氮肥运筹对滴灌甜菜产量、氮素吸收和氮素平衡的影响

以甜菜品种"Beta356"为材料,研究了氮素运筹[甜菜叶丛快速增长期、块根膨大期和糖分积累期的氮素追施比例分别为6∶3∶1、5∶3∶2、4∶4∶2(用N1、N2、N3表示),不施氮素的处理为对照(用CK表示)]对滴灌甜菜产量、氮素吸收和氮素平衡的影响。结果表明:各处理甜菜产糖量为N3N2N1CK,氮素运筹间差异不显著。与N1处理相比,适当降低叶丛快速生长期的氮素施用比例,有利于提高氮肥表观利用率和氮肥表观残留率,降低氮肥表观损失率。其中N2处理的氮肥表观利用率和氮肥表观残留率分别比N1和N3处理提高了-3.00%和22.00%,108.22%和-0.14%,N2处理的氮肥表观损失率分别比N1和N3处理降低了262.40%和65.25%。综合考虑产量、氮素利用和氮素平衡认为,N2处理具有较高经济效益和环境效益,是北疆滴灌甜菜合理氮素运筹模式。     

施氮和接种根瘤菌对红壤旱地花生生长及氮素累积的影响

为探讨南方红壤旱地施氮和接种根瘤菌对花生生长和氮素累积的影响,以花生品种粤油256为材料,采用田间随机区组试验,设置9个处理:不施氮肥(N0)、50%施氮量(N_(50%))、75%施氮量(N75%)、100%施氮量(N_(100%),当地习惯施氮量135 kg·hm~(-2))、125%施氮量(N_(125%))、150%施氮量(N_(150%))、50%施氮量+接种根瘤菌(N_(50%)+RI)、75%施氮量+接种根瘤菌(N_(75%)+RI)、100%施氮量+接种根瘤菌(N_(100%)+RI),研究花生的生长发育状况、产量提升水平、氮素累积特征及氮肥利用效率。结果表明,在红壤旱地上适量施氮会促进花生生长,过量施氮会产生不利影响。单施氮肥时的增产幅度在9.8%~13.5%之间,以N75%的产量最高,为4 651.0 kg·hm~(-2)。合理施氮配合接种根瘤菌对花生的生长发育促进明显,所有处理中以N75%+RI的产量最高,达到5 169.1 kg·hm~(-2),但施氮不足(N_(50%))时接种根瘤菌的效果微弱。所有处理的花生氮素累积均可用Logistic方程拟合,适量施氮(≤N75%)可以提高花生氮素累积的最大速率vmax,使之出现时间tmax略有提前,但氮素快速累积的持续时间Δt较短;过量施氮(N100%)会使Δt过长,v_(max)降低、t_(max)推迟;而适量施氮配合接种根瘤菌处理的v_(max)较高,tmax出现时间及Δt时长适中。所有处理中以N75%+RI的氮肥农学利用率和吸收利用率最高,其氮肥偏生产力和生理利用率也较高,因此,本试验条件下以施氮101.25 kg·hm~(-2)(N75%)配合接种根瘤菌的效果最佳。本研究结果为我国南方红壤区花生的高产高效种植、科学合理施肥提供了理论依据。     

