不同氮肥用量对机械条播小麦产量的影响

以‘扬麦16'为材料,在机械条播下,研究了氮肥用量及运筹技术对小麦产量的影响。结果表明:机械条播下,基蘖肥:穗肥=8:2,施氮量315 kg/hm~2时,小麦产量最高,增效明显;在施纯氮量为270 kg/hm~2水平下,适当提高穗肥比例至30%,可实现节氮增效效果。     

Economic feasibility of site-specific optical sensing for managing nitrogen fertilizer for growing wheat

A site-specific nitrogen fertilizer application system that uses optical reflectance measurements of growing wheat plants to estimate N requirements has been developed. The machine enables unique applications of liquid N fertilizer at a grid level of 0.37 m². To achieve widespread adoption, the precision application system must be efficient enough to overcome the cost advantage of pre-plant applications of anhydrous ammonia (NH₃) relative to top-dress applications of either dry or liquid N sources on growing wheat. The objective of this research is to determine if the system is more profitable than conventional methods. Data from on-farm N fertilizer experiments were collected across three years and nine locations in the Southern Plains of the U.S.A. Net returns were calculated for each of eight treatments. The site-specific precision system was competitive economically, but it was not unambiguously superior to the conventional alternatives because it could not overcome the cost advantage of NH₃ pre-plant N sources relative to the cost of applying urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) during the growing season. The value of the precision system is sensitive to the price of UAN relative to the price of NH₃.

Differentiating stress induced by greenbugs and Russian wheat aphids in wheat using remote sensing

Outbreaks of greenbug and Russian wheat aphid appear in the Great Plains almost every year and have had significant impacts on wheat yields. Early detection of aphid infestation is a critical part of integrated pest management (IPM) for wheat production. A study was done to determine the feasibility of using remote sensing techniques to detect stress in wheat caused by aphid infestation. The purpose of this greenhouse study was to characterize and differentiate stress in wheat due to infestation by greenbugs and Russian Wheat aphids using a hand-held Cropscan radiometer. Reflectance data and derived vegetation indices from the 16 bands of the radiometer were analyzed using SAS PROC MIXED statistical analysis procedure. Results show that it is possible to detect the stress caused by the two aphid species and to discriminate between the two aphid-induced stresses in wheat using remote sensing. Ratio-based vegetation indices (based on 800/450 nm and 950/450 nm) were found useful in differentiating the two stresses in wheat. However, more canopy-level-studies are needed to identify bands and indices that might have potential to differentiate the two stresses on wheat under field conditions.     

Determining nitrogen deficiencies for maize using various remote sensing indices

Precision Agriculture - Determining a precise nitrogen fertilizer requirement for maize in a particular field and year has proven to be a challenge due to the complexity of the nitrogen inputs,...     

Mapping within-field variability in wheat yield and biomass using remote sensing vegetation indices

Precision Agriculture - This paper explored the ability of remote sensing (RS) and meteorological data to map the variability of yield/biomass in cultivated wheat (Triticum aestivum). The...     

Improved remote sensing detection of wheat powdery mildew using dual-green vegetation indices

In this study, we investigated the possibility of using ground-based remote sensing technology to estimate powdery mildew disease severity in winter wheat. Using artificially inoculated fields, potted plants, and disease nursery tests, we measured the powdery mildew canopy spectra of varieties of wheat at different levels of incidence and growth stages to investigate the disease severity. The results showed that the powdery mildew sensitive bands were between 580 and 710 nm. The best two-band vegetation index that correlated with wheat powdery mildew between 400 and 1000 nm wavelength were the normalized spectrum 570–590 and 536–566 nm bands for the ratio index, and 568–592 and 528–570 nm for the normalized difference index. The coefficients of determination (R ²) for both were almost the same. The optimum dual-green vegetation index was constructed based on a calculation of the ratio and normalized difference between the normalized spectrum within the two green bands. The coefficients of determination (R ²) of DGSR (584, 550) (dual-green simple ratio) and DGND (584, 550) (dual-green normalized difference) were both 0.845. The inverse models of disease severity performed well in the test process at the canopy scale, and indicated that, compared with the traditional vegetation indices of Lwidth, mND705, ND (SDr, SDb), SIPI, and GNDVI, the novel dual-green indices greatly improved the remote sensing detection of wheat powdery mildew disease. Following these results, combined disease severity and canopy spectra were shown to be of enormous value when applied to the accurate monitoring, prevention, and control of crop diseases.     

