基于无人机影像阴影去除的苹果树冠层氮素含量遥感反演

【目的】去除无人机多光谱遥感影像中的阴影,以提高苹果树冠层氮素含量反演模型精度。【方法】以山东省栖霞市苹果园为试验区,利用2019年6月采集的无人机多光谱影像,分别基于归一化阴影指数（normalized shaded vegetation index,NSVI）和归一化冠层阴影指数（normalized difference canopy shadow index,NDCSI）去除果树冠层多光谱影像中的阴影,提取非阴影区域果树冠层光谱信息;通过相关性分析方法,将基于原始光谱影像和基于NSVI、NDCSI去除阴影后提取的光谱数据与实测叶片氮素含量进行相关性分析,分别筛选氮素含量的敏感波段并构建光谱参量;采用偏最小二乘（partial least square,PLS）及支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）方法构建果树冠层氮素含量反演模型并进行精度检验。【结果】绿光波段和红光波段为果树冠层氮素含量反演的敏感波段;阴影削弱了果树冠层的光谱信息,去除阴影前后,冠层多光谱各波段光谱差异较大,在红边波段及近红外波段尤为明显;基于2个阴影指数去除阴影后构建的氮素反演模型精度均有提升,最优模型为基于NDCSI去除阴影后构建的支持向量机氮素含量反演模型,该模型建模集R²和RPD分别为0.774、1.828;验证集R²和RPD分别为0.723、1.819。【结论】基于NDCSI可有效去除无人机多光谱果树冠层影像中的阴影,提高氮素含量反演精度,为果园氮素精准管理提供了有效参考。     

环境因子对苹果树水势的影响及其日变化规律

在露地条件下对不同嫁接组合红星和金冠苹果树枝条、叶片及果实水势测试并应用灰色系统方法建立苹果树水势与环境因子日变化规律的GM (0 ,4)模型 ,结果表明 :苹果树各器官水势日变化均为早晨较高 ,午间或午后达最低值 ,傍晚回升到高于早晨的水平 ;温度、相对湿度和辐射照度是苹果树各器官水势日变化的主要影响因子 ,且不同嫁接组合苹果树各器官水势日变化的一次累加生成时间序列与温度、相对湿度及辐射照度日变化的一次累加生成时间序列呈线性函数关系     

不同锌水平果园苹果树锌含量的年周期变化动态

【目的】研究大田条件下不同锌水平果园苹果树体锌吸收运转分配和锌运转系数的周年变化,解释不同锌水平果园苹果树锌含量的周年变化规律。【方法】以盛果期‘红富士/平邑甜茶’苹果为试材,测定缺锌小叶病树和正常树周年内不同物候期土壤及树体各器官的锌含量。【结果】不同锌水平树体根系锌含量周年动态变化差异显著,正常树锌含量周年内基本处于稳定水平,而病树根系前期呈下降趋势,后期急剧上升;在多年生枝条中,正常树锌含量始终处于较高水平,且后期有所增加,而病树在生长发育后期锌含量显著降低;新生器官的锌含量变化趋势基本一致,但正常树的锌含量始终高于病树。【结论】小叶病树生长发育后期锌低位贮藏引起地上部/根锌的运转系数低、树体锌含量上运受阻,同时,缺锌改变了树体养分吸收的节奏,致使小叶病苹果树春夏根系供锌能力低,形成了生长发育后期锌在根系贮藏、上运困难的特有锌运转规律。     

干旱对苹果树茎流的影响

为明确红富士苹果树在缺水时茎流规律，利用热扩散技术，在阿克苏地区对红富士苹果树茎流在不同水分处理下的响应进行分析。结果表明，水分过多可能抑制果树蒸腾作用，体现在灌溉当天CK日茎流量值下降。缺水时，红富士苹果树单日茎流速率为“窄峰”曲线，茎流开始时间较晚，结束时间较早；同时刻茎流速率差别较小，即果树缺水时蒸腾耗水受天气影响小。果树为适应干旱，在夜间茎流速率谷值推迟，根系吸水活动减弱但时间延长。相关性分析表明，- 50 cm 深土壤体积含水率对红富士苹果树适时灌水有一定的指示作用。     