不同来源氮素配合施用提高东北春玉米氮素利用与改善土壤肥力的可持续性研究

【目的】研究不同氮素形态对东北春玉米氮素利用和土壤肥效的影响,为氮素养分持续高效利用和培肥土壤提供理论依据。 【方法】2013～2015 年连续三年在东北典型春玉米种植区开展田间定位试验,在相同磷钾肥施用前提下,试验设 4 个处理:1) 50% 玉米秸秆氮 (N0);2) 100% 速效氮 165 kg/hm2 (N1);3) 60% 速效氮 + 20% 有机肥氮 + 20% 缓释氮,施氮量 165 kg/hm2 (N2);4) N2 + 生物炭,生物炭量相当于 50% 玉米秸秆 (N3)。收获期测定耕层土壤基本理化指标、作物产量及氮素利用率、基肥和追肥后土壤 N₂O 排放量。 【结果】1) 三年玉米平均产量 N1、N2 和 N3 处理分别比 N0 处理显著增加了 62.7%、67.7% 和 80.1% (P < 0.05);N2 和 N3 处理分别比 N1 处理增产 3.0% 和 10.7%;N3 处理玉米产量可持续性指数 (SYI) 最高,产量可持续性最好。2) 与 N1 处理相比,2013 年和 2014 年累计化肥氮利用率 N2 和 N3 处理分别增加了 8.4% 和 12.7%、10.2% 和 15.5%,2015 年分别显著增加了 8.4% 和 12.7% (P < 0.05)。N2 和 N3 处理累计化肥氮利用率呈现逐年增加的趋势,且 N3 处理增加幅度大于 N2 处理,说明 N3 处理氮肥的后效更加明显。3) 施氮处理显著提高了土壤 N₂O 累积排放量 (P < 0.05),N3 处理较 N1 处理显著降低了 53.2%;4) N3 处理的综合土壤肥力指数 (IFI) 最高,N3 处理在农学、土壤肥力和环境效应评价中最优。 【结论】在总氮施用量不变的前提下,以添加适宜比例生物炭、有机肥和缓释氮肥替代部分速效化肥氮,可协同实现东北春玉米持续稳产、氮素养分持续高效利用和土壤肥力的可持续改善。     

施氮量对滴灌冬小麦–夏玉米周年产量及氮素利用效率的影响

  【目的】  当前华北平原冬小麦–夏玉米生产中,存在氮肥投入量大、氮肥利用效率低等问题,在滴灌水肥一体化条件下研究施氮量对冬小麦–夏玉米周年产量、氮素利用效率和土壤全氮含量、硝态氮残留的影响,以期为该地区小麦–玉米节肥、高产高效的栽培模式提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2018—2020年在青岛农业大学胶州现代农业示范园开展小麦、玉米滴灌施肥田间试验。设冬小麦/夏玉米生长季不施氮(N0)和施氮 150/150 kg/hm2 (N1)、210/225 kg/hm2 (N2) 和270/300 kg/hm2 (N3) 4个水平,以传统施肥方式和常规施氮量240/240 kg/hm2为对照(CK)。分析冬小麦和夏玉米产量、氮素吸收量和土壤氮素残留量。  【结果】  N2处理冬小麦、夏玉米产量最高,与N3处理无显著差异,但显著高于N0、N1和CK处理;N3处理冬小麦、夏玉米的干物质积累量、氮素吸收量最高,与N2处理差异较小,而显著高于N0、N1和CK处理。冬小麦、夏玉米氮肥偏生产力随着施氮量的提高而降低;冬小麦季氮素利用效率随着施氮量的提高而降低;夏玉米季,N2、N1和N0处理的氮素利用效率显著高于N3和CK处理,且N0、N1和N2处理间无显著差异;冬小麦、夏玉米氮肥农学利用率均随着施氮量的提高而降低,N2施氮水平下,氮素利用效率和氮肥农学利用率均表现较优。随着施氮量的增加,0—100 cm土层土壤全氮含量和硝态氮含量呈增加的趋势,全氮积累主要集中在0—40 cm土层,N3、N2和CK处理0—100 cm土层土壤全氮含量与N0和N1处理之间的差异随着轮作年数的增加而逐渐增大,N2处理较N3和CK处理有效抑制了硝态氮在表层土壤的积累和向深层土壤的迁移,降低了硝态氮淋失风险。  【结论】  冬小麦季施氮210 kg/hm2和夏玉米季施氮225 kg/hm2 (N2)可实现周年作物增产高效,提高氮素利用效率,显著降低硝态氮向深层土壤迁移,降低硝态氮淋失风险,是滴灌水肥一体化下华北平原麦玉周年轮作适宜的施氮量。     