Multi-temporal wheat disease detection by multi-spectral remote sensing

For the implementation of site-specific fungicide applications, the spatio-temporal dynamics of crop diseases must be well known. Remote sensing can be a useful tool to monitor the heterogeneity of crop vitality within agricultural sites. However, the identification of fungal infections at an early growth stage is essential. This study examines the potential of multi-spectral remote sensing for a multi-temporal analysis of crop diseases. Within an experimental field, a 6 ha plot of winter wheat was grown, containing all possible infective stages of the powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) and leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) pathogens. Three high-resolution remote sensing images were used to execute a spatio-temporal analysis of the infection dynamics. A decision tree, using mixture tuned matched filtering (MTMF) results and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), was applied to classify the data into areas showing different levels of disease severity. Classification results were compared to ground truth data. The classification accuracy of the first scene was only 56.8%, whereas the scenes from May 28^th and June 20^th achieved considerably higher accuracies of 65.9% and 88.6% respectively. The results showed that high-resolution multi-spectral data are generally suitable to detect in-field heterogeneities of crop vigour but are only moderately suitable for early detection of crop infections.

冬小麦遥感估产多种模型研究

综合冬小麦地面光谱资料及相应的农学参数资料,ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ 资料,历年各县冬小麦单产、播种面积、总产资料,历年新疆各站气象资料,监测点历年冬小麦发育期、密度、产量分析等资料,证明地面光谱植被指数与冬小麦密度、生物量、叶面积指数关系密切,从而建立了密度与生物量的光谱监测模型,进而建立了北疆试验区各层冬小麦种植面积估算和产量预报卫星遥感模型,辅以冬小麦产量农业气象预报模型、农学模型及模拟模型,自１９９４ 年投入应用以来的结果表明,这套模型预报精度高、效果很好     

施氮量对新疆滴灌冬小麦冠层结构及其小气候特征的影响

为明确不同施氮量对新疆冬小麦冠层结构特征及其群体内部光、温变化的影响,于2013—2015年连续2个冬小麦生长周期,在大田滴灌条件下,采用单因素随机区组试验设计,共设置了0(N_0),94.5(N_1),180(N_2),240(N_3),300(N_4)和360kg/hm~2(N_5)6个施氮肥处理,研究了施氮量对冬小麦茎型特征,叶垂直分布及其形态特征,冠层光、温变化规律的影响。结果表明:与N_0处理相比,增施氮肥冬小麦叶片的长、宽及叶片总面积均显著增加。随着施氮量的增加,各叶层LAI、各节间长度和节间粗度均呈"先增后减"的趋势,株高变幅为71.83~85.88cm(2014年)和70.56~85.18cm(2015年);冠层中、下部的透光率和冠层温度均呈"先降后增"的趋势。各处理冠层温度日变化呈"凸"型曲线,均在15:00左右达到峰值,其值以N_3处理最低。2年试验产量均以N_3处理最高,为8 653.22(2013年)和8 415.20kg/hm~2(2014年),分别较同年N_0、N_1、N_2、N_4和N_5处理增产68.01%、32.39%、17.92%、5.34%、10.69%和67.39%、30.81%、19.31%、4.20%、11.49%。本试验条件下,施氮量控制在240kg/hm~2左右,滴灌冬小麦叶型、株型特征良好,冠层光、温适宜,有利于获得高产。     

响水县小麦氮磷钾肥利用率试验研究

In order to reduce the amount of fertilizer and increase the efficiency of wheat in this region, and to promote the technology of soil testing and formula fertilization, we conducted a three-year experimental study on the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in wheat, the results showed that the utilization rate of nitrogen (n), phosphorus (P2O5) and potassium (K2O) were increased by 3.1-5.47%, 3.83-6.23% and 1.3-8.48% respectively.     

