山西省设施蔬菜产业现状及发展对策

近年来,山西省把高效园艺建设工程作为发展现代农业、增加农民收入的重要措施来抓,以设施栽培为重点着力加快蔬菜产业的发展。特别是2010年以来,山西省政府启动实施了＂设施蔬菜百万棚行动计划＂,引导各地大力发展设施蔬菜生产。     

南方典型设施蔬菜生产系统镉和汞累积的健康风险

选取南京市典型设施蔬菜生产系统为研究对象,研究了设施土壤-蔬菜系统中镉和汞的累积特征,评价了不同类型蔬菜中镉和汞的暴露风险,提出了基于健康风险的设施菜地土壤镉和汞的环境质量基准。结果表明:(1)设施菜地表层土壤中镉和汞产生了明显累积,且土壤汞的平均含量超过了温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准;(2)叶菜类蔬菜对镉和汞的富集能力最强,部分叶菜中的镉和汞含量超过了食品中污染物限量标准;(3)研究区有约21.2%的蔬菜具有镉的潜在人体摄入风险,蔬菜中汞的风险概率约为1%,不同蔬菜镉和汞的人体摄入风险排序为叶菜根茎茄果;(4)不同蔬菜类型土壤镉和汞的环境质量基准值差异较大,因此在今后的标准修订时可考虑针对不同蔬菜类型分别制定设施菜地土壤重金属环境质量基准。     

南沙岛礁蔬菜无土栽培设施的设计与研究

该试验根据南沙地区气候特点进行了南沙岛礁蔬菜无土栽培设施的设计与研究。设计了抗12级台风,能防暴雨,能降温的装配式无土栽培保护棚和隔热效果好、能保持营养液温度相对恒定、拆装方便的立体栽培床。研究结果表明该套设施适于南沙岛礁开展蔬菜无土栽培。     

塑棚蔬菜气象信息服务系统

分析了木地塑棚蔬菜的气候背景，品种选择，温度指标，生产管理，无公害蔬菜生产等方面的状况。研究了大风，强降温，大雪，连阴天等灾害天气对塑棚蔬菜生产造成的影响以及相应的预报方法，据此开发了塑棚蔬菜气象信息服务系统，包括气象信息，灾害天气预报以及防御对策等。     

基于GIS的凉州区日光温室土壤氮磷钾养分含量随种植年限变化分析

甘肃武威市凉州区是我国北方冬春设施蔬菜规模化生产基地,设施蔬菜产业已成为当地农民增收、农业增产的一大支柱产业。为了分析在日光温室特殊栽培管理模式下土壤养分的累积状况,评价日光温室土壤质量和指导日光温室施肥,有选择性地对甘肃凉州区1993—2013年建棚的500座温室进行了土样采集和检测分析,结果表明:温室土壤有效磷、速效钾、碱解氮含量普遍很高,土壤养分均有不同程度的累积,尤其是土壤有效磷的累积量大,且分布极不均衡。     

昆明地区主要花卉蔬菜基地设施栽培土壤养分变化特点

昆明地区蔬菜、花卉种植以设施栽培为主,本文对不同棚龄的大棚设施土壤pH、全N、P、K、碱解N、速效K、有效P、交换性Ca、Mg等指标进行测定分析,结果表明:随棚龄年限的增长,耕层土壤pH值、有机质和土壤交换性Ca、Mg含量有降低的趋势,但无论是露地还是盖棚土壤有机质(52.8 g/kg)都较20世纪80年代中期有较大幅度提高;耕层土壤和深层土壤,全N、有效N含量呈持续上升趋势。耕层土壤中,土壤速效K和速效P呈现明显的富集。     

设施蔬菜生产节水灌溉制度研究现状及发展趋势

该文论述了节水灌溉对蔬菜生长发育的影响,评价了目前设施蔬菜生产过程中各种灌溉方式的特点和存在的问题。文中分析了设施栽培的耗水特点,指出一个良好的适于设施栽培的灌溉系统应具备的条件,在此基础上提出了对建立蔬菜生产优化灌溉制度的途径,并进行了初步的可行性分析。     