东北春玉米连作体系中土壤氮矿化、残留特征及氮素平衡

通过2年田间试验,在2种肥力、3种氮肥施用水平(不施氮N0,中量施氮N1,高量施氮N2)下,研究了吉林省春玉米连作体系中土壤氮素的矿化、残留特征及氮素平衡,并比较了种植不同玉米品种的效应。结果表明,德惠高肥力土壤中氮素两季总矿化量为203 kg/hm2,是新立城低肥力土壤的2.7倍。中量氮(N1)处理,2试验点2年土壤累计的氮素残留量为103～112 kg/hm2,对环境威胁较小;高量氮(N2)处理,新立城低肥力条件下土壤的氮素残留量为174 kg/hm2,且有下移趋势,而在德惠高肥力条件下,土壤的氮素残留量仅为107 kg/hm2。在新立城低肥力土壤上,施氮量在氮素输入项中起主要作用,在氮素输出项中,作物携出量并不随输入量的增加而有显著的变化,从而导致氮素盈余随着施氮量的增加而显著增加。氮盈余主要以残留Nm in积累在土壤剖面中,变幅为34.0%～88.4%。在德惠高肥力土壤上,土壤矿化氮在2个施氮处理中分别占氮素输入的28.3%和36.5%,在氮素输出中,氮肥表观损失量显著高于新立城,且氮盈余中以表观损失为主,变幅为54.3%～70.8%,平均为65.5%。两个试验点的氮素表观损失可能主要是由生物固持作用引起的肥料氮向土壤氮的转换。不同玉米品种对氮素矿化和表观利用率有一定的影响,在优化施肥中应加以考虑。     

土壤全氮含量和施氮水平对棉花产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

为探讨不同土壤全氮含量水平下棉花的氮肥施用效应,采用盆栽试验,研究不同土壤全氮含量(0.58、0.64、0.74、0.83、1.29 g·kg~(-1))和施氮水平(每盆施加量分别为0、1.75、3.50 g)对棉花籽棉产量、氮素吸收、氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,棉花单株籽棉产量和干物重随施氮量增加而显著增加,土壤全氮含量与施氮水平对棉株根、茎、铃壳部位的干物质积累具有显著的互作效应。同一土壤条件下,棉花单株氮素积累量随施氮水平增加而显著增加。氮肥表观回收率随土壤全氮含量上升呈先降后升的变化趋势,且在土壤全氮含量0.74 g·kg~(-1)时较低,但土壤全氮含量在0.58~0.83 g·kg~(-1)内,不同施氮处理间氮肥表观回收率差异不显著。氮肥农学利用率随土壤全氮含量增加呈下降趋势。土壤全氮含量0.74 g·kg~(-1)时的氮肥生理利用率高于土壤全氮含量0.58、0.64和0.83 g·kg~(-1)。土壤全氮含量1.29g·kg~(-1)条件下,低氮水平氮肥利用效率(表观回收率、农学利用率、生理利用率)显著优于高氮水平;土壤全氮含量0.58~0.74 g·kg~(-1)时,高氮可实现增产增效;土壤全氮含量0.83~1.29 g·kg~(-1)时,低氮能维持较高的产量和氮肥利用率。本研究结果为不同土壤全氮条件下棉花氮肥投入提供了参考。     

外源化肥氮素在土壤有机氮库中的转化及关系

【目的】本研究旨在探明外源化肥氮在土壤不同有机氮库中的动态转化及关系,为实现化肥氮素养分高效利用的有效调控提供理论依据。【方法】利用15N示踪技术(15N标记尿素,丰度10.3%),以江西红壤性水稻土为研究对象,通过土壤培养试验,研究农民习惯施肥水平下,水稻不同生育期外源化肥氮在土壤有机氮库(氨基酸态氮、 氨基糖态氮、 酸解铵态氮、 酸解未知氮和非酸解有机氮)中的转化及关系。采用通径分析方法,评估来自外源化肥氮的有机氮各组分之间的转化关系。【结果】 1)土壤中氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮中来自外源的化肥氮(氨基酸态氮-15N和氨基糖态氮-15N)含量从分蘖期到拔节期显著升高(P0.05),从拔节期到灌浆期显著降低(P0.05),全生育期两个组分中来自外源化肥氮的含量最高值分别为26.5和8.4 mg/kg,均出现在分蘖期和拔节期之间;酸解性铵态氮中来自外源的化肥氮(酸解性铵态氮-15N)含量从分蘖期到成熟期逐渐降低,全生育期的动态转化符合指数递减方程;酸解未知态氮中来自外源的化肥氮(酸解未知态氮-15N)含量随着生育期的延长逐渐达到动态平衡,最大值接近12.8 mg/kg;非酸解性有机氮中来自外源的化肥氮(非酸解性有机氮-15N)含量在全生育期的变化符合对称方程,最低值7.9 mg/kg出现在拔节期和灌浆期之间。2)在水稻营养生长阶段的分蘖期和拔节期,外源化肥氮分别以酸解性铵态氮和氨基酸态氮为主要方式结合到土壤有机氮库中,其含量分别占施入化肥氮的21.5%和14.8%;在水稻营养生长和生殖生长并进阶段(灌浆期)和生殖生长阶段(成熟期),外源化肥氮主要结合到非酸解性有机氮库中,分别占施入化肥氮的8.7%和12.7%。3)土壤各有机氮库中来自外源的化肥氮之间存在相互转化的关系,酸解性铵态氮库起到了“暂时库”的作用,生育前期在土壤中固持氮,当可利用性氮受限时,又可以作为有效氮库释放氮供作物吸收;在整个生长期中氨基酸态氮库对外源化肥氮的转化积累起到了“过渡库”的作用,固持在氨基酸中的化肥氮可以转化成酸解性铵态氮和氨基糖态氮。4)灌浆期和成熟期植物吸收的来自外源的化肥氮与氨基酸态氮-15N和酸解铵态氮-15N的关系更密切。【结论】外源化肥氮在土壤中转化的过程中酸解性铵态氮起到了“暂时库”的作用,氨基酸态氮起到了“过渡库”的作用,非酸解性有机氮可作为氮素的“稳定库”存在,外源氮在这几个主要的氮库中动态转换以保持土壤-作物体系中氮素的循环。     