山东苹果M26矮化砧木栽培适应性调查与分析评价

对山东省17个县(市)苹果M26矮化砧木的生产表现进行了系统调查,以期全面了解山东苹果M26矮化砧木的应用现状,并对其栽培适应性作出科学评价。结果表明,以M26为中间砧嫁接富士,幼树生长势强,大树树体稳定性好;在山东省大部分地区均表现出良好的抗寒、抗旱性,幼树露地越冬无抽条现象,大树花芽无冻害,抗风折,较耐瘠薄。     

干旱对苹果树叶水势变化的影响

水分是影响果树生产的重要的生态因子之一。水分胁迫对植物的生长发育、生理生化过程和作物的产量都有很大的影响。土壤干旱和水分胁迫时果树叶水势下降,并且随着土壤干旱程度的加剧和干旱时间的延长而加剧变化。苹果树叶水势日变化的总趋势和正常供水树基本一致。持续干旱下,不同干旱处理的叶水势均持续下降,不同处理间的差异显著,在复水后,不同处理叶水势恢复能力不同。     

河西地区经济林适应性评定及发展方向浅议

以河西地区经济林主栽品种的光合和水分生理生态特性、生长发育环境条件及其在当地的生产和抗逆性表现情况综合评价其适应性,认为应坚持梨和葡萄为主,枣为副,区域性栽苹果的经济林发展方针.苹果梨、锦丰梨、酿造葡萄是其最适宜发展的优良品种,早酥梨、民勤红枣和临泽小枣可以扩大发展,毛里斯、金冠等苹果可在该区金昌以东适度发展.     

红富士苹果人工促萌成花技术的研究

采用夏季修剪和喷布植物生长调节剂,处理红富士苹果矮化中间砧幼树,能使幼树的萌芽率、短枝率和叶丛枝率增加,长枝率和中枝率减少,促花效果明显。试验提供了该项技术在生产上应用的可能性。     

Spatial distribution of water status in irrigated olive orchards by thermal imaging

Information regarding tree water status in irrigated olive orchards is essential for managing growth to optimize yields and olive oil quality. One management practice option is to monitor or sample individual trees and use this information for orchard-scale management. This study assessed the ability of thermal imaging to provide the spatial distribution and variability of tree water status in a commercial irrigated olive orchard, and described strategies and a procedure for choosing which individual trees best represent the orchard. The study employed gradual upscaling from individual trees grown in lysimeters, through a controlled experimental field plot, to a commercial orchard. Thermal imaging of olive trees grown in lysimeters attested the sensitivity of the technique to identify mild-level water stress by correlating crown temperatures to stem water potential. Knowledgeable choice of five or ten representative trees in the experimental plot, based on the histogram distribution obtained for the entire experimental orchard, lead to successful reconstruction of the spatial distribution of canopy temperature, and thus of water status. Positively skewed distributions of crown temperatures found in both the field plot and commercial orchard suggested distinct patterns, where the canopy temperature of the majority of the trees was lower than the average, and a relatively small number of trees had significantly higher temperatures and suggest commercial practicality of the proposed methodology. Thermal imaging can therefore serve as a useful tool for determining representative trees that, if frequently monitored, or instrumented with continuous water status sensors, can provide important information for orchard water management.     

