Detection of heavy metal pollution in estuarine sediments

Anomalies in the concentrations of heavy metals in estuarine sediments may not be reliably detected based on the measured concentration values or the ratios of metal concentrations to those of a reference element because of natural variations in both. However, the departure of a measurement from a regression line between metal and reference element concentrations may serve as a criterion for detecting an anomaly. The procedure has been applied to a suite of 34 sediments from a Florida estuary.     

Spatial patterns and temporal changes of heavy metal distributions in river sediments in a region with multiple pollution sources

Purpose

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate temporal and regional variability of contamination by heavy metals (HMs) in river sediments using their enrichment factors (EFs) and benchmarking according to sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). The Zlin region in the Czech Republic (Morava and Drevnice River basins) represents a model area where several regionally specific ecological risk assessment studies have recently been conducted with a focus on organic pollution, eco-toxicity, geological, and geochemical characteristics.

Materials and methods

Four consecutive sediment sampling campaigns were undertaken in spring and autumn 2005–2006. Aqua-regia leachable content of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn in surface sediments from 14 sites was analyzed using ICP-MS, and Hg content was analyzed using AMA-254 analyzer. EFs were calculated to identify the human impact on pollution in the area. Comparisons to SGQs were conducted to identify the areas and HMs of greatest risk.

Results and discussion

Calculation of EFs contributed to the effective clustering of HMs. Median EFs of Co, Ni, and V ranged from 0.9 to 1.4 at all sites indicating concentrations very close to natural geological background levels. There was greater enrichment at locally polluted sites, the highest in the cases of Cd, Sb, Hg, and Cr. Widespread influence of diffuse HM sources (traffic, agriculture, and urban wastes) was apparent from elevated concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn at all sites. EF values also helped to identify the greatest temporal changes and shifts in HMs contamination between adjacent sites caused by 50-year recurrence interval floods in early spring 2006. The impact was most apparent in downstream sites; namely directly below the confluence of the two major rivers.

Conclusions

The overall contamination of HMs in the region was classified as low-to-moderate with significantly contaminated sub-areas. The study showed relatively stable spatial distributions of HMs, indicating potential sources of pollution. Cu was identified as the HM of greatest risk. The study emphasizes the necessity of considering both environmental circumstances and background HM occurrence to prevent misinterpretation of the pollution situation. The use of EFs which include grain size proxy normalization and HM background levels, along with the comparison of the detected concentrations to SQGs, proved an efficient way to identify hazardous contamination from anthropogenic sources.     

Sources of heavy metal pollution in the rhine basin

The concept of industrial metabolism is introduced as an analytical framework for many diffuse sources of pollution for which ‘end of pipe’ control will not work and pollution prevention at the source is required. the concept is applied to pollution in the Rhine Basin which ends up in the Netherlands Delta and the North Sea, where the character of the pollutants changes over time. Cadmium, lead and zinc pollution from point sources, traffic, corrosion and atmospheric deposition are considered. Calculations cover the period from 1950 to 2010. in this study strongly urbanized paved and unpaved areas are distinguished based on their transport of pollutants to surface waters.     

乐清湾养殖区表层沉积物重金属含量分布及污染评价

以乐清湾养殖区表层沉积物中Cu等7种重金属为研究对象,在野外实地调查取样及重金属含量测定基础上,以中国海洋沉积物质量(GB18668-2002)一类标准值为评价标准,利用单因子指数评价法、内梅罗综合污染指数评价法和沉积物质量基准(sediment quality guideline,SQG),对单项重金属污染程度、多种重金属综合污染效应及重金属潜在生物毒性风险进行了评价。结果表明,乐清湾养殖区表层沉积物重金属含量分布差别明显,所有采样点表层沉积物均受到Cu污染,局部受到严重Hg污染;大部分养殖区表层沉积物重金属污染达到轻度等级;所有养殖区均可发生由Cu偶尔引起的不利生物毒性效应,个别养殖区可发生由Hg频繁引发的不利生物毒性效应。乐清湾养殖区表层沉积物重金属主要来源于沿岸电镀企业废水排放及农药化肥造成的农业面源污染。开展Cu、Hg污染治理修复是实现乐清湾养殖环境安全的迫切需求。     

红壤重金属的复合污染

The effects of combined heavy metal pollution of red soil on the growth of wetland rice and the transfer of Pb,Cd,Cu and Zn from soil into plants were sudied by greenhouse pot experiment,The results showed that the plantyields were markedly affected by heavy metals,with the exception of Pb,in soils under the experimental conditions,without taking into consideration all the interactions among the elements.The concentrations of the elemets in plants were mainly affected by the specific element added to the soil.The effect of interactions among the heavy metals was very significant either on plant yields or on the concentration of the elements in plants.The risk assessment of a combined pollution by heavy metals in the soil is discussed preliminarily in terms of the relative pollution equivalent.     