不同品种油菜生长后期体内氮素转运及再分配差异研究

为探明影响油菜生长后期氮素再分配的生理因素及其与氮素利用效率的关系,本文在严格控制氮素供应水平的砂培条件下,采用15N示踪技术研究了不同氮素水平下2个油菜品种吸收氮素后在体内的分配、转运及损失情况。结果表明,供试2个油菜品种的生物产量、籽粒产量、籽粒含氮量、植株全氮、籽粒全氮、收获指数和氮收获指数均存在较大差异,且以上差异因氮素水平不同而有所不同。常氮处理下,品种"742"的生物产量、籽粒产量、籽粒全氮、收获指数和氮素收获指数均高于品种"814";低氮处理下,品种"742"的植株含氮量、籽粒含氮量、收获指数和氮素收获指数高于品种"814",而生物产量、籽粒产量、植株全氮和籽粒全氮低于品种"814"。采用15N示踪方法测定油菜生长后期氮素再分配的结果表明,供试油菜品种生长后期营养器官氮素减少量及其比例、转向生殖器官的氮素再分配量存在明显差异。不同氮素水平下,品种"742"大多数营养器官的氮素减少量均高于品种"814",而且茎的减少量差异最为明显。常氮水平下,品种"742"根、叶中氮素减少比例均少于品种"814",而茎中氮素减少量远远大于品种"814";低氮水平下,品种"742"根、茎、叶中氮素减少比例均大于品种"814"。在常氮和低氮处理下转向生殖器官的氮素再分配量均表现为,品种"742"向角果皮再分配的氮素低于品种"814",向籽粒再分配的氮素则高于"814"。T检验结果表明,2个品种除常氮条件下向角果皮再分配的氮素之外,其他再分配氮素的差异都达到显著水平,说明油菜生长后期由营养器官向生殖器官的氮素再分配有助于提高氮素利用效率。油菜生长后期氮素损失量表现为,品种"742"在常氮处理下的氮素损失量及其比例小于品种"814",低氮处理时反之。     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on nitrogen dynamics in oilseed rape using 15N‐labeling field experiment

In order to optimize nitrogen (N) fertilization and to reduce the environmental impact of oilseed rape without decreasing yield, a clearer understanding of N dynamics inside the plant is crucial. The present investigation therefore aimed to study the effects of different N‐application rates on the dynamics of N uptake, partitioning, and remobilization. The experiment was conducted on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Capitol) under three levels of N input (0, 100, and 200 kg N ha^–1) from stem elongation to maturity using ¹⁵N‐labeling technique to distinguish between N uptake and N retranslocation in the plant. Nitrogen fertilization affected the time‐course of N uptake and also the allocation of N taken up from flowering to maturity. Most pod N came from N remobilization, and leaves accounted for the largest source of remobilized N regardless the N‐application rate. However, the contribution of leaves to the remobilized N pool increased with the N dose whereas the one of taproot decreased. Stems were the main sink for remobilized N from stem elongation to flowering. Leaves remained longer on N200 than on N0 and N100 plants, and N concentration in fallen leaves increased with the N treatment and in N100 plants along an axial gradient from the basal to the upper leaves. Overall, these results show that the timing of N supply is more crucial than the N amount to attain a high N efficiency.     

