Spatial variability and temporal stability of apparent soil electrical conductivity in a Mediterranean pasture

The general objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) the specificity of the spatial and temporal dynamics of apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) measured by a electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor, over 7 years, in variable conditions (of soil moisture content (SMC), soil vegetation cover and grazing management) and, consequently, (ii) the potential for implementing site-specific management (SSM). The DUALEM 1S sensor was used to measure the EC_a in a 6 ha pasture experimental field four times between June 2007 and February of 2013. Soil spatial variability was characterized by 76 samples, geo-referenced with the global positioning system (GPS). The soil was characterized in terms of texture, moisture content, pH, organic matter content, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This study shows a significant temporal stability of the EC_a patterns under several conditions, behavior that is an excellent indicator of reliability of this tool to survey spatial soil variability and to delineate potential site-specific management zones (SSMZ). Significant correlations were obtained in this work between the EC_a and relative field elevation, pH, silt and soil moisture content. These results open perspectives for using the EMI sensor as an indicator of SMC in irrigation management and of needs of limestone correction in Mediterranean pastures. However, it is interesting to extend the findings to other types of soil to verify the origin of the lack of correlation between the EC_a data measured by DUALEM sensor and properties such as the clay, organic matter or phosphorus soil content, fundamental parameters for establishment of pasture SSM projects.     

Spatial and temporal stability of soil phosphate concentration and pasture dry matter yield

Several methods are described that could be used by a farm manager to define the spatial and temporal stability within a field from a series of yield maps. A quantitative analysis of soil phosphate concentration and pasture dry matter yield data over 4 years (2004–2007) were investigated to identify the spatial and temporal stability in a 6 ha pasture field. The data were combined into two maps that characterize the spatial and temporal variation recorded over the 4 years. The two maps were then combined to create a single map with five management classes, each with different characteristics that can have an impact on the way the field is managed. These categories are: high yielding and stable, high yielding and moderately stable, low yielding and stable, low yielding and moderately stable and unstable. The unstable class represents 83 and 93% of the total area with regard to soil phosphate concentration and pasture dry matter yield, respectively. Results from this study show that the significant temporal stability found cancels out over time, leaving a relatively homogenous map of spatial variation. The implication of the findings is that each pasture field should be managed according to the current year’s conditions. These results also justify a further study that evaluates the soil phosphorous dynamics under Mediterranean conditions.     

农田土壤特性的空间变异性及Kriging估值法

以自相关和半方差函数对 40 m× 45m面积内的 90个点进行了土壤容重、田间持水量的空间变异性研究。结果表明 ,土壤特性表现出空间变异结构 ,但不是完全的随机变异 ,在一定范围内存在着空间相关现象 ,且空间结构无明显的方向 ,并对以空间变异结构为基础的 Kriging估值法作了探讨 ,其较普通平均法估值精度高。     

Spatial variability in grape yield and quality influenced by soil and crop nutrition characteristics

Knowledge of spatial variability of soil fertility and plant nutrition is critical for planning and implementing site-specific vineyard management. To better understand the key drivers behind vineyard variability, yield mapping from 2002 to 2005 and 2007 (the monitor broke down in 2006) was used to identify zones of different productive potential in a Pinot Noir field located in Raimat (Lleida, Spain). Simultaneously, the vineyard field was sampled in 2002, 2003 and 2007, applying three different schemes (depending on the number of target vines in different grape yield zones). The sampling carried out in 2002, which involved different soil, topographic and crop properties (mineral contents in petiole), made it possible to evaluate the influence of these parameters on the grape yield variability. The zones of lowest yield coincided with locations in which the nutritional status of the crop exhibited the lowest values, particularly with respect to petiole contents of calcium and manganese. Sampling systems adopted in 2003 and 2007 (grape quality and soil attributes) confirmed the inverse spatial correlation between grape yield and some grape quality parameters and, more importantly, showed that the percentage of soil carbonates had a great influence on grape quality probably due to the reduced availability of manganese in calcareous soils. Site-specific vineyard management could therefore be considered using two different strategies: variable-rate application of foliar fertilizers to increase the yield in areas with low production and also foliar or soil fertilizers to improve the quality specifications in some areas.     

