土壤团聚体中有机碳研究进展

增加土壤有机碳有助于农业可持续发展, 同时对缓解温室气体增加造成的全球气候变暖等具有重要意义。土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分, 影响土壤的各种物理化学性质。土壤团聚体和有机碳是不可分割的, 前者是后者存在的场所, 后者是前者存在的胶结物质。本文在综合各方面研究的基础上, 阐述了土壤团聚体和有机碳的依存关系, 影响团聚体固碳的几大因素, 团聚体对有机碳的物理保护机制以及目前应用比较广泛的团聚体内有机碳的研究方法, 为以后的研究提供理论和方法上的支持。     

Destruction of soil aggregates in slope flows

Field studies and model experiments, as well as theoretical considerations, suggest that bed sediments represented by soil aggregates in overland flows on slopes exert a considerable influence on the intensity of erosion processes. In this context, one of the key problems in the development of adequate erosion models is the problem of the rate of destruction of such aggregates in the flows. The results of experimental studies of the destruction of aggregates of chernozemic soils are analyzed. It is found that the destruction of soil aggregates in the flow proceeds in two stages. During the first stage, the aggregates are rapidly broken apart into smaller fragments. During the second stage, these fragments are subjected to abrasion. An equation describing the destruction of aggregates upon their movement in the flow in dependence on the aggregate size and the distance of aggregate transport is suggested. The effect of some groups of soil microorganisms on the aggregate resistance to the destruction is shown.     

不同改良剂对黄绵土水稳性团聚体的改良效果及其机制

通过室内土柱培养,采用聚丙烯酰胺(Polyacrylamide,PAM)、沃特保水剂、β-环糊精、腐殖酸等4种土壤结构改良剂对黄绵土水稳性团聚体进行改良。结果表明:4种改良剂均可促进>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的形成,在浓度0.05%～0.40%范围内,其改良效果表现为PAM>β-环糊精>沃特保水剂>腐殖酸,且黄绵土团聚体分形维数显著降低,尤以PAM改良效果最明显;在低浓度条件下,4种改良剂均可有效地降低土壤密度;土壤粒径分布表明,PAM改良黄绵土水稳性团聚体的机制是使<1 mm粒径的团聚体团聚为更大的团聚体,尤其是团聚为>5 mm的团聚体,PAM在4种改良剂中对黄绵土改良效果最好。阐明不同改良剂对黄绵土水稳性团聚体的改良效果及机制,可为合理利用改良剂改良土壤结构提供理论依据。     

不同土壤管理措施下塿土团聚体的大小分布及其稳定性

土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分,其大小分布影响土壤的功能。本文利用22年土长期定位试验,研究不同土壤管理措施和不同施肥对土壤机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体的分布及其稳定性的影响。土壤管理措施包括裸地休闲、 撂荒和小麦/玉米轮作体系,其中小麦/玉米轮作体系中有9种施肥处理,分别为不施肥（CK）,化肥氮（N）、 磷（P）和钾（K）不同配施5个处理（N、 NP、 NK、 PK、 NPK）,秸秆还田与化肥配合（SNPK）,有机肥与化肥配施2个处理（M1NPK、 M2NPK）。结果表明,不同管理措施显著影响表层（010 cm）和亚表层（1020 cm）土壤的机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体的分布。与作物体系比较,长期休闲可显著增加机械稳定性微团聚体（0.25 mm）的含量,对水稳性团聚体的含量和分布没有显著影响。而长期撂荒显著增加了大于2 mm 的团聚体含量及团聚体的稳定性。长期不同施肥显著影响 030 cm 土层的机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体的分布,总趋势为施肥比不施肥处理降低了1 mm的团聚体含量,增加了0.25~1 mm的团聚体含量,但对土壤团聚体的稳定性没有显著影响。因此,土撂荒22年后显著增加了土壤团聚体的稳定性,而种植作物和不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体的稳定性影响甚微。     

A comparison between the diffusivity of gases in soil cores and in soil aggregates

Gas diffusivity was measured in duplicate soil cores (10 cm long and 6 cm diameter) from depths of 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm, and in beds of 1–2 mm aggregates taken from the same site at the same depths. A steady state method was used, with ethane as the diffusing gas. As the samples dried, the fractional air-filled pore space increased, from 0. 1 to 0.45 for the cores and from 0.35 to 0.65 for the aggregates. The maximum relative diffusivity of the aggregate samples (0.38) was approximately twice that of the core samples, reflecting the difference in pore space. Equations are presented for calculating the solid, air and water fractions of the samples and for calculating the diffusivity within peds and aggregates. These calculations allowed a comparison of the diffusion/porosity relationship within aggregates and peds.     