Airborne heavy metal pollution in the environment of a danish steel plant

A survey of heavy metal deposition was carried out in the vicinity of a Danish steel plant. Bulk precipitation and transplanted lichen (Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.) were sampled at 12 stations in the environment before and after the production had been converted from open-hearth furnaces to electric-arc furnaces. The samples were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn. The results show that heavy metal pollution from the steelworks still is severe and that it follows a decreasing power curve when the distance to the steelworks is increased. However, a reduction in the deposition of heavy metals close to the steelworks has been observed, pointing to the conclusion that the change from a situation of emission through a 46 m stack without any filter to emission from the electric arc furnaces equipped with bag-filters has lead to changes in the emission. At the sampling stations with the highest deposition levels measured in bulk precipitation the corresponding concentrations in the lichens were relatively lower indicating a change in particle size distribution. Within each station there was a direct proportionality of metal concentrations in lichens and atmospheric fallout measured in bulk precipitation.     

应用物元分析法评价安徽省土壤重金属污染现状

土壤重金属评价是土壤重金属污染研究的重要方向.本研究改进了土壤重金属污染评价的物元分析模型,并且对评价因子权重的计算方法进行修正,提出了基于污染物浓度和毒性的双权重因子的物元分析评价方法.通过对安徽省主要土壤中重金属的评价,得到如下结果:3种土壤中,黄褐土污染最为严重,其次为黄红壤,污染最轻的为砂姜黑土.     

华北地区有机种植和常规种植模式下土壤重金属含量及污染评价

为探讨有机种植与常规种植两种不同种植方式对土壤重金属含量和污染特性的影响,本文在华北5个地区选取典型的有机蔬菜和有机小麦种植基地及附近相似条件的常规种植地块,比较了土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、As共6种重金属含量的差异,并采用不同评价方法对不同种植方式下土壤中重金属的污染程度进行了评价。结果表明:与常规种植相比,有机种植减轻了土壤酸化和盐渍化,提高了土壤有机质含量和阳离子交换量,在一定程度上有利于降低土壤中重金属的生物有效性。与土壤背景值相比,所有调查地区的土壤重金属均有不同程度的增加和积累。与常规种植相比,有机种植模式能有效降低土壤中Cd、Cr含量,有机小麦种植地块因长期施用大量有机肥导致土壤中Cu、Zn、As大量富集;而常规温室菜田同时施用大量的有机肥、化肥及农药,土壤中Cu、Zn、As富集的风险比有机种植模式高;露天蔬菜有机种植地块土壤中Cu、Zn、As含量与常规地块差异不明显。综合污染指数评价结果显示,调查地区土壤均属于轻污染程度,主要贡献因子为Cd、Cu、Zn,有机种植降低了土壤中重金属的综合污染水平;地累积指数法评价结果表明,调查地区处于无污染到中等污染水平,最明显的污染元素是Cd,有机种植降低了土壤中重金属污染的程度和风险;潜在生态危害指数评价结果表明,所调查地块存在轻微潜在生态风险,其中产生较大生态危害的是Cd,表现出轻微生态危害程度。本研究表明,有机种植减轻了土壤中重金属综合污染水平和污染风险,并减轻了土壤重金属的潜在生态危害。     

漳州市耕地重金属污染评价

以漳州市主要耕地土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查采样、分析测试和数学统计分析技术,对漳州市主要耕地土壤汞、镉、铬、铅和砷等5种有害重金属元素背景值及其污染状况进行了调查与评价,为漳州市无公害农产品生产基地的选择与规划、污染土壤治理以及耕地环境保护等提供科学依据。     

漳州市耕地重金属污染评价

以漳州市主要耕地土壤为研究对象，通过野外调查采样、分析测试和数学统计分析技术，对漳州市主要耕地土壤汞、镉、铬、铅和砷等5种有害重金属元素背景值及其污染状况进行了调查与评价，为漳州市无公害农产品生产基地的选择与规划、污染土壤治理以及耕地环境保护等提供科学依据。     