塑料大棚设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化特征

以上海郊区规模化设施蔬菜园艺场为研究对象,监测了不同种植年限和不同种植模式的塑料大棚设施菜地土壤的主要理化性状,筛选了设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化特征指标,分析了不同深度土壤特征指标的变化规律。结果表明,与露天菜地相比,设施菜地土壤酸化、盐渍化、养分累积明显,田间最大持水量和土壤呼吸速率降低;各类种植年限和种植模式的设施菜地表层土壤(0~20 cm)可溶性盐分、硝态氮和全磷含量分别达到4.18 g·kg~(-1)、121.8 mg·kg~(-1)和1.38 g·kg~(-1),分别为对应露天菜地的2.9倍、1.7倍和1.6倍。综合考虑设施菜地和露天菜地土壤主要理化性状的显著性以及设施菜地土壤对作物的障碍影响和对环境的污染风险,选择p H值、可溶性盐分、硝态氮和全磷作为设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化特征指标,并采用土壤相对质量评价法进行评价。设施菜地土壤p H值随着深度的增加而升高,可溶性盐分、硝态氮和全磷则随着深度的增加而递减,其中硝态氮相对质量指数达到3.06;随着设施菜地种植年限的增加,土壤p H值逐步降低,硝态氮、全磷和可溶性盐分逐步累积,其中4~6年棚龄的p H值和可溶性盐分相对质量指数最高,7~9年棚龄的硝态氮相对质量指数最高,10年以上棚龄的全磷相对质量指数最高,茄果连作模式的可溶性盐分和硝态氮相对质量指数最高,叶菜连作模式的全磷相对质量指数最高。     

南京设施蔬菜生产系统的可持续性研究——基于经济和社会管理层面

随着我国设施蔬菜产业的迅速发展,设施农业生产系统的经济和社会可持续发展成为人们关注的焦点。本文以南京市典型设施蔬菜生产系统为例,围绕设施蔬菜生产的经济收益和社会管理方式,在设施蔬菜生产者和管理层问卷调研的基础上,构建相应评价指标体系,研究了设施蔬菜生产的经济和社会管理现状。结果表明,设施蔬菜生产的经济收益尚可,但多数蔬菜产量呈逐年下降趋势,其收益较难满足生产者较重的经济负担,缺乏相关政府补贴政策;生产基地的社会管理手段有限且缺乏力度,如农用物资未实现统一化管理,蔬菜质量控制手段有限,缺乏有效农业技术推广服务。最后,针对设施蔬菜系统的经济与社会管理现状,提出了一些促进系统可持续发展的建议。     

设施蔬菜生产节水灌溉制度研究现状及发展趋势

该文论述了节水灌溉对蔬菜生长发育的影响，评价了目前设施蔬菜生产过程中各种灌溉方式的特点和存在的问题。文中分析了设施栽培的耗水特点，指出一个良好的适于设施栽培的灌溉系统应具备的条件，在此基础上提出了对建立蔬菜生产优化灌溉制度的途径，并进行了初步的可行性分析。     

我国东南丘陵山区土壤肥力的综合评价

土壤肥力是土壤的养分状况以及土壤在供应植物生理所需物质时所处的环境条件这两者的有机结合，本文根据模糊（Ｆｕｚｚｙ）数学和多元数理统计分析原理，建立了一个定量的土壤肥力综合评价方法。     

Effects of aluminium on growth and nutrition in birch seedlings under magnesium- or calcium-limiting growth conditions

Growth and nutrition of birch seedlings (Betula pendula Roth) with and without 0.5 mM Al³⁺ were studied. The seedlings were cultivated at growth-limiting Mg- or Ca-conditions by adding one of these elements at relative addition rates (R_Mg, R_Ca) of 0.15 day^?1. The concentration of Ca²⁺ in the Mg-limited treatments was 0.01.0.1 or 1 mM and Mg²⁺ was given in equal molarities in the Ca-limited treatments. The relative growth rates, R_G, of the plants and plant parts attained values close to R_Mg or R_Ca and were not affected by the concentration of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ or Al³⁺ in the culture solution. Uptake of Ca, at Ca-limitation, increased significantly in the roots after addition of Al, and decreased in all plant parts when the Mg concentration of the culture solution was raised. Less clear effects were found on Mg uptake at Mg-limitation. The inhibitory effect of Al on Mg uptake decreased with time as a result of the growth technique. The root mass fraction was significantly larger in plants limited in Ca (24%) than in plants limited in Mg (20%). The usefulness in using the balance between Ca and Al or ratios between Ca, Mg, K and Al as diagnostic tools for assessing the nutritional status of trees is discussed.     