A cost-effective canopy temperature measurement system for precision agriculture: a case study on sugar beet

Increasing agricultural efficiency in a sustainable manner will contribute to feed a growing population under limited land, nutrient and water resources. Water scarcity and the increasing social concern for this resource are already requiring more sophisticated irrigation and decision-support systems. To address the heterogeneity in crop water status in a commercial field, precision irrigation requires accurate information about crops (e.g., crop water status), soil (e.g., moisture content) and weather (e.g., wind speed and vapor pressure deficit). Numerous studies have shown that plant canopy temperature can be used to derive reliable plant water stress indicators, thus making it a promising tool for irrigation water management. However, efficient and cost-effective measurement techniques are still lacking. This paper assesses the potential of infrared thermometry and thermal imaging for monitoring plant water stress in a commercial sugar beet field by comparing canopy temperature data acquired from a conventional thermal camera with an inexpensive infrared sensor, both mounted on a rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Measurements were taken at various phenological stages of the sugar beet growing season. Laboratory tests were performed to determine the key features for accurate temperature measurements and flight altitude. Experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015 in experimental and commercial sugar beet fields in Southwestern Spain to (i) develop an affordable infrared temperature system suitable for mounting on a UAV to obtain thermal information, (ii) compare sugar beet canopy temperature measurements collected with the low-cost platform with those obtained from a conventional thermal camera, both mounted on a rotary-wing UAV, (iii) identify the factors that will limit the use of the low-cost system to derive temperature-based water stress indices. To accomplish these objectives, well-watered and deficit irrigated plots were established. Results indicated that the lightweight canopy temperature system was robust and reliable, although there were some constraints related to weather conditions and delimitation of the area covered by the infrared sensor.     

杉木人工林冠层高度无人机遥感估测

冠层高度是森林资源调查的重要因子。传统的森林树高调查方法存在外业调查难度大,效率低等问题。无人机（UAV）的发展为快速估测森林树高提供了手段。以福建省闽清县的杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata人工林为研究对象,通过Eco Drone-UA无人机遥感系统获取研究区遥感影像,利用Pix4D Mapper软件对航拍多光谱影像进行预处理,构建数字表面模型（DSM）,利用1:10 000地形图生成数字高程模型（DEM）;基于DSM和DEM叠加相减得到树冠高度模型（CHM）,实现杉木树高的提取。结果表明:植被指数和多光谱波段结合随机森林算法能够有效识别真实树冠顶点;利用无人机遥感影像能够实现杉木树高估测,相对误差最小值为0.81%,最大值为23.48%,标准误差为1.48 m,估测精度为90.8%。高程变化对树高估测精度有影响,根据高程大小排序的3组样木实测树高与提取树高的决定系数（R2）分别是0.97,0.84和0.78,标准误差分别是0.67,1.17和1.99 m,在高程较高区域树高估测精度明显高于高程相对较低区域。     

基于高光谱和数码照相技术的苹果花期光谱特征研究

 【目的】旨在探索苹果花期的光谱特征和敏感波段。【方法】以栖霞市为研究区,利用苹果花期数码照片监督分类,提取苹果花树比和花叶比指标信息,通过与同步高光谱探测数据的相关分析,研究苹果树花期光谱特性,确定其敏感的光谱波段。【结果】苹果树花期光谱特征主要表现为对蓝光和红光的吸收、对绿光的反射,和对750～1 300 nm近红外的强烈反射。其光谱特征变化与花叶比和花树比指标呈现较好的相关性,敏感波段范围为400～530 nm的蓝青光和570～700 nm的橙红光,以及中等花树比果树760～1 350 nm的近红外。【结论】该研究提出了高光谱遥感与数码照相技术相结合的有效方法,初步探明了苹果树花期的光谱特征,为苹果园地信息提取、营养诊断和苹果生产管理的实时性与信息化提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

基于无人机倾斜摄影技术的单木参数提取及胸径模型构建

以南京森林警察学院校园内丁山脚下的行道树区域为研究区域,通过旋翼无人机搭载五目摄像机获取该区域的三维立体影像,在该影像上提取样木的树高、冠幅2个参数,并用全站仪获取相同的样木数据,验证2个参数的测量精度,建立胸径的反演模型。结果表明：通过无人机提取的样木树高的平均相对误差为3%,提取冠幅的平均相对误差为2%。建立模型的48组样本数据中,以冠幅、树高为自变量,胸径为因变量建立的二元胸径反演模型的效果最好,其决定系数高达0.9,均方根误差最小,为0.83;12组用于检测的数据样本中,平均误差均在正常范围内,树高&冠幅−胸径的二元反演模型的平均误差低至0.63 cm,误差率4.8%,因此二元胸径反演模型是本研究中最优胸径反演模型,且精度较高。本研究可为快速准确的获取研究区域的样木参数,进而计算出精度较高的胸径值,降低林业工作人员的外业强度,为精准林业调查、林地检测提供了新的技术参考。     