不同利用方式旱地红壤水稳性团聚体及其碳、氮、磷分布特征

针对江西红壤地区不同利用方式引起的土壤质量和肥力的相应变化,研究了不同肥力水平、不同利用方式下红壤旱地水稳性团聚体含量及其养分分布规律。研究表明,荒地土壤中>5 mm水稳性团聚体含量显著高于其他利用方式,花生地和果园土壤则以0.25～0.053 mm的水稳性团聚体为主。各肥力水平下,菜地土壤中除>5 mm水稳性团聚体外,各粒级团聚体中有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均显著高于花生地、果园和荒地土壤。说明菜地土壤长期大量施肥,导致土壤碳、氮、磷养分含量均相对丰富。不同利用方式旱地红壤中,有机碳、全氮主要分布在>5 mm、5～2 mm和2～1 mm的较大粒径水稳性团聚体中。说明随着团聚体粒径增大,其有机碳含量增加,土壤全氮的消长趋势和有机碳一致。土壤全磷较均匀地分布在水稳性团聚体中,如高肥力菜地和荒地土壤各粒级团聚体中全磷含量间均无显著性差异。各利用方式旱地红壤中2～1 mm和1～0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体含量与土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量间均达到了极显著正相关。     

Effect of aggregation on potassium flux in a structured soil

The effect of aggregation on nutrient release by diffusion has been determined for potassium for a well structured P horizon of a Vertic Cambisol. The results clearly demonstrate that homogenization of soil material produces an increase of the potassium release by diffusion compared to that from single natural aggregates. The bigger the aggregates are the smaller is the potassium release related to unit mass per unit time, because of the longer flow paths in bigger aggregates. If the results are related to unit surface, bigger aggregates deliver significantly more potassium because of the smaller inter-aggregate surfaces. Differences between potassium release out of differently sized aggregates further depend on the kind of extraction liquid. Values of the effective diffusion coefficient for potassium are smaller for single aggregates than for undisturbed soil samples.     

No-till soil management increases microbial biomass and alters community profiles in soil aggregates

Aggregation is important for soil functioning, providing physical protection of organic matter and microbial inhabitants. Tillage disrupts aggregates, increases wind and water erosion of soils and exposes formerly protected organic matter to decomposition and losses. Microbial biomass and community dynamics in dry-sieved aggregate-size classes from long-term no-till (NT) and conventionally tilled (CT) soils were examined using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA). Bacterial, fungal, and total biomass were up to 32% greater in NT compared to CT aggregates. Aggregate size also affected microbial biomass, which was highest in the 1–2 mm size class. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were particularly affected by tillage disturbance with increases of 40–60% among aggregate-size classes in NT vs. CT, but glomalin related soil protein concentration was not different between tillage treatments or among aggregate-size classes. Bacterial stress biomarkers were higher in CT than NT aggregates but were not significantly correlated with total C, total N or C:N ratio, indicating that the physiological status of bacteria within aggregates was not simply governed by the quantity of available resources. Ordination analysis of PLFA profiles demonstrated a shift in microbial community structure between NT and CT aggregates, correlated with AMF abundance in NT aggregates and increased bacterial stress biomarkers in CT aggregates. Our results demonstrated greater microbial biomass and altered microbial community structure in NT vs. CT aggregates. This work demonstrates that tillage management influences microbial community structure within aggregates and may provide a potential explanation for differences in process rates observed in NT vs. CT soils. Further research into the processes that govern community structure in aggregates from NT and tilled soils is needed to better understand how the interaction of microorganisms with their physical environment affects nutrient turnover and availability.     