竹鼠粪便还田对牧草产量及土壤理化性质的影响

【目的】探讨竹鼠粪便还田对牧草产量、土壤物理性质、土壤化学性质的影响。【方法】试验设5个处理:施用堆沤过的竹鼠粪便量(干重)7.5t/hm~2、15t/hm~2、22.5t/hm~2、30t/hm~2和对照不施肥五个水平,每个处理三个重复,随机区组排列。【结果】施用竹鼠粪便的牧草鲜重比对照增产了36.3%-92.4%,土壤有机质含量比对照增加了15.4%-41.2%;可以减少土壤小于0.25mm的水稳性团粒结构体,增加0.25mm的水稳性团粒结构体;【结论】竹鼠粪便还田能够显著提高桂牧一号的鲜草产量,施用量为22.5t/hm~2时,增产效果最显著;在0-30t/hm~2的施用竹鼠粪便还田的范围内,随着施肥量的增加,牧草地土壤有机质含量、水稳性土壤团粒结构体数量、土壤阳离子交换量明显增加,土壤容重明显降低;不同的施肥水平条件下,牧草地土壤的全氮、全磷、全钾以及速效氮、磷、钾的含量增加,且差异显著。这种清洁生产、低投入高产出的生产模式,是今后农业生产发展的方向。     

Spatial variability of soil properties in red soil and its implications for site-specific fertilizer management

Assessing spatial variability and mapping of soil properties constitute important prerequisites for soil and crop management in agricultural areas. To explore the relationship between soil spatial variability and land management, 256 samples were randomly collected at two depths(surface layer 0–20 cm and subsurface layer 20–40 cm) under different land use types and soil parent materials in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province, a red soil region of China. The pH, soil organic matter(SOM), total nitrogen(TN), cation exchange capacity(CEC), and base saturation(BS) of the soil samples were examined and mapped. The results indicated that soils in Yujiang were acidified, with an average pH of 4.87(4.03–6.46) in the surface layer and 4.99(4.03–6.24) in the subsurface layer. SOM and TN were significantly higher in the surface layer(27.6 and 1.50 g kg~(–1), respectively) than in the subsurface layer(12.1 and 0.70 g kg~(–1), respectively), while both CEC and BS were low(9.0 and 8.0 cmol kg~(–1), 29 and 38% for surface and subsurface layers, respectively). Paddy soil had higher pH(mean 4.99) than upland and forest soils, while soil derived from river alluvial deposits(RAD) had higher pH(mean 5.05) than the other three parent materials in both layers. Geostatistical analysis revealed that the best fit models were exponential for pH and TN, and spherical for BS in both layers, while spherical and Gaussian were the best fitted for SOM and CEC in the surface and subsurface layers. Spatial dependency varied from weak to strong for the different soil properties in both soil layers. The maps produced by selecting the best predictive variables showed that SOM, TN, and CEC had moderate levels in most parts of the study area. This study highlights the importance of site-specific agricultural management and suggests guidelines for appropriate land management decisions.     

Ammonia flux into the atmosphere from a grazed pasture

A micrometeorological technique has been used to measure the flux of ammonia and related gaseous nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere from a pasture grazed by sheep. During 3 weeks in late summer, the average daily flux density of nitrogen in these forms was 0.26 kilogram per hectare. This is a substantial part of the nitrogen turnover in grazed pastures.     

Mapping soil and pasture variability with an electromagnetic induction sensor

The general objective of this study was to test a non-contact electromagnetic induction probe to evaluate the soil and pasture variability in a precision agriculture project. Assessment of the variability of soil and vegetation in a permanent pasture is the basis for management of variable rate fertilization, which is the main instrument used by farmers for improvements in permanent pasture in Alentejo, Portugal. The traditional process of sampling and evaluation of the soil is very demanding in terms of time, labour and reagents, and can derail a project of precision agriculture. This paper describes the major steps followed by the authors to simplify the methodology of soil evaluation in a permanent pasture based on measuring the apparent soil electrical conductivity. Tests were carried out in a parcel of approximately 6 ha, which was subdivided into 28 m × 28 m squares. The soil samples and the evaluation of apparent electrical conductivity were geo-referenced with a global positioning system. The geospatial data were processed by ArcGIS software and the statistical analysis resulted in significant correlation coefficient values between apparent electrical conductivity and altitude, soil pH and pasture dry matter yield.     

柚子园主要土壤肥力属性空间变异及合理取样数研究

对柳州市一个面积约20hm2的柚子园采用50m×50m网格取样,布设76个采样点,对土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的空间变异性及合理取样数作初步研究。结果表明,该柚子园土壤pH、有机质以及大量营养元素含量变异系数范围为6.45%~59.48%。地统计分析表明,这些土壤肥力属性均在一定范围内存在空间相关性,土壤速效钾的空间相关性弱,而有机质、碱解氮具有中等的空间相关性,土壤pH、速效磷空间相关性强。同时探讨了研究区域土壤的pH值、有机质和大量营养元素的合理取样数,结果显示,在95%置信水平下,土壤碱解氮选用5%的相对误差,土壤pH选用10%的相对误差,其余指标选用15%的相对误差水平,土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的推荐取样数分别为2、6、34、28、35个。     