太仓市郊大棚菜地土壤盐分累积与分布特征研究

以太仓市郊大棚菜地土壤为研究对象,研究了太仓市典型大棚菜地土壤盐分累积现状及变化规律。结果表明:太仓市郊大棚菜地土壤全盐含量平均值为3.38 g/kg,已达轻度盐化水平;大棚菜地土壤盐分累积区域分布差异较大,最小值为0.42 g/kg,最大值达12.6 g/kg,变异系数达65.7%;大棚菜地土壤盐分累积量有69.84%超过安全水平,其中51.59%为轻度盐土,10.32%为中度盐土,5.56%为重度盐土;大棚菜地土壤盐分累积分布具有明显的地域性,以浏河镇、沙溪镇和新区发生盐化现象最为严重,盐化土所占比例分别达91.4%、91.0%和83.0%;八大离子组成中,阳离子以Ca~(2+)为主,其次为Na~+和K~+,阴离子以NO_3~–为主,其次为Cl~–和SO_4~(2–);相关性分析表明,影响太仓市郊菜地土壤发生盐化的主要因素是全盐含量、NO_3~–、Cl~–、Ca~(2+)等指标,造成土壤发生次生盐渍化的主要原因是不合理施肥、种植及管理模式等人为外在因素;太仓市郊菜地土壤盐分含量随着大棚种植年限的增加而显著提高,在种植年限为4~5 a时达到峰值,平均值为3.64 g/kg,是种植年限为1 a的大棚土壤含盐量的1.29倍。     

甘肃省淤地坝工程的溃坝风险评价模型

[目的] 运用淤地坝工程溃坝风险评价模型,确定淤地坝工程发生溃决可能性的大小,为淤地坝运行管理提供技术支撑。[方法] 通过调研和对溃坝风险问题的梳理,形成淤地坝工程溃坝风险评价指标体系,运用层次分析法确定指标权重,构建了甘肃省淤地坝工程溃坝风险评价模型。[结果] 该模型包含水文风险（B₁）、运行风险（B₂）、管理风险（B₃）、工程风险（B₄）4个风险类型模块（其权重分别为0.12,0.13,0.12,0.63）及其下的16个具体评价指标;水面/泥面距拦泥坝高的距离（D₁）、剩余淤积库容（D₄）、有无3个管理负责人（D₇）、坝体变形（D₁₂）分别是4个风险类型模块的最大权重评价指标;对各指标的评分标准作了规定,依据综合风险得分将输出的风险等级和预警等级各划分为3级。[结论] 淤地坝工程溃坝风险评价模型由输入、分析和输出3个模块组成,层次清晰,架构明确。评估模型的构建可对汛期淤地坝工程风险的评价提供实时预警数据。     