长期施肥紫色水稻土团聚体稳定性及其固碳特征

【目的】探讨长期不同施肥对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响,以及团聚体中有机碳对碳投入的响应。【方法】采集经历30年不同施肥处理后的紫色水稻土,利用湿筛法分离2 mm、0.25~2mm、0.053~0.25mm和0.053 mm团聚体组分,并分析团聚体的稳定性以及年均碳投入量和有机碳固定速率的关系。【结果】与不施肥(CK)比较,施肥(N、NP、NPK、M、MN、MNP和MNPK)使2 mm团聚体所占比例提高了9.6%~36.1%,0.25~2 mm团聚体降低了6.7%~26.3%,0.053~0.25 mm和0.053 mm团聚体所占比例基本稳定;单施化肥处理(N、NP和NPK)没有显著提高土壤团聚体的稳定性,化肥与有机肥配施(MNP和MNPK)显著增加团聚体的稳定性。与CK相比施肥显著增加土壤总有机碳和2 mm团聚体有机碳含量,其他粒径团聚体碳含量略有提高,但未达显著水平;化肥配施有机肥对团聚体有机碳含量增加效果优于单施化肥。CK和N处理土壤有机碳损失速率为0.08t/(hm~2·a)和0.02 t/(hm~2·a),单施化肥(NP和NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、化肥配施有机肥(MN、MNP和MNPK)处理土壤有机碳的固定速率分别为0.14、0.10和0.17t/(hm2·a)。土壤有机碳的固定速率与碳投入呈显著的线性相关关系(R~2=0.531,P0.05);碳转化效率为3.3%;随碳投入的增加,各粒径团聚体碳含量均增加,且2 mm团聚体的碳增加速率远远高于其他团聚体。【结论】化肥配施有机肥增强团聚体稳定性效果优于单施化肥;本试验紫色水稻土的有机碳还没有达到饱和,仍具有一定固碳潜力,增加的有机碳主要固持在2 mm团聚体中。     

Stability of soil aggregates in relation to organic constituents and soil water content

The effects of soil organic matter content, soil water content and duration of wet-sieving on aggregate stability of soils with contrasting cropping histories were investigated. Long-term pasture samples had a greater aggregate stability than long-term arable samples. However, air-drying aggregates before wet-sieving increased the aggregate stability of long-term pasture samples, but decreased that of long-term arable samples. With increasing duration of wet-sieving, the proportion of water-stable aggregates declined until a near-constant value was reached for each sample. Thus, within a sample there are aggregates possessing a wide range of stabilities; with increasing time under arable cropping there is an increase in the proportion of unstable aggregates present, and the measured aggregate stability, therefore, declines. Unstable aggregates (defined as those dispersed after wet-sieving for 1 min) generally had lower organic matter content than stable ones (those still intact after sieving for 15 min). The aggregate stability of a regrassed site (13 years of arable plus 2 years of pasture) was markedly higher than that of a corresponding site from 15 years of arable cropping. Nonetheless, levels of organic matter (organic C, total N and hydrolysable carbohydrate) were almost identical at the two sites. However, aggregates from the regrassed site did have a higher biomass C and water-extractable carbohydrate content than those from the 15-year arable site. For a group of soils with varying cropping histories, aggregate stability was significantly more closely correlated with hot water-extractable carbohydrate content than with organic C or hydrolysable carbohydrate content. It is suggested that the hot water-extractable carbohydrate fraction may represent a pool of carbohydrate involved in the formation of stable aggregates.     

Changes in soil aggregate water stability induced by wetting and drying cycles in non-saturated soil

Wetting and drying of remoulded soil resulted in water stable aggregation. The greatest proportions of water stable aggregates arose from wetting and drying in the ?1 to ?100 kPa range of matric water potential. The effect occurred with sterile and non-sterile soil. but the proportion of water stable aggregates was less with sterile soil. The application of wetting and drying cycles in the laboratory to non-tilled soil resulted in a steady decrease in the proportion of water stable aggregates. With tilled soil, the proportion of water stable aggregates first increased to a maximum and then decreased steadily with further wetting and drying cycles. However. with sterilized, tilled soil, only a steady decrease in the proportion of water stable aggregates was observed. Natural water content fluctuations in the field after tillage gave an increase in water stability to a maximum after a few days followed by a steady decrease. The similarity of this result to that obtained in the laboratory for tilled. non-sterilized soil indicates that micro-organisms were probably contributing to the observed short-term changes in the water stability of aggregates in the field.     

The method of cohesion determination in soil aggregates

Theoretical fundamentals and experimental methods to study the strength of water-stable bonds in soil aggregates are discussed. The strength of water-stable aggregates characterized by cohesion is proved to be one of the important structural and mechanical properties of soil. The regular variation of this parameter inthe soils under study is related to the content of humus and physical clay.     