可矿化氮与各有机氮组分的关系

用通气培养法测定了6种肥力36个不同土层土壤的可矿化氮,用Bremner法测定了各有机氮组分,采用相关分析、多元回归分析和通径分析确定可矿化氮与各有机氮组分之间的关系。结果表明,酸解氮与可矿化氮有较密切的正相关关系。在酸解氮中,酸解未知态氮与可矿化氮不相关;而氨基酸态氮、铵态氮、氨基糖态氮的多少与可矿化氮相互平行,相关系数均较高,似乎对可矿化氮皆有贡献。但多元回归分析表明,氨基糖态氮在方程中不显著;逐步回归分析更肯定了这一结果。通径分析进一步表明氨基酸态氮和铵态氮对可矿化氮有很高的通径系数,表明了它们有着直接重大贡献,而氨基糖态氮直接通径系数甚低。这些结果说明,可矿化氮主要来自酸解氮,特别是氨基酸态氮和铵态氮,后两者是其产生的主要来源。     

控释尿素与普通尿素配施对糯玉米产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】缓/控释肥料轻简化施用技术在我国玉米生产中逐步得到应用,研究控释氮肥与尿素不同比例配施对大田糯玉米产量、物质积累与转运以及氮素吸收利用的影响,为糯玉米高产高效施肥提供理论与技术支撑。【方法】田间试验于2019—2020年在江苏连云港进行,供试玉米品种为连花糯2号。在施N 225 kg/hm²水平下,设置5个普通尿素与控释尿素配施比例处理：100%普通尿素(N1)、100%控释尿素(N2)、普通氮素∶控释尿素=1∶2 (N3)、普通氮素∶控释尿素=1∶1 (N4)、普通氮素∶控释尿素=2∶1 (N5),以不施氮处理(N0)为对照。测定了糯玉米籽粒产量、植株物质积累转运与分配及氮肥利用率。【结果】5个普通尿素与控释尿素配施处理中,N3处理的增产增收幅度最大,较N1处理产量增加了30%,平均收益增加了2835元/hm2,N4和N5处理产量和经济效益大于N1处理,小于N3处理,且二者差异较小。控释尿素与普通尿素配施显著提高吐丝后干物质和氮素积累量,且以N3处理增加最明显,其次为N2和N4处理,N5与N1处理干物质积累量差异不显著。不同氮肥配施对植株氮素转运量和转运...     

Analysis of soil microbial biomass nitrogen and 15N with a high background of labeled mineral N

Abstract

Microbial biomass is determined from the excess of extractable organic N released from fumigated soil samples. In the presence of relatively high contents of labeled mineral N, small differences in organic N and N may not be detectable. Two approaches were tested to determine organic N content and its N enrichment in the presence of considerably greater concentrations of labeled mineral N: (i) Removal of mineral N from mixed solutions of alanine and NH₄ or NO₃ by reduction and boiling under alkaline conditions, prior to Kjeldahl digestion. (ii) Including mineral N in Kjeldahl N analysis, by reduction under acidic conditions prior to digestion and calculating organic N and N content by subtracting mineral N and N. The removal of mineral N was either incomplete‐ particularly regarding labeled mineral N, or partly destroyed organic N as well. When mineral N was included in the digest, the recovery of N and ¹⁵N was sufficiently accurate to obtain good results of organic N and ¹⁵N by subtracting the known quantities of mineral N, even when organic N was only 20% of the total Kjeldahl N. This procedure was used to determine the flush of Kjeldahl N in fumigated soils that were incubated with labeled mineral N and cellulose.     