基于无人机三维信息的杉木新造林林分参数遥感估测研究

以福建顺昌埔上国有林场的杉木新造林为研究对象,采用大疆Phantom 4 Multispectral无人机分2次获取研究区的无人机影像,并以无人机影像为数据源,从研究区的数字表面模型（DSM）中提取冠层高度模型（CHM）。根据局部最大值算法和分水岭算法,从CHM中获取研究区杉木的树高和冠幅数据;同时在研究区设立15个标准地,采用测量杆测定各标准地内所有杉木的树高和南北冠幅;以随机选取、且在影像中具有精确位置的265棵杉木为单木水平的实测数据,以及各标准地内杉木的平均树高和平均南北冠幅为林分水平的实测数据,分别从单木和林分角度对杉木树高和冠幅的遥感估测精度进行评价。结果表明：2次飞行作业之间树高的估测精度分别为90.86%和91.34%,南北冠幅的估测精度分别为83.55%和83.95%;在单木水平上,遥感估测的树高精度为R²=0.89、RMSE=22.37 cm、EA=91.00%;南北冠幅精度为R²=0.70、RMSE=27.33 cm、EA=82.22%;在林分水平上,树高的估测精度为R²=0.95、RMSE=12.27 cm、EA=94.61%;南北冠幅的估测精度为R²=0.82、RMSE=11.24 cm、EA=92.20%。遥感估测的树高均值比野外测量的树高均值小0.07 m,南北冠幅均值比野外测量的均值小0.04 m。基于无人机三维信息实现了研究区杉木树高和冠幅的精确估测,且在飞行参数一致的情况下,不同飞行区域和飞行批次之间的估测精度相近。研究可以为杉木新造林快速、稳定的监测和经营管理策略的科学制定提供基础数据。     

干旱区苹果园的田间耗水状况探析

1999-2000年对干旱区5-6年生苹果园生长期实际土壤蒸发量和叶片蒸腾量进行了田间测定分析，结果表明，在较干旱的气候环境条件下，5-10月间单株成龄果树的耗尜量约为8.5t，其中土壤蒸发量占99%以上，实际灌水量仅为6.3t，差额水量的补充则来自于降雨、土壤水分移动和深层根系的吸水作用，干旱区果园60cm土层温度达6.5%左右时为凋萎湿度，田间持水量控制在70%左右，不会影响树体正常生长。     

APPLE SUMO E3 LIGASE MDSIZ1 NEGATIVELY REGULATES DROUGHT TOLERANCE

•MdSIZ1 RNAi transgenic apple trees are drought tolerance than wild type—GL-3.•MdSIZ1 RNAi plants get enhanced ability to keep water and scavenge ROS under drought conditions.•MdSIZ1 may participate in apple drought tolerance by affecting ABA biosynthesis.Drought stress typically causes heavy losses in apple production and uncovering the mechanisms by which apple tolerates drought stress is important in apple breeding. MdSIZ1 is a SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) E3 ligase that promotes SUMO binding to substrate proteins. Here, we demonstrate that MdSIZ1 in apple has a negative relationship with drought tolerance. MdSIZ1 RNAi transgenic apple trees had a higher survival rate after drought stress. During drought stress they had higher leaf water potential, reduced ion leakage, lower H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde contents, and higher catalase activity. In addition, MdSIZ1 RNAi transgenic plants had a higher net photosynthetic rate during the latter period of drought stress. Finally, the transgenic apple trees also altered expression levels of some microRNAs in response to drought stress. Taken together, these results indicate that apple MdSIZ1 negatively regulates drought stress by enhancing leaf water-holding capacity and antioxidant enzyme activity.     