生土地种植苜蓿后土壤速效养分与pH值的时空变化

【目的】为评价苜蓿对改良土壤、培肥地力及草田轮作的影响提供依据。【方法】在苜蓿各生育期对0~60 cm土层进行取样,研究土壤速效养分含量和pH值的动态变化。【结果】种植苜蓿第2年各土层土壤硝态氮含量增幅较小,第3年各土层土壤硝态氮含量增幅较大,与种植前相比,其0~20、20~404、0~60 cm土层硝态氮含量分别增加了3.85,5.82和8.25 mg/kg;在第2年,各土层土壤速效磷含量变化呈抛物线型,于第2茬达到峰值。在第3年,头茬苜蓿生育期内各土层土壤速效磷含量均迅速下降,与种植前相比,0~20、20~40、40~60 cm土层土壤速效磷含量分别降低了3.16,2.98和2.40 mg/kg;各土层土壤速效钾含量逐年下降,与种植前相比,种植苜蓿后的第3年,0~20、20~40、40~60 cm土层土壤速效钾含量分别下降了94.35,88.29和88.55 mg/kg;各土层土壤的pH值略有增加,与种植前相比,种植苜蓿后的第3年,0~20、20~40、40~60 cm土层土壤的pH值分别增加了0.14,0.12,0.04。【结论】种植苜蓿后,土壤硝态氮含量呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,在第2年第1茬初花期时达到最低,苜蓿的固氮作用从第2年第2茬开始显现;土壤的速效磷含量变化呈抛物线型变化,于第2年第2茬达到峰值;土壤速效钾含量逐年下降;pH值略有增加但变化不明显。     

植烟土壤的pH和中量元素空间分异研究

为推进植烟土壤的精细管理与精准施肥,以辽宁昌图烟区为例,采用GIS和地统计学相结合的方法,对其植烟土壤pH和有效态中量元素的空间变异及分布特征进行了分析.研究表明,土壤pH和有效态钙、镁、硫含量的空间变异函数分别为指数、球形、高斯、高斯模型,它们都具有中等的空间相关性,其变异均受地形、土壤类型等结构因素和施肥、管理水平等随机因素共同影响.克里格(Kriging)插值图较为直观的描述了昌图烟区植烟土壤的pH和有效态中量元素的空间分布格局,为昌图烟田的分区管理提供了依据.     

湘南丘岗红壤地区土壤肥力质量指标的空间变异特征

采用地理信息系统(GIS)和地统计学方法研究了湘南丘岗红壤地区土壤表层(0～20 cm)pH值、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、全氮、全磷、全钾8项土壤肥力指标的空间变异特征.结果表明:土壤pH、有效磷、全氮和全钾的理论模型为球状模型,有机质、碱解氮和速效钾的理论模型为指数模型,全磷的理论模型为高斯模型;碱解氮和全磷的基底效应分别为13.6％、19.0％,表现出强烈的空间相关性,土壤pH、有机质、有效磷、速效钾、全氮和全钾的基底效应分别为28.7％、29.9％、54.7％、53.1％、55.6％、73.0％,具有中等的空间相关性;研究区域的书林寺村南部和官山坪村北部以石灰岩风化物母质为主,土壤肥力较高,属Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,幸福桥村区域以板岩风化物母质为主,土壤肥力为Ⅳ级,官山坪村南部以第四纪红土母质为主,土壤肥力属Ⅴ级,应重视第四纪红土母质地区土壤退化防治和肥力恢复调控.     

微地形土壤养分空间变异特征及养分管理研究

选取安徽省郑蒲港新区作为研究区域,运用地理信息系统与地统计学相结合的方法,选取土壤有机质、p H、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾作为研究对象,选择不同的插值模型,并分析了各土壤要素的空间变异特征。结果表明,受到土地平整和施肥等人为因素影响,地形因子(高程、坡度)对土壤养分的影响程度较小,研究区河流隔开采样数据出现空间不连续,采用区域分块插值的核平滑方法插值模型最为稳定,更加符合研究区实际情况,不会出现为满足假设条件而出现系数为负的插值方程。研究区5种土壤元素均呈现南北低中间高的趋势,土壤速效钾和有效磷的变异系数较高,碱解氮和有机质变异性较弱,p H变异性最弱。占研究区90%以上的土壤4种养分元素均土壤有机质含量均处在中上水平以上,只有占研究区面积的19.66%和72.30%的碱解氮,分别处在中上、中下水平,研究区面积的61.6%和35.67%的p H分别处于酸和弱酸级水平。     

阜平县土壤有效态微量元素的空间变异

[目的]针对河北省阜平县土地利用现状,为优化施肥管理提供一定的理论依据,进而提高土地生产力.[方法]以阜平县土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn为研究对象,利用Arcgis软件、GS+软件与地统计学相结合的方法分析了这4种微量元素的空间变异性特征及影响因素.[结果]土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn平均含量分别为17.06、...     