施氮量对冬小麦—夏玉米土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响

通过河北清苑连续6年的田间定位试验,以冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系作为对象,设置不同的施氮处理(N_0、N_(100)、N_(180)、N_(255)、N_(330)),研究不同施氮量对冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系的土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响。结果表明:6年土壤表观氮素累积盈亏量随施氮量的增加而增加,N_0和N_(100)处理的土壤氮素累积盈亏量为负值,N_(180)、N_(255)和N_(330)处理的土壤氮素累积盈亏量分别高达382,1 173,2 116kg/hm~2;各处理的氮素表观盈亏量年际间变异较大,而在2种作物上的氮素累积盈亏量差异不大;在冬小麦季和夏玉米季,土壤氮库达到平衡状态的施氮量分别为155,134kg/hm~2;土壤氮素表观盈亏量均与土壤无机氮变化量呈显著负相关,与施氮量呈显著正相关,且随降雨量的增加呈增加趋势;不同生育期的结果表明,在冬小麦—夏玉米生长前期均表现土壤氮素盈余,而后期土壤氮素亏缺。因此合理施用氮肥既要考虑土壤氮素盈亏,也要关注生育期的分配。     

Nitrogen Fractions and Release in the Sediments from the Shallow Lakes in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Area, China

Different nitrogen (N) fractions from 14 sediments from the shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River area before and after N release experiments were investigated, and the content of different N fractions, and contribution of different N fractions to the N released from sediments were also studied. Ion-exchangeable form (IEF–N), carbonate form (CF–N), iron-manganese oxide form (IMOF–N) and organic matter-sulfide form (OSF–N) accounted for 2.72～17.67%, 0.47～4.43%, 1.18～3.49% and 31.05 to 71.61% to total N, respectively. The N released was higher than 50% from IEF–N, approximately 35% from OSF–N, 6 and 8% from CF–N and IMOF–N on the average. Approximately 27.32～70.02% of IEF–N, 10.37～32.11% of CF–N, 11.37～33.43% IMOF–N and 2.02～8.19% OSF–N were released. For the sediments that were slightly polluted, IEF–N was the main N fraction that may be released and its contribution to total N released was more than 63.07%, for the sediments that TN was higher than 3,540.27 mg·kg^?1, OSF–N would become the main N fraction that can be released and its contribution to total N released was more than 45%.     

氮肥与有机肥配施对设施土壤净矿化氮动态变化的影响

研究设施栽培条件下氮肥与有机肥配施对土壤净矿化氮含量及其速率的动态变化的影响,以评估净矿化氮在设施土壤供氮能力方面的作用,为设施番茄生产的合理施肥提供重要的理论依据。以设施番茄栽培连续7年定位施肥田间试验为依托,选择不同施氮量（N0、N1、N2、N3）和不同氮量配施有机肥（MN0、MN1、MN2、MN3）8个处理土壤,采用室内连续好氧培养方法,研究了各施肥处理土壤净矿化氮含量及净氮矿化速率,分析了土壤净矿化氮含量与可溶性有机氮、微生物量氮含量之间的联系。研究结果表明:在0 ~ 20 cm土层,氮肥与有机肥配施处理土壤全氮和无机氮含量均显著高于单施氮肥处理（P < 0.05）,施氮量对土壤全氮含量无显著影响,但对土壤无机氮含量则有显著影响,随施氮量的增加呈显著增加趋势。在培养过程中,各处理土壤净矿化氮含量随着培养时间延长呈先逐渐增加而后下降趋势,各处理土壤净氮矿化速率在培养7 d时最大,7 ~ 70 d期间快速下降,70 d后呈缓慢下降趋势,氮肥与有机肥配施处理土壤净矿化氮量和净氮矿化速率均显著高于单施氮肥处理（P < 0.05）,氮肥与有机肥配施处理土壤净矿化氮含量和净氮矿化速率随施氮量增加呈下降趋势;与单施氮肥相比,氮肥与有机肥配施显著提高土壤可溶性有机氮与微生物量氮含量（P < 0.05）,但受施氮量影响不显著;土壤净矿化氮含量与可溶性有机氮、微生物量氮之间有密切联系,但与可溶性有机氮之间的密切程度更大。综合来看,MN1、MN2处理可显著提高土壤供氮能力（无机氮 + 净矿化氮）。在设施番茄栽培条件下,连续7年氮肥与有机肥配施可显著提高设施土壤供氮能力,也可较好地协调设施土壤氮素供应与固持的关系。     

Comparison of the nitrogen balance in paddy fields under conventional rice straw application versus cow dung compost application in mixed crop–livestock systems