生境和施肥对棉田节肢动物群落结构的影响

采用不同的生境和施肥组合方法,研究生境复杂性和施肥对棉田节肢动物群落结构的影响,以期为棉田害虫生态防治提供理论依据。生境复杂性设棉田未覆盖稻草(A1)与覆盖稻草(A2)2种方式,施肥设复合肥90 kg(N).hm 2(B1)、复合肥90 kg(N).hm 2添加沼肥90 kg(N).hm 2(B2)、复合肥90 kg(N).hm 2添加尿素90 kg(N).hm 2(B3)3种方式。每个小区采取平行线跳跃法抽取10株棉花,每周一次调查每株棉花上和植株周围0.25 m2地表部分所有节肢动物种类数量和个体数量。结果表明,蜘蛛类(Araneae)个体数[A2(391.1±70.1)头.10株1,A1(226.8±29.3)头.10株1]、优势种天敌星豹蛛(Pardosa astrigera)个体数[A2(171.7±13.3)头.10株1,A1(59.3±9.8)头.10株1]、蜘蛛类优势集中性(A20.527±0.089,A10.258±0.049)、害虫类多样性(A21.459±0.067,A11.245±0.249)覆草生境极显著高于未覆草生境。害虫类均匀度(A20.635±0.040,A10.588±0.100)覆草生境显著高于未覆草生境。害虫类个体数[A2(772.4±206.9)头.10株1,A1(1 156.4±243.7)头.10株1]]、目标害虫棉大卷叶螟(Syleptahn derogate)个体数[A2(320.8±80.6)头.10株1,A1(659.5±254.8)头.10株1]、害虫类优势集中性(A20.311±0.029,A10.400±0.107)、蜘蛛类多样性(A20.997±0.169,A11.584±0.138)、蜘蛛类均匀度(A20.536±0.073,A10.803±0.052)覆草生境极显著低于未覆草生境。施肥方式极显著影响了害虫类个体数[B1(1 015.3±344.1)头.10株1,B2(714.0±152.2)头.10株1,B3(1 164.0±168.9)头.10株1]、棉大卷叶螟个体数[B1(552.0±253.8)头.10株1,B2(280.6±63.7)头.10株1,B3(638.0±256.0)头.10株1]、害虫类优势集中性(B10.370±0.055,B20.282±0.022,B30.414±0.111)、害虫类多样性(B11.324±0.228,B21.511±0.066,B31.222±0.200)、蜘蛛类多样性(B11.167±0.374,B21.418±0.373,B31.286±0.262)、害虫类均匀度(B10.600±0.039,B20.683±0.043,B30.550±0.081);显著影响了蜘蛛类优势集中性(B10.457±0.175,B20.353±0.167,B30.368±0.123)、蜘蛛类均匀度(B10.613±0.160,B20.701±0.130,B30.695±0.168)、捕食性昆虫类多样性(B11.190±0.153,B21.496±0.179,B31.474±0.125)。生境与施肥对害虫类个体数、棉大卷叶螟数个体数、害虫类优势集中性、害虫类多样性、害虫类均匀度的交互作用极显著,生境与施肥对蜘蛛物种数的交互作用显著。棉田覆草改善优势种天敌星豹蛛的生存环境,显著提高对棉大卷叶螟的控制效果;复合肥添加沼肥不利于棉大卷叶螟种群数量的增长。     

Assessment of Phosphorus Requirements of Wheat on Different Textured Alluvial Soils through Freundlich Type Equations

Once soil solution phosphorus (P) level optimum for plant growth is identified, P adsorption isotherms or their equations can further be used to estimate fertilizer P rates required to adjust this desired soil solution P level to obtain maximum yield. Surface soil samples were collected from a farmer's field area and research area. An adsorption study was conducted on Ustic Endoaquerts (S₁ soil), Typic Calciargids (S₂ soil), and Typic Torripsamments (S₃ soil) to develop the Freundlich-type equations. Phosphorus adsorption data were obtained by equilibrating 10-g soil samples in 100 mL of 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) containing various amounts of monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄). Values of 1/n (slope) ranged from 0.4827 to 0.6452 L kg^?1. Based on 1/n values, it was inferred that each of the two S₁ and S₃ soils was homogeneous and S₂ was not. The K_F (mg P kg^?1) values of S₁, S₂, and S₃ soils were 92.45, 55.81, and 23.38, respectively. The highest amount of P (92.45 mg kg^?1) was adsorbed at unit EPC in S₁ soil, whereas the lowest amount (23.38 mg P kg^?1) was adsorbed in S₃ soil. Thereafter, 11 P fertilizer doses were calculated by these Freundlich-type equations to adjust different estimated soil solution P levels that were designated as treatments (0.05 to 0.90 mg L^?1). Then field experiments on wheat (cv. Inqalab-91) were conducted according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) on these soils to determine internal (plant tissue), external (soil solution), and fertilizer P requirements. Maximum wheat gain yield (Mg ha^?1) was 6.82 with T₅ (0.25 mg P L^?1) on S₁ soil, 5.96 with T₅ (0.25 mg P L^?1) on S₂ soil, and 4.97 with T₇ (0.40 mg P L^?1) on S₃ soil that was obtained by application of 196 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 on S₁ soil, 142 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 on S₂ soil, and 78 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 on S₃ soil. Internal P concentration (%) associated with 95% of maximum wheat yield at booting stage was 0.32 in S₁, 0.21 in S₂, and 0.33 in S₃ soil. In straw, it was 0.123% in S₁, 0.080% in S₂, and 0.108% in S₃ soil. The internal P requirement of wheat grain was 0.39% in S₁, 0.40% in S₂, and 0.37% in S₃ soil. External soil solution P requirement (ESPR) for 95% of maximum yield of wheat was 0.45 mg L^?1 in S₁ soil, 0.34 mg L^?1 in S₂ soil, and 0.44 mg L^?1 in S₃ soil. Quantity of P₂O₅ corresponding to ESPR values were 217 kg ha^?1 on S₁, 123 kg ha^?1 on S₂, and 60 kg ha^?1 on S₃ soil. Putting ESPR values in the respective Freundlich-type equation, P fertilizer rates (kg P₂O₅ ha^?1) were estimated that were 282 on S₁, 167 on S₂, and 83 on S₃ soil; Practically, 262, 156, and 78 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 was applied in the field to adjust soil solution P level (mg L^?1) at 0.40 (T₇), 0.30 (T₆), and 0.40 (T₇) in S₁, S₂, and S₃ soil, respectively, that are somewhat less than determined ESPR values. Phosphorous doses applied to achieve a desired EPAS value or estimated from graphs against predicted ESPR values, or calculated from corresponding Freundlich-type equations using desired ESPR values are in close proximity to one another. Therefore, any of the techniques can be used interchangeably to estimate the P fertilizer requirement for optimum wheat yield.     

