度呈显著负相关关系。     

施入~(15)N标记氮肥在长期不同培肥土壤的残留及其利用

采用盆栽试验和短期矿化培养相结合的方法,研究了施入15N标记氮肥(+N)及其与秸秆配施(+1/2N+1/2S)在3种长期(19年)不同培肥土壤(即:No-F,长期不施肥土壤;NPK,长期施用NPK化肥土壤;MNPK,长期有机无机肥配施土壤)中的残留及其矿化和作物吸收特性。结果表明,第一季小麦收获后,+1/2N+1/2S处理下三供试土壤和+N处理下的NPK和MNPK土壤残留肥料氮(残留15N)中有82.6%~95.1%以有机态存,而+N处理下No-F土壤残留15N有47.7%以矿质态存在。经过28 d矿化培养后,与NPK土壤相比,MNPK土壤氮素净矿化量显著增加,增幅为39%~49%;NPK和MNPK土壤残留肥料氮(残留15N)矿化量为1.23~1.90 mg kg-1,占总残留15N的2.78%~5.53%,均显著高于No-F土壤。与+N处理相比,+1/2N+1/2S处理显著提高了3供试土壤氮素净矿化量,但两施肥处理对NPK和MNPK土壤残留15N矿化量无显著影响。+N处理下No-F土壤残留15N的利用率为20%,显著高于NPK(9%)和MNPK(12%)土壤。两种施肥处理下,MNPK土壤残留15N的利用率均显著高于NPK土壤。短期培养期间土壤氮素矿化量和第二季小麦生育期作物吸氮量呈显著性正相关,而残留15N矿化量和第二季小麦吸收残留15N量间无显著性相关关系。长期有机无机配施可以提高土壤残留肥料氮的矿化量及有效性。     

淹水条件下FACE处理的水稻以及小麦秸秆的分解及产物

Winter wheat and rice straw produced under ambient and elevated CO2 in a China rice-wheat rotation free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment was mixed with a paddy soil at a rate of 10 g kg-1 (air-dried), and the mixture was incubated under flooded conditions at 25 ℃ to examine the differences in decomposition as well as the products of crop residues produced under elevated CO2. Results showed that the C/N ratio and the amount of soluble fraction in the amended rice straw grown under elevated CO2 (FR) were 9.8% and 73.1% greater, and the cellulose and lignin were 16.0% and 9.9% lesser than those of the amended rice straw grown under ambient CO2 (AR), respectively. Compared with those of the AR treatment, the CO2-C and CH4-C emissions in the FR treatment for 25 d were increased by 7.9% and 25.0%, respectively; a higher ratio of CH4 to CO2 emissions induced by straw in the FR treatment was also observed. In contrast, in the treatments with winter wheat straw, the CO2-C and CH4-C productions, the ratio of straw-induced CH4 to CO2 emissions, and the straw composition were not significantly affected by elevated CO2, except for an 8.0% decrease in total N and a 9.7% increase in C/N ratio in the wheat straw grown under elevated CO2. Correlation analysis showed that the net CO2-C and CH4-C emissions from straw and the ratio of straw-induced CH4 to CO2 emissions were all exponentially related to the amount of soluble fraction in the amended straw (P < 0.05). These indicated that under flooded conditions, the turnover and CH4 emission from crop straw incorporated into soil were dependent on the effect of elevated CO2 on straw composition, and varied with crop species. Incorporation of rice straw grown under elevated CO2 would stimulate CH4 emission from flooded rice fields, whereas winter wheat straw grown under elevated CO2 had no effect on CH4 emission.     

α-生育酚在超临界 CO_2 中溶解度神经网络模型的建立

生育酚有很高的生理活性 ,油脂生产中得到的脱臭馏出物含有丰富的天然生育酚。作为萃取生育酚的基础 ,该文对甲酯化油脂脱馏出物中 α-生育酚在超临界 CO2 中的溶解度进行了测试 ,并用 Chrastil分子缔合模型和RBF神经网络模型对溶解数据进行了拟合。Chrastil分子缔合模型的相对误差为 2 5 .36 %。对于 RBF神经网络模型 ,经过网络学习和训练 ,训练集平均误差仅为 0 .32 % ,测试集误差为 6 .48% ,效果比较理想     

Deposition and depletion of five anticoccidials in eggs

Anticoccidials are compounds that are widely used as feed additives to prevent and treat coccidiosis. They are licensed for use in a prescribed concentration and during a certain time interval for broilers and pullets but not for laying hens. It was shown in the past that carry-over at the feeding mill is found to be the main reason for the presence of residues in eggs. An animal experiment was set up to investigate the effect of carry-over at the feeding mill on the presence of residues of anticoccidials in eggs. For the compounds diclazuril, robenidine, halofuginone and nicarbazin in combination with narasin, two concentration levels were tested: the maximum allowed concentration for broilers (100%) and a concentration corresponding to 5% carry-over during feed preparation. Also dimetridazole was included in the experiment but only at one concentration level. Eggs were sampled during treatment (14 days) and for a period of 30 days after withdrawal of the anticoccidial-containing feed. Residues were determined, and deposition and depletion curves were generated. Analyses were performed by ELISA and LC-MS/MS. For all compounds, substantial residues could be found in the 5% groups, which points out the risk of carry-over at the feeding mill. The distribution of the residues between egg yolk and white was determined by analyzing both fractions.     