ABSTRACT

In Japan, rice straw (RS) is commonly incorporated into the soil after harvest to maintain the fertility of paddy soil. However, in mixed crop–livestock systems, RS is collected to feed livestock and then cow dung compost (CDC) is applied to the fields. We found in previous research that CDC supplied more N to the fields than RS, but the soil total N and available N of fields to which CDC was applied were similar to those receiving conventional RS application. To identify the reason for this result, we investigated the N inputs (organic matter, fertilizer, N fixation), N outputs (plant N uptake, N leaching loss), and the N balance of RS application (RS treatment) and RS removal plus CDC application (CDC treatment) in 10 neighboring paddy field pairs in Mamurogawa town, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. The N fertilizer contributed the highest percentage to total N input, followed by organic matter and N fixation. The amounts of N fertilizer and N fixation in the RS treatment were similar to those in the CDC treatment. CDC contributed significantly more N to the fields than RS, but the total N input was similar between treatments. The N output from plant N uptake and leaching loss were higher in the CDC treatment than the RS treatment, but the difference was not significant. Plant N uptake was the main N output, accounting for 98% of total N output. The N balance was positive and similar between treatments. Therefore, the non-significant differences in total N input, total N output, and N balance between treatments explain the similarity in soil total N and available N.     

Nitrogen Application in Winter Wheat Grown in Mediterranean Conditions: Effects on Nitrogen Uptake,Utilization Efficiency,and Soil Nitrogen Deficit

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most growth restricting nutrients in cereal grain and represents one of the highest input costs in agricultural systems; therefore, environmental and economic considerations require the effective use of N fertilizer in plant production. This study was conducted for three years to better understand wheat plant response to optimize N fertilizer and how to reduce the risk of ground water pollution.

Two of the most important durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy and four N fertilization levels (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha^{? 1}, indicated as N0, N60, N120, and N180, respectively) were compared in this experiment. During plant growth, fresh and dry matter, plant nutritional state (SPAD readings and stem nitrate content), and N uptake were determined. At harvest, plant N content, N uptake, grain yield, yield components and quality were determined, allowing the calculation of the pre- and postanthesis N uptake and the N utilization efficiency indices. Furthermore, at the beginning and at the end of each year, soil mineral N was measured to calculate mineral N deficit in the soil.

The results indicated that the treatment with 120 kg N ha^{? 1} of fertilizer ensures a good balance between yield and N utilization. In fact, N180 and N120 showed similar yield (3.01 and 3.07 t ha^{? 1}, respectively) and protein content (13.7 and 13.5 %). Meanwhile, throughout the three-year experiment, N180 presented the highest final mineral N content in the soil at the end of the cropping cycles, increasing the amount of N available for leaching. The N120 treatment showed the same values of N utilization indices as compared to N180, indicating that further doses of N fertilizer did not increase wheat N utilization. Plant N status shows that it is possible to modify the N fertilization to reach its optimum level during plant growth, in accordance with variable weather conditions, and consequently the plants requirements. The mean treatments of the preanthesis N uptake were about 67.5% of the total N uptake, and it was significantly and positively correlated with wheat yield. On the contrary, the postanthesis N uptake showed positive correlation with grain protein content, confirming the importance of late N supply in grains quality. The variation of weather conditions affected winter wheat yield, quality, N utilization and plant N status, but any difference throughout years was found between N180 and N120, confirming that higher N rate did not influence wheat growth, yield, and N uptake.     

控制淋洗条件下土壤-花椰菜体系无机氮动态及平衡

在北京郊区中壤质潮土上设置田间试验。结果表明:花椰菜获最大产量的氮供应量为300kghm-2。生育期花椰菜主要吸收表层(0～30cm)土壤中的无机氮,对下层(30～60cm)土壤无机氮(Nmin)的利用随氮供应量的增加而减少。不同生育期0～60cm土层中无机氮(Nmin)含量均随氮供应量增加而增加,但施肥后土壤中最高无机氮(Nmin)含量出现的时间随氮供应量增加而延迟。花椰菜生育期土壤有机氮矿化速率随生长期延长而增加,平均达N1.3kghm-2d-1,相当于各处理总吸氮量的47.5%～89.2%。试验后0～30cm及30～60cm土层无机氮(Nmin)含量随氮供应量增加而明显增加,但60～90cm土层无机氮(Nmin)受氮供应的影响不明显。花椰菜当季氮肥利用率及氮素利用率随施氮量增加而降低,最佳产量时的氮肥利用率及氮素利用率分别为36.5%和50.8%。土壤-花椰菜体系氮素表观损失量随氮施用水平的增加而明显增加,但其占总氮供应(肥料氮+播前土壤氮)的比例受氮供应的影响不明显,大致为20%。     