不同浓度有机物料发酵流体对连作苹果幼树叶片光合荧光参数和根系抗氧化酶活性的影响

【目的】以富士/八棱海棠二年生幼树为试材,研究盆栽条件下连作土壤中施入不同浓度的有机物料发酵流体对苹果幼树叶片光合荧光参数和根系抗氧化酶活性的影响。【方法】试验包括重茬土(CK),重茬土中加入1%、3%、5%、7%和9%的有机物料发酵流体6个处理,测定连作条件下苹果幼树株高、地径;根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）的活性;叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和胞间CO2浓度（Ci）;叶片荧光参数PSⅡ反应中心实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、PSⅡ反应中心光能捕获效率（Fv'/ Fm'）、非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）、电子传递效率（ETR）和光化学猝灭系数（qP）的变化。【结果】有机物料发酵流体对连作苹果幼树株高、根系抗氧化酶和叶片的光合荧光参数的影响均表现为“低浓度促进,高浓度抑制”效应,低、中浓度（1%、3%、5%）的有机物料发酵流体浇灌的苹果幼树株高均高于同期对照,且以3%增长最显著,在春、夏和秋三个季节分别为同期对照的1.24倍、1.12倍和1.23倍;CAT活性从春到秋有逐渐升高的趋势,春秋季除3%处理外,其他各处理的根系CAT活性均低于对照,且差异显著。夏季不同处理根系 CAT 活性变化较大,除5%处理外,1%、3%、7%和9%各处理的CAT 活性均显著高于对照,分别是对照的 1.54、1.84、1.65和1.62倍。施入不同浓度的有机物料发酵流体同样改变了连作苹果幼树根系POD活性,除7%和9%处理外,其他各处理的根系POD活性随季节变化呈现先升高后降低的趋势。SOD活性从春到秋呈现降低的趋势,春季1%、3%和5%处理的SOD活性显著高于对照,分别为对照的1.28、1.34和1.24倍,而7%和9%处理显著低于对照,为对照的91.5%和93.9%。从春季到秋季,1%、3%和5%处理的苹果幼树叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素（a+b）含量呈现逐渐升高的趋势,在春、夏、秋季3%处理的各色素含量均为最高,在春季3%的各色素含量分别为同期对照的1.17、1.34、1.09和1.22倍;在夏季3%处理的各色素含量分别为同期对照的1.18、1.29、1.11和1.21倍;在秋季3%的各色素含量分别为同期对照的1.52、2.23、1.42和1.65倍;3%处理的连作苹果幼树叶片Pn、Tr、Gs分别比对照增加了13.8%、27.3%和17.3%。【结论】不同浓度的机物料发酵流体对连作苹果幼树的株高、叶片光合特性和根系相关抗氧化酶活性的影响不同,1%、3%、5%浓度有机物料发酵流体均可减轻苹果连作障碍,浓度高于5%的有机物料发酵流体则抑制了苹果幼树的生长。综合研究结果,推荐使用3%浓度的有机物料发酵流体,可较有效地减轻苹果连作障碍。     

Measurements and Modeling of the Impacts of Different Pruning Degrees on Transpiration of Apple Orchard in Hilly Regions