Spatial variability in commercial orange groves. Part 2: relating canopy geometry to soil attributes and historical yield

Precision Agriculture - Site-specific management strategies are usually dependant on the understanding of the underlying cause and effect relationships that occur at the within-field level. The...     

广州岑村农用地土壤养分空间变异性研究

应用地统计学，结合地理信息系统(GIS)研究了广州城郊岑村地区农用地土壤表层(O～20cm)的有机质、碱解N、有效P、速效K等4种养分含量的空间分布特征，结果表明，有机质和碱解N为正态分布，有效P和速效K为对数正态分布；半方差分析的结果表明大部分土壤养分在一定间距内存在空间相关性，且为强烈的空间自相关，用普通克立格法进行最优内插，得养分含量分布图，并分析了各土壤养分的分布状态，此结果可进一步应用于城郊农业生产。     

影响盐碱地作物产量的土壤化学特征分析

通过分析盐碱地高、低产田的土壤化学特征 ,指出限制作物产量的主要因素是土壤盐分与 pH值偏高 ;此外 ,还存在土壤肥力不足、养分不平衡等问题 ;并对如何控制土壤盐碱 ,提高作物产量进行了探讨     

北京市房山区土壤养分的时空变异

[目的]为了给北京房山该区域科学施肥及改善土壤生态环境提供依据.[方法]基于2007年及201 9年北京市房山区土壤养分数据,结合地统计学和GIS方法,探明研究区土壤养分的时空变化特征.[结果]结果表明:研究区有机质和全氮总体上处于高等含量水平,速效钾总体上处于极高含量水平,而有效磷则处于中等较低含量水平,各养分含量均呈现显著的空间和时间变异.土壤有机质和全氮总体分布呈现山区高平原低的趋势,有效磷呈平原耕地高于山区的趋势,速效钾在整个地区都处于较高水平.有效磷的变异系数最大,属于高变异强度,其余养分含量均属于中等变异强度.研究区各项养分块基比在0.63～0.73之间,呈中等空间相关,空间变异情况受随机性因素和结构性因素共同影响,其中施肥管理、种植制度、土地利用方式等人为因素占主导.[结论]12年来,该区各养分含量总体呈上升趋势,有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾的含量分别在55％、67％0、45％、94％的耕地中有明显升高,但研究区内仍有31％的耕地出现了有效磷含量的下降.     

苜蓿土壤浸提液对连作马铃薯植株生长及产量的影响

【目的】探究苜蓿土壤浸提液对连作马铃薯生理性状及块茎产量的影响,为马铃薯连作障碍的缓解和块茎产量提高提供理论依据。【方法】以青薯9号马铃薯为试验材料,以马铃薯5年连作田土壤为盆栽用土,将0,20,40,60,80和100 g清水苜蓿3年连作田0~20 cm根区土壤与1 L蒸馏水混合振荡提取土壤浸提液浇灌盆栽马铃薯,研究不同质量浓度苜蓿土壤浸提液对连作马铃薯植株生长、全株干物质量、根系形态、酶活性和渗透调节物质含量及产量的影响。【结果】在淀粉积累期,60 g/L处理马铃薯的株高、茎粗和全株干物质量分别较CK提高14.0%,33.3%和32.3%;总根长、根表面积、根体积、根直径、根尖数和根系活力较CK均显著增加;叶片SOD活性显著增强,而MDA和Pro含量显著降低。苜蓿土壤浸提液处理均能提高马铃薯产量,其中以T3处理增产幅度最大,增产率达39.4%。相关性分析表明,马铃薯单株产量与全株干物质量呈极显著正相关。【结论】苜蓿土壤浸提液可以有效改善连作马铃薯的生长状况,并能提高马铃薯产量,以60 g/L苜蓿土壤浸提液效果较好。     

红壤蔗区土壤有效硅的空间变异特征

在一块面积约24 km2的低丘红壤蔗区中,测定了土壤表层175个土样的土壤有效硅含量,结果表明有效硅平均含量较低(117.7mg/kg),变异系数为中等变异强度。地统计学的空间结构分析表明,土壤有效硅存在中等程度的空间相关性,变程为5 km。Kriging方法绘制的等值线图显示,土壤有效硅的空间分布呈明显的斑块状,与地形分布有一定的相关性。通过估计值标准差分布图增补采样点可提高插值精度,为施肥管理提供依据。