秸秆还田施氮调节碳氮比对土壤无机氮、 酶活性及作物产量的影响

秸秆的质量,特别是C/N是影响秸秆分解速率和养分释放的重要因素。在秸秆还田条件下,如何科学合理地施用氮肥是秸秆利用和优化施肥研究的关键问题。本研究以秸秆还田施入碳氮的C/N为切入点,于2012—2013年通过田间试验(设秸秆不还田不施肥、秸秆还田不施氮、秸秆还田施用无机氮肥调节C/N为10∶1、16∶1和25∶1以及秸秆还田施用有机氮肥调节C/N为25∶1处理),研究秸秆还田不同氮输入对小麦-玉米轮作田土壤无机氮、土壤微生物量氮、酶活性以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:1)在C/N为25∶1下,施用有机氮肥和无机氮肥对土壤无机氮含量无显著影响;在施用无机氮肥的情况下,C/N越低土壤无机氮含量越高。2)秸秆还田施氮提高了土壤微生物量氮含量,但是各秸秆还田施氮处理之间差异不显著;秸秆还田不同施氮处理对脲酶活性无显著影响;秸秆还田施氮提高了FDA水解酶活性,并随C/N降低呈升高趋势,施用无机氮肥的效果强于施用有机氮肥的。3)秸秆还田施用无机氮肥显著提高了小麦和玉米地上部生物量,施用无机氮肥调节C/N为10∶1和16∶1相比于C/N为25∶1提高了小麦和玉米的苗期和成熟期地上部生物量;施用有机氮肥调节C/N为25∶1相比秸秆还田不施氮对地上部生物量无显著影响。秸秆还田施用无机氮肥提高了作物产量,施用无机氮肥调节C/N为16∶1产量最高,而施用有机氮肥调节C/N为25∶1有降低作物产量的趋势。综合以上结果来看,施用无机氮肥调节C/N为16∶1较为合理。     

应用~(15)N研究氮肥运筹对棉花氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

【目的】有关棉花适宜的施氮时期存在争议,国外有学者推荐最佳施氮时期为出苗后和现蕾期,也有研究认为播前和初花期各施一半较好。氮同位素示踪技术能区分作物吸收利用的肥料氮及土壤氮,并能深入细致研究施入氮肥的去向及在作物体内的分配。本文采用氮同位素示踪技术研究氮肥底追比例,施氮时期对棉花氮素吸收和产量的影响,以期为华北平原棉区氮肥管理提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验,以转Bt+Cp TI基因抗虫棉品种中棉所79(CCRI 79)、中棉所60(CCRI 60)为材料,设氮肥底施与初花期追施比例1∶1(N1)、1∶2(N2)、0∶1(N3)、氮肥底施与蕾期追施比例0∶1(N4)4个处理,研究氮肥运筹对棉花初花期、收获期15N吸收、15N回收率、生物量积累和籽棉产量的影响。【结果】初花期棉株不同器官的氮素吸收来自氮肥(Ndff)的比例随底肥氮施用量的增加而显著增加,增幅为25.88%42.45%。收获期不同处理棉花单株Ndff%随追施氮量的增加而显著增加,增幅为26.92%54.14%,N3、N4处理的棉花单株Ndff%显著高于N1和N2。N2处理的棉花单株籽棉产量高于其他处理,但与N1处理的差异不显著,N2处理单株生物量与N1、N3差异不显著。2个品种N3、N4处理的棉花收获期单株15N积累量均显著高于N1和N2处理,棉株收获期15N回收率均显著高于N1。N2处理的棉花收获期15N回收率高于N1处理,但差异未达到显著水平。棉花收获后N2处理土壤15N回收率低于N1,但差异不显著。【结论】本试验条件下,2个棉花品种氮素底追比为1∶2时的籽棉产量与15N回收率优于底追比为1∶1处理,底追比为0∶1的处理15N回收率在4个处理中最高,但未显示出产量优势,这些结果有待在大田试验中进一步验证。