基于多元统计和模糊模型的沣河沉积物重金属污染风险评估

Concentrations of heavy metals in 74 sediment samples from the Fenghe River, which originates from the north of the Qinling Mountains and flows through Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China, were characterized by employing geographic information system (GIS) mapping, fuzzy synthetic assessment, and multivariate statistical analysis to determine the enrichment characteristics of heavy metals as well as their potential risks of pollution to sediments. Al, Cd, and Co were the major pollutants, with a high enrichment factor (EF) value. Heavy metal concentrations from samples near the paper plant were maintained at a high level. Significant enrichment of Al, Ba, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Co was found in the midstream and downstream, while high concentration of Cu occurred in the headwater stream. Based on the cluster and principal component analyses, sediment metals mainly came from the paper plants, agronomic practices, natural sources, and tourism, with a contribution of 51.59%, 23.01%, 14.21%, and 9.88%, respectively. Sediment pollution assessment explored using fuzzy theory based on the entropy method and toxicity coefficient showed that 26, 32, and 11 sites fell into Class III (slightly polluted), Class IV (moderately polluted), and Class V (heavily polluted), respectively, and their scores of membership degree in the polluted level were on the rise, suggesting a relatively high degree of sediment metal pollution in the study area. Closely related to the excessive industrial and agricultural applications, metal pollution in sediment is necessary to be addressed in the Fenghe River.     

Glutamic acid decomposition as a sensitive measure of heavy metal pollution in soil

The effect of added heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) on the rate of decomposition of glutamic acid was studied in four Dutch soil types in order to determine if such measurements would serve as sensitive indicators of heavy metal pollution in soil. The time required to reach the maximum respiration rate (referred to as the decomposition time) with glutamic acid was linearly related to increasing concentrations of Ni in a sandy loam soil.Changes in decomposition time were measured 18 months after addition of 55, 400 or 1000 mg kg^? of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb or Zn respectively to sand, silty loam, clay and sandy peat soils. A significant increase in the decomposition time occurred with a concentration of 55 mg kg^?1 of Cd, Cu or Zn in the sand soil. At 400mgkg^?1 adverse effects in the various soils are distinct. The sensitivity of the decomposition time of glutamic acid as a method to measure soil pollution is discussed.     

豫东黄河故道湿地土壤重金属污染评价及生态风险评估

为探明豫东黄河故道湿地土壤重金属污染情况,采用原子吸收光谱法测定商丘黄河故道区内湿地(WL)及附近林地(FL)和耕地(CL)3种类型土壤中重金属Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Cu的含量,运用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染特征和潜在生态风险进行评价和分析。结果表明,黄河故道WL、FL和CL土壤中Cr和Cd的平均含量分别为289.46、308.17、378.58和2.03、2.47、2.62 mg·kg-1,是黄河故道区土壤环境背景值的10.51和37.69倍,均超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值;而重金属Zn、Pb和Cu含量相当于甚至低于土壤环境背景值。5种重金属元素含量均表现为:WL < FL < CL。污染评价分析结果表明在这3种类型的样地中,重金属Cd达到弱极度污染水平,属于高度潜在生态风险;重金属Cr达到弱重度或重度污染水平,但属于轻度潜在生态风险;重金属Zn、Pb和Cu则处于无污染或轻度污染水平,属于轻度潜在生态风险。豫东黄河故道区WL、FL和CL综合潜在生态风险指数均超过480,存在高度潜在生态风险。工业“三废”、成土母质和农业活动等来源的重金属Cd是该区域最重要的污染因子,对综合潜在生态风险的贡献率达97.23%,需要及时进行综合整治;而土壤成土母质或人类农业活动来源的重金属Cr、Pb、Cu和Zn 是黄河故道区土壤重金属污染的潜在生态风险因子,也应及时加以防控。     

Hydrogenic heavy metal pollution of alluvial soils in the city of Perm

The differences in the sources and compositions of the pollutants among the alluvial soils within the city of Perm were revealed. Heavy metal pollution of hydrogenic origin is caused by unpurified sewage water. The main source of pollution of the urbanozems and replantozems of the city is the aerial input of heavy metals. The lead content in the alluvial soils of the city was twice lower and the mean Zn and Ni contents were 1.5 and 4.0 times higher than in the urbanozems and replantozems, respectively. The concentrations of Sr, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Cr did not correlate positively with the content of clay particles in the fine earth of the alluvial soils. The higher pollution of the light-textured soils showed that, nowadays, its main source was sewage water but not sludge. In the alluvial soils, small Fe-rohrensteins are formed. They serve as microgeochemical barriers for some part of the microelements. The Pb and Zn contents in the rohrensteins of the soils of the Las’va river basin reached 440 and 890 mg/kg, respectively. In the upper horizon of this soil, the contents of Pb and Zn in the rohrensteins were 42 and 17% of their concentration in the fine earth, respectively.     