湘江流域岳麓山周边地区地表水体水化学特征及灌溉适宜性

[目的] 对湘江流域岳麓山地区地表水体进行水化学特征分析及灌溉适宜性评价,为该地区的生态环境保护及水资源综合管理的科学决策提供理论支持。[方法] 以岳麓山周边地区为研究区,从2020年12月至2021年11月采集降水、山涧溪水和湘江河水水样,利用Piper图、Gibbs图、端元图等方法,分析各水体水化学特征以及影响因素。[结果] 降水主要阴阳离子为Ca²⁺,K⁺,SO^2-₄和NO^-₃,无明显水化学类型;山涧溪水主要阴阳离子为Ca²⁺和NO^-₃,主要水化学类型为Cl-Ca·Mg型和Cl-Ca型;湘江河水主要阴阳离子为Ca²⁺和HCO^-₃,主要水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca型。山涧溪水主要受大气降水输入和碳酸盐岩风化控制;湘江河水受碳酸盐岩风化作用影响较大。[结论] Na⁺离子含量,SAR和RSC指标以及其绘制USSL图和Wilcox图分析结果较好,山涧溪水和湘江河水适合用于灌,不易引起盐害或碱害。     

Monitoring of plant and soil pollution based on ionic impulsion

Total pollution indexes for measuring heavy metal contamination of industrialized areas may be quickly estimated from selected metal partial indexes for soil (M-SPI) or plants (M-PPI). Partial pollution indexes for plants (or soils) are calculated by the formula M-PPI (or M-SPI) = 100 (I ? I _unp)/(I _tox ?I _unp), where I = c _i ^1/ni is the ionic impulsion of the selected metal M, with oxidation number n _i, for its actual plant (or soil) concentration c _i,and I _unp and I _tox, the ionic impulsions for unpolluted and toxid levels of the M in plants (or soils). The total pollution indexes were proposed by analogous formulae containing the sums of contributions of metals accumulated in roots (Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and also Fe for plants), without participation of macroconstituents (K, Mg, Ca, Na, and also Mn), accumulated in plant tops. Partial pollution indexes may also serve to show (i) deficiency or toxicity levels of plants (or soils) and (ii) associations between pollutants, easily detected by a numerical taxonomy's dendrogram. Using correlation coefficient techniques for the Bilbao (Spain) model zone, the total soil pollution index, SPI, may be calculated from Zn-SPI, Pb-SPI, Cu-SPI or Cu-PPI. The total plant pollution index, PPI, is similarly related to Fe-PPI or Zn-PPI, though some distortion is evident when the sampling point is close to specific industrial factories. The best estimation (without distortion) for monitoring total plant pollution index is based on the sum of contributions of essential elements (Fe, Cu, and Zn). This fact suggests the existence of defense mechanisms of plants for balancing both the uptake of toxic metals and deficiencies of essential constituents. Finally total pollution indexes may be used for the estimation of the number of pollutants with toxic levels in plants or soils.     