【Objective】 Water deficiency is the major obstacle to restrict the development of apple industry of the Loess Plateau. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of pruning on apple transpiration, aiming to provide helpful information for water management and sustainable development of apple orchards. 【Method】 The study sites was located in Zizhou County, Shaanxi Province, where the apple trees were grown under rain-fed conditions. Sap flow under four pruning intensities, including CK (no pruning), PI-1 (light pruning), PI-2 (moderate pruning) and PI-3 (severe pruning), were measured with thermal dissipation probes. Combining with model simulations (MAESPA), the effects of pruning on transpiration of apple trees were studied.【Result】 The results showed that pruning could effectively reduce the leaf area index (LAI) of apple trees. The total branches, LAI and crown diameter of PI-3 decreased by 28.2%, 30.5% and 9.5%, respectively, compared with the CK. Pruning reduced the transpiration of apple trees significantly. At the intraday scale, when the pruning intensity increased, the peak value of sap flow decreased accordingly. Furthermore, the monthly transpiration gradually decreased from the fruit swelling period to fruit ripening period with the peak value in July and the lowest value in September. Transpiration of intensity II (PI-2) and intensity III (PI-3) was significantly lower than that of CK. During the study period, the transpiration of pruning intensity I (PI-1), intensity II (PI-2) and intensity III (PI-3) decreased by 11.1%, 24.1% and 37.9%, respectively, compared with CK (July-September). Meanwhile, the relationship between pruning intensity and transpiration was analyzed through MAESPA model. MAESPA model simulated the diurnal variation characteristics and daily transpiration of apple trees with a good accuracy. The normalized mean square error was between 0.163 and 0.293; the Nash coefficient was between 0.616 and 0.830 and the consistency coefficient was between 0.907 and 0.960. The results also showed that the model had a relatively poor performance when the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and saturated water vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were low. 【Conclusion】 Pruning effectively reduced the transpiration of apple trees. Under the context of light water stress in the Loess Plateau, PI-1 could be applied to orchard to reduce water consumption slightly; under the severe water deficit condition, PI-3 could be used as a promising measure to regulate water consumption of apple trees and promote the green healthy development of orchards.     

修剪对山地苹果蒸腾的影响及模拟

【目的】探究不同修剪强度对旱作山地苹果蒸腾的调控效应,为山地苹果园田间水分管理与可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】以黄土丘陵区山地苹果为对象,设置不同修剪强度（对照CK：无修剪;强度I：轻度修剪,去除10%的侧枝长度;强度II：中度修剪,去除25%的侧枝长度;强度III：重度修剪,去除40%的侧枝长度）,采用观测（TDP插针式茎流计）和数值模拟（MAESPA模型）结合的手段研究修剪对苹果树蒸腾耗水规律的影响。【结果】修剪显著降低了苹果树叶面积指数,强度III修剪处理的枝量、叶面积指数,冠幅直径平均较对照处理减少 28.2%、30.5%、9.5%。修剪显著改变了苹果树蒸腾耗水特征,随着修剪强度的增加,日液流峰值下降,液流强度变弱;逐月蒸腾耗水量从果实膨大期到着色成熟期逐渐降低,表现为7月最高,9月最低,修剪强度II、强度III处理各月蒸腾耗水显著低于对照;各处理在整个研究期间的蒸腾耗水量较对照分别降低了11.1%、24.1%、37.9%,修剪强度II、强度III蒸腾耗水量与对照存在显著差异。MAESPA模型能够较好模拟不同修剪强度下果树蒸腾耗水规律,不同修剪强度7—9月份蒸腾耗水量模拟的归一化均方差为0.163—0.293,纳什系数为0.616—0.83,一致性系数为0.907—0.960。模型在光合有效辐射和饱和水汽压差较低时,对蒸腾的模拟效果较差。【结论】随着修剪强度的增加,苹果蒸腾耗水量基本呈等比例下降趋势,在没有严重水分亏缺时,山地果园可采取去除10%侧枝的修剪强度;当发生严重水分亏缺时,去除25%侧枝的修剪强度能以较小的产量损失显著降低蒸腾耗水量,缓解水分供需矛盾,促进果园的绿色健康发展。     

红富士苹果幼树越冬抽条的生理学研究

本试验以一年生红富士、新红星两苹果品种为试材,采用对比试验法研究了红富士苹果幼树越冬期生理特性及其与抽条的关系。结果表明,苹果幼树枝条越冬期有一个缓慢失水过程,越冬期根系吸水、枝条保水与失水不平衡会引起抽条。红富士幼树晚秋停止生长晚,枝条贮藏物质少,严冬期水解程度低、渗透调节物质含量少;枝条角质层结构松散、类脂物积累少,表皮蒸腾强度高。这是红富士幼树越冬期水分散失快、容易抽条的主要原因。