Effects of heavy metal pollution on soil macrofauna in a grassland of Northern France

In the north of France, a century of industrial metallurgic activities produced significant heavy metal soil pollution. In the north of France zinc smelter waste created a gradient of zinc concentration from 171 to 19 000 ppm in 35 m. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil pollution on the composition, density and diversity of macrofauna communities. The results showed that heavy metals reduce the overall density of earthworms and other macrofauna populations. The composition of the macrofauna community changed with the degree of pollution. There was no simple relationship between soil zinc content and species richness. In polluted areas, the number of species could be lower, equal or higher than in unpolluted zones. Increase of species richness in some polluted zones was due to the settlement of tolerant arthropod taxa. Coleoptera and some Arachnida were possibly favoured by the litter accumulation resulting from the reduced population densities of earthworms and other decomposers.     

田块尺度上土壤重金属污染地统计分析及评价

该文以北京市某生态农场的大田为例,应用地统计学分析方法进行了变异函数的计算和模型拟合,建立了计算土壤重金属含量的最适空间插值理论模型,随后运用克立金估值方法绘制了田块尺度上土壤重金属的空间分布图,并与土壤重金属污染标准进行比较,土壤重金属污染评价结果表明:研究范围内的土壤重金属含量较低,未发现污染。该研究结果表明地统计学分析方法可为田块尺度上的农业优化管理提供决策支持。     

用固定剂减少污泥中重金属污染土壤的研究

该研究将加有重金属固定剂的污泥装入废弃塑料容器制成施肥器,利用人工淋水或自然降水,使污泥中的养分从施肥器中流入土壤,而重金属被固定在污泥中,减少重金属土壤污染,再收集处理残渣,防止二次污染。通过淋滤试验和种植油麦菜、蕹菜的盆栽试验得出以下结论：硫酸钾作为固定剂和污泥混合,不仅肥效好,作物产量高,而且污泥重金属被水淋出量少,植物体内重金属的含量低。该文为污泥合理农用提供了新方法,同时充分利用了废弃塑料容器等废弃物,成本低而收效显著。     

Mosses as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in polish national parks

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Ph, Zn, Mn, Fe) and other elements (Mg, Na, K, Ca) were determined in the samples of Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens from 12 Polish national parks. The significant differences in the concentrations of all heavy metals between particular parks were found. The lowest concentrations of these metals were recorded in the mosses from the national parks in northern Poland, the highest in southern Poland. Significant differences in the heavy metals contents of the mosses between central and peripheral park areas, between green and brown parts of mosses, as well as between moss species were also found.     

田块尺度上土壤重金属污染地统计分析及评价(简报)

该文以北京市某生态农场的大田为例,应用地统计学分析方法进行了变异函数的计算和模型拟合,建立了计算土壤重金属含量的最适空间插值理论模型,随后运用克立金估值方法绘制了田块尺度上土壤重金属的空间分布图,并与土壤重金属污染标准进行比较,土壤重金属污染评价结果表明：研究范围内的土壤重金属含量较低,未发现污染。该研究结果表明地统计学分析方法可为田块尺度上的农业优化管理提供决策支持。     

不同地区城郊用地土壤重金属含量特征的比较

对京津唐、张家港和长株潭3个地区的露天菜地、设施菜地、水田和旱地进行的调查表明,城郊区大部分农田土壤重金属含量尚低于国家相关的土壤质量二级标准,但部分重金属含量超出了当地背景值,说明重金属在城郊土壤中有所积累。菜地土壤重金属含量总体上要高于水田和旱地,说明高强度利用投入会导致土壤重金属累积。对长株潭一个污染区的研究表明,发生污染的土壤很难再恢复利用。京津唐城郊区的土壤重金属含量的变异系数总体上高于张家港地区。