Effects of nitrogen rate and ratio of base fertilizer and topdressing on uptake, translocation of nitrogen and yield in wheat

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important measures to increase grain yield and protein content in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. However, misuse of N Tertilizer will not only affect gram yield and quality, but also cause the decline of economic benefits and related negative environmental effects. It is essential to study reasonable N application regimes for profitable yields, efficient N utilization and reduction in possible environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to determine the N uptake and translocation in wheat plants by using ¹⁵N isotope tracers in PVC cylinders (2.05 m long, ϕ 0.2 m, without bottom) in seven treatments: without N fertilizer application (N0); N application rate of 168 kg/hm² (0.527 g/pot), with ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing of 1:1 (N1), 1:2 (N2) and 0:1 (N3); N application rate of 240 kg/hm² (0.753 g/pot), with ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing of 1:1 (N4), 1:2 (N5) and 0:1 (N6). The ¹⁵N tracer experiment showed that the main basal N absorbed by plant from sowing to jointing stage accounted for 78.04%–89.67%; fertilizer N use efficiency (FNUE, N fertilizer accumulation in plant/N supplied) of topdressing was significantly higher than that of basal N; reducing basal N amount and increasing topdressing N amount could appropriately promote the plant’s absorption of more N fertilizer and enhance FNUE, of which treatment N2 had the highest values. Under the high-yield condition, when N fertilizer rate was increased from 168 to 240 kg/hm², there were no significant differences in the amount of N accumulation in plants and in grains between treatments with the same ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing; by reducing basal N amount and increasing topdressing N amount accordingly, the translocation efficiency (TE, accumulation amount from vegetative organs to gram/N accumulation in vegetative organs during anthesis) increased, and the amount of N assimilation to grains after anthesis and its contribution proportion (the amount of N assimilation to grains after anthesis/N accumulation in grain) also increased. In other words, grain N accumulation amount increased with increasing amount of topdressing N at the same N fertilizer rate. There were no significant differences among treatments N2, N3, N5 and N6 in grain N accumulation. Appropriate N fertilizer rate with a reduction in basal N amount and an increase in topdressing N amount such as in N2, N5 and N6 increased grain yield and protein content. In conclusion, under conditions used in this experiment, as far as grain yield, protein content and FNUE are concerned, the recommended appropriate N fertilizer application regime is treatment N2, with a N fertilizer rate of 168 kg/hm² and a ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing of 1:2. Translated from Journal of Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2006, 32(12): 1860–1866 [译自: 作物学报]     

氮肥用量对安农9192面包小麦加工品质的影响

通过田间试验和室内分析研究氮肥用量对安农9192 面包小麦加工品质的影响。结果表明, 该品种的优良性状要在较高氮肥用量下才能较充分表达。氮肥用量 (N) 为270～360 kg/hm 2 的处理, 面粉蛋白质和面筋含量及沉降值均比270kg/hm 2 以下处理的高, 粉质仪测定的评价值达58～64 分, 拉伸仪测定的R5/E为4.1～3.1, 曲线面积超过250 cm 2, 面包体积达810～815 m L, 比容5.3～5.4 m L/g, 面包烘焙质量评分超过92.0 分。     

Algorithms for sensor-based redistribution of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat

Several methods were developed for the redistribution of nitrogen (N) fertilizer within fields with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) based on plant and soil sensors, and topographical information. The methods were based on data from nine field experiments in nine different fields for a 3-year period. Each field was divided into 80 or more subplots fertilized with 60, 120, 180 or 240 kg N ha⁻¹. The relationships between plot yield, N application rate, sensor measurements and the interaction between N application and sensor measurements were investigated. Based on the established relations, several sensor-based methods for within-field redistribution of N were developed. It was shown that plant sensors predicted yield at harvest better than soil sensors and topographical indices. The methods based on plant sensors showed that N fertilizer should be moved from areas with low and high sensor measurements to areas with medium values. The theoretical increase in yield and N uptake, and the reduced variation in grain protein content resulting from the application of the above methods were estimated. However, the estimated increases in crop yield, N-uptake and reduced variation in grain protein content were small.     