Kinetics of microbial growth and degradation of organic substrates in subsoil as affected by an inhibitor, benzotriazole: Model based analyses of experimental results

Deep transport of degradable compounds through soils may occur if the metabolic activity in the soil profile is low; either by natural causes (low temperature during ice melt) or by toxic pollutants. De-icing chemicals (for roads and airports) represents a severe challenge to the soil's purifying capacity; rapid infiltration of contaminated water occurs in near-frozen soil, the contamination includes toxic compounds. Degradation experiments were conducted with toluene, and three compounds frequently used for de-icing; acetate, formate and glycol. The substrates were added to a subsoil (0.93 μmol substrate-carbon (C) g⁻¹ soil, with ample amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P)); and their mineralization was monitored in the presence of a toxic compound, benzotriazol (BTA) at various concentrations. BTA is commonly used as an additive in commercial de-icing fluids. A second and third dose of substrate was added after complete degradation of the previous one. The mineralization curves of the three consecutive doses were used to estimate kinetic parameters by fitting to a Monod-model. The model parameters estimated for each substance were the initial biomass C of the organisms growing on each substrate, C_b0, their maximum substrate uptake rates, V_max, their apparent substrate affinity, K_S, and growth yield, Y. The C_b0 values for pristine soil were 4.9, 20.5 and 10 nmol C g⁻¹ soil for formate, glycol and acetate, respectively, and 1-2 orders of magnitude lower for toluene. The K_S values were 1.1, 0.6, 2.5 and 0.13 mM for formate, glycol, acetate, and toluene, respectively. The high K_S values probably reflect diffusion limitations. The estimated yields (Y) in the absence of BTA were 0.032, 0.53 and 0.42 g biomass-C g⁻¹ substrate-C for growth on formate, glycol and acetate, respectively. BTA invariably reduced the growth yield for organisms growing on the different substrates, and the yield reduction increased with increasing BTA concentrations (more than 50% reduction at 400 mg BTA l⁻¹). The degradation of the four substrates showed major differences in BTA-sensitivity, and there were strikingly weak signs (if any) of increasing BTA tolerance during growth in the presence of BTA (analyses of second and third dose experiments). The modelling of the consecutive substrate doses corroborated previous investigations of BTA effects on mineralization and community PLFA [Jia et al., 2006. Organic compounds that reach subsoil may threaten groundwater quality; effect of benzotriazole on degradation kinetics and microbial community composition. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 38, 2543-2556]. The results and the estimated Monod parameters are useful for predictive modelling of transport and degradation of pollutants as well as natural substances in sub-soils.     

Acute toxicity of water soluble fractions derived from a coal liquid (SCR-II) to three aquatic organisms

Acute toxicity screening tests were conducted with water soluble fractions (WSFs) of a solvent refined coal (SRC-II) liquid from a pilot plant and three reference organisms: the cladoceran Daphnia magna, the fathead (FH) minnow Pimephales promelas, and larvae of the midge fly Chironomus tentans. Stock WSFs typically contained 900 to 1100 mg l^?1 total carbon (TC) and 700 to 800 mg l^?1 total dye complexable phenolics, with lower concentrations of aromatic and saturate hydrocarbons and N compounds. Under standard test conditions (temperature 20 °C, pH 7.3 to 8.2 and hardness 65 to 80 mg l^?1 CaCO₃), mean LC50 values in mg l^? TC were 3.3 for daphnia, 11.l for FH minnow, and 13.7 for midge larvae. Acute toxicity was also examined under other water quality conditions (temperature 10 or 25 °C, pH 6.0 or 6.5, and hardness ? 180 to 220 mg 1^?1 CaCO₃). The coal liquid was less toxic to daphnids at 10 °C than at 20 or 25 °C, but response of other organisms at different temperatures varied. The pH of the liquid had little effect on toxicity values. All organisms were less susceptible in hard water. Chemical compositions of stock WSFs were similar, suggesting that temperature, pH, and hardness had little effect on solubility of major synfucl components. Dilution indexes for stock WSFs were higher than for petroleum oils, and reflect the greater solubility of chemicals from the liquified coal in freshwater.