垫料型猪舍春夏育肥季节的氨气和温室气体状况测试

在规模化猪场内选择垫料育肥猪舍作为试验舍,以传统水泥地面育肥猪舍作为对照,利用多气体分析仪对试验舍和对照舍春夏两个育肥季节的NH3、CO2、CH4和N2O含量进行了连续3d的监测。结果表明：试验舍NH3、CO2和N2O的平均含量分别只有对照舍的40%、70%和77%,存在显著性差异（P〈0.05）;夏季由于温度高,垫料易于厌氧发酵,加大了CH4排放,试验舍CH4平均含量高于对照舍,但两者之间无显著差异（P=0.089）,春季试验舍的CH4平均含量低于对照舍,两者之间差异显著（P〈0.05）;试验舍中NH3含量变化在春季和夏季无显著差异（P=0.072）,CO2、CH4和N2O则存在显著性差异（P〈0.05）,夏季试验舍CO2含量低于春季,但NH3、CH4和N2O含量高于春季试验舍。说明垫料型猪舍能够改善舍内环境,减少有害气体排放。     

施肥对板栗林土壤活性碳库和温室气体排放的影响

在浙江省临安市典型板栗林试验地,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了不同施肥条件下板栗林土壤CO2和N2O排放速率,同时测定了土壤水溶性有机碳（WSOC）和微生物量碳（MBC）含量。初步探讨了施肥对板栗林土壤活性碳库与温室气体排放速率的影响,以及土壤温室气体排放速率与活性碳库之间的关系。本试验设置不施肥（CK）、 无机肥（IF）、 有机肥 （OF）和有机无机混合肥（OIF,1/2无机肥和1/2有机肥）4个施肥处理。结果表明, 施肥1个月后,与不施肥（CK）处理相比,无机肥（IF）、 有机肥（OF）和有机无机混合肥（OIF）处理下土壤CO2排放速率分别增加了87%、 38%和61%, N2O排放速率分别增加了101%、 67%和95%; 而施肥6个月后,与CK处理相比,IF、 OF和OIF处理下土壤CO2 排放速率分别增加了51%、 43%和64%,N2O排放速率分别增加了21%、 29%和47%。同时,施肥显著增加板栗林土壤WSOC和MBC含量（P＜0.05）。此外,土壤CO2和N2O排放速率与WSOC含量均呈显著正相关（P0.05）,而与MBC含量没有显著的相关性。因此,施肥引起板栗林地土壤WSOC含量增加可能是导致板栗林地土壤温室气体排放增加的重要原因之一。     

施氮水平对稻田土壤温室气体排放的影响

该研究以江西稻田为研究对象,设置了不施氮对照(N0)、减氮40%(N1)、常规施氮(N2)、增氮50%(N3)等4个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了稻田温室气体(N_2O、CH4、CO_2)的排放通量和速率,并计算了温室气体排放强度及全球增温潜势。结果表明:在晚稻栽培过程中,N_2O和CO_2的排放通量均出现3次峰值,且都表现为增施氮肥处理高于其他处理,而CH4排放通量仅出现一次峰值;N0、N1、N2的N_2O和CO_2的总排放量无显著差异(P0.05),但N3处理下的N_2O和CO_2的排放量显著高于其他处理(P0.05);与对照比,N1、N2和N3的CH4总排放量分别提高了58.70%、69.63%、96.15%,净增温潜势分别增加了22.34%、25.34%、52.92%;N3的温室气体排放强度最高,达1.12kg/kg,显著高于N1和N2。     

规模奶牛养殖室外运动场春季温室气体与氨气排放特性

舍外运动场是中国传统奶牛养殖场的组成部分,同时也是温室气体和氨气(NH_3)的重要排放源。由于开放式生产设施污染气体排放的监测难度大,目前中国还普遍缺少奶牛运动场温室气体和NH_3排放通量的直接监测数据。该试验采用梯度法对北京地区春季典型开放式奶牛运动场的甲烷(CH_4)、氧化亚氮(N_2O)、二氧化碳(CO_2)等温室气体和NH_3浓度及其排放通量进行了监测分析,讨论了排放特征和关键影响因素,为获取中国北方地区奶牛运动场温室气体和NH_3的排放通量提供了基础数据支撑。测试运动场饲养了52头荷斯坦奶牛,年均单产约8 t,头均占地面积为20.77 m~2。结果表明,该奶牛运动场春季CH_4、N_2O和CO_2的排放通量为155.59、3.60和4 869.37 mg/(m~2·h),分别占温室气体排放总量的42.79%、9.37%和47.83%;NH_3的排放通量为66.27 mg/(m~2·h);排放峰值一般出现在运动场清粪之后。环境温度与CH_4、N_2O和NH_3排放量呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05),同时风速在一定范围内会促进CH_4、N_2O和NH_3的排放。奶牛场清粪活动不仅会加快污染气体的排放通量,还会影响温度和风速对气体排放通量的作用效果。