An entirely new approach based on remote sensing data to calculate the nitrogen nutrition index of winter wheat

The nitrogen nutrition index(NNI) is a reliable indicator for diagnosing crop nitrogen(N) status. However, there is currently no specific vegetation index for the NNI inversion across multiple growth periods. To overcome the limitations of the traditional direct NNI inversion method(NNI_(T1)) of the vegetation index and traditional indirect NNI inversion method(NNI_(T2)) by inverting intermediate variables including the aboveground dry biomass(AGB) and plant N concentration(PNC), this study proposed a new NNI remote sensing index(NNI_(RS)). A remote-sensing-based critical N dilution curve(Nc_(_RS)) was set up directly from two vegetation indices and then used to calculate NNI_(RS). Field data including AGB, PNC, and canopy hyperspectral data were collected over four growing seasons(2012–2013(Exp.1), 2013–2014(Exp. 2), 2014–2015(Exp. 3), 2015–2016(Exp. 4)) in Beijing, China. All experimental datasets were cross-validated to each of the NNI models(NNI_(T1), NNI_(T2) and NNI_(RS)). The results showed that:(1) the NNI_(RS) models were represented by the standardized leaf area index determining index(sLAIDI) and the red-edge chlorophyll index(CI_(red edge)) in the form of NNI_(RS)=CI_(red edge)/(a×sLAIDI~b), where "a" equals 2.06, 2.10, 2.08 and 2.02 and "b" equals 0.66, 0.73, 0.67 and 0.62 when the modeling set data came from Exp.1/2/4, Exp.1/2/3, Exp.1/3/4, and Exp.2/3/4, respectively;(2) the NNI_(RS) models achieved better performance than the other two NNI revised methods, and the ranges of R2 and RMSE were 0.50–0.82 and 0.12–0.14, respectively;(3) when the remaining data were used for verification, the NNI_(RS) models also showed good stability, with RMSE values of 0.09, 0.18, 0.13 and 0.10, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the NNI_(RS) method is promising for the remote assessment of crop N status.     

不同控释氮肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间小区试验,比较了不同控释氮肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,不同控释氮肥处理水稻增产和提高氮肥利用率的效果不同。硫磺树脂包膜氮肥处理水稻产量和氮肥利用率显著高于其他处理。不同控释氮肥处理比普通氮肥处理显著提高水稻氮肥利用率,增幅为7.23～14.83个百分点。硫磺树脂包膜氮肥处理比其他处理提高了水稻总粒数和结实率。因此,硫磺树脂包膜氮肥处理在该地区水稻施用效果最佳。     

Coupling proximal sensing,seasonal forecasts and crop modelling to optimize nitrogen variable rate application in durum wheat

Precision Agriculture - Nitrogen (N) fertilization in durum wheat has traditionally been managed based on yield goals without considering temporal and spatial variability of yield potential related...     

包膜氮肥在黄褐土小麦上的施用效果

本试验采用大田小区试验的方法,针对ZP包膜氮肥在黄褐土小麦上施用的肥效进行了研究。研究结果表明:ZP包膜氮肥与尿素以5∶5配合施用,较纯施尿素小麦增产28.93%,氮素利用率可达33.8%,提高10.2个百分点,纯利润增1 246.2元/hm2,且可提高土壤肥力,减少肥料养分淋洗下渗。     

氮肥运筹对小麦氮素利用效率及产量影响的研究进展

在小麦高产栽培研究中,氮素肥料的合理运筹直接影响到小麦的产量、品质以及经济效益,不少农业科研工作者对此做了大量研究。本文就氮素利用效率的评价指标、影响因子以及氮肥运筹对小麦氮素利用效率和产量的影响进行了综述,提出了提高小麦氮素利用效率的措施。     

Profitability of variable rate nitrogen application in wheat production

Using plant sensing to determine the amount of nitrogen (N) to apply has the potential to increase profits in wheat (Triticum aestivum) production by reducing N cost or by increasing grain yield. The objective of this paper was to determine if yields and profits from experimental trials that used a precision N applicator to apply N were significantly different from trials that applied pre-determined amounts of N. Across Oklahoma, USA, experiments were designed to test 10 N treatments that included two variable rate treatments (VRT), two uniform rate treatments (URT) where the level of N applied was based on optical reflectance measurements (ORM), and six conventional treatments (i.e., pre-determined uniform rates of N). Data included treatments during 2005–2009 from eight different locations. Results indicated no statistical difference in yields between the conventional treatments that apply 90 kg ha⁻¹ of N and the VRT and URT treatments. On average, the conventional treatment that applied 90 kg ha⁻¹ of top-dress N produced the largest yield, with a VRT treatment producing the third largest yield. Profits were calculated for each treatment using a partial budget. On average, the treatment that received 90 kg ha⁻¹ of top-dress N was the most profitable even though the pre-plant N (anhydrous ammonia) had a cost advantage relative to top-dress N (urea and ammonium nitrate).