苜蓿作物轮作模式对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳的影响

本研究以苜蓿?作物轮作试验为研究对象,探讨了苜蓿?苜蓿(L-L)、苜蓿?休闲(L-F)、苜蓿?小麦(L-W)、苜蓿?玉米(L-C)、苜蓿?马铃薯(L-P)和苜蓿?谷子(L-M)6种轮作模式对陇中黄土高原雨养农田苜蓿土壤团聚体稳定性以及土壤总有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:不同轮作模式下土壤机械稳定性团聚体以≥0.25 mm团聚体为优势团聚体,均占72.17%以上,而土壤水稳性团聚体以0.25 mm团聚体为优势团聚体,均占95.18%以上。随着土层深度的增加,各处理≥0.25 mm的团聚体数量及平均重量直径(MWD)均随之增加,而水稳性大团聚体数量及MWD值无明显规律性。与L-L处理相比,L-C和L-P处理0~30 cm耕层土壤≥0.25 mm的团聚体含量分别增加5.94%和1.12%,L-C处理的MWD表现为最高,而其他轮作处理则不同程度降低了≥0.25 mm团聚体含量及MWD;随着土层深度的增加,6种不同轮作模式的土壤有机碳含量均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,在0~30 cm的耕层土壤,较之L-L处理,L-W、L-C、L-P和L-M处理均从不同程度上降低了土壤有机碳含量,其中L-P处理有机碳含量最低,降低了18.68%。相关性分析表明,土壤总有机碳分别与2~5 mm、1~2 mm、0.5~1 mm和0.25~0.5 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体比例以及MWD表现出极显著正相关,而与0.25 mm粒径的水稳性团聚体呈极显著负相关。综上所述,苜蓿?玉米轮作模式能明显增加土壤团聚体机械稳定性,而不同苜蓿?作物轮作模式对土壤团聚体的水稳性影响较小,土壤有机碳含量在很大程度上影响着土壤水稳性团粒结构的形成与稳定性,二者密切相关。     

长期不同施肥下黑土和红壤团聚体氮库分布特征

为阐明长期不同施肥下土壤氮库的演变特征,揭示氮库稳定性不同的团聚体对不同施肥的响应,为化肥和有机物的合理施用提供科学依据。本研究通过对黑土和红壤22年的田间肥料定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥模式对土壤全氮、 微生物氮以及各级团聚体中氮贡献率的影响。结果表明,长期不施肥（CK）和施用化肥（NPK）,黑土土壤全氮含量以0.015 g/(kga)的速率显著下降（P 0.05）;而长期化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）,黑土全氮含量以0.025 g/(kga) 的速率显著上升（P 0.05）。在CK、 NPK、 NPKM和秸秆还田（NPKS）处理下,红壤全氮含量均没有显著变化。施肥22年后,NPKM处理下黑土和红壤微生物氮含量较NPK处理下分别增加了15% 和 43%,全氮含量分别增加了43% 和45%,差异均达到显著水平（P 0.05）。氮素在黑土上主要积累在253 m 微团聚体中,达到0.73~1.21 g/kg,在红壤上主要积累在2 m 微团聚体中,达到0.46~0.98 g/kg。与NPK相比,NPKM 处理下黑土和红壤 250~2000 m大团聚体中氮素贡献率均显著提高,分别增加了4.3% 和 5.1%。与NPK相比,NPKM 和 NPKS 处理下,红壤 253 m 微团聚体中氮贡献率分别降低了5.9% 和 9.7%,而黑土除大团聚体外的各级团聚体氮贡献率均没有显著变化。可见,不同土壤类型对施肥响应不同, 主要是253 m 微团聚体中氮素的响应不同,化肥配施有机肥可提高土壤250~2000 m 大团聚体中氮的贡献率,进而增加土壤对作物的氮素供给能力,是有助于提高土壤肥力和生产力的农业生产可持续性施肥模式。     

Fabric of soil aggregates and characterization of their structural and functional stability

Results characterizing the fabric of soil aggregates are discussed. Experimental evidence and theoretical substantiation of the fabric of soil aggregate are given. Soil aggregates are characterized by the tight packing of water-stable particles arranged into certain layers. The curves of aggregate destruction follow the exponential law, which reflects the layered fabric of the aggregates and the distribution of the ”nuclei” of waterstable aggregates in them.     

不同肥力水平土壤团聚体的稳定性及对氮肥盐溶液的响应

在室内利用筛分技术研究了关中地区相同质地类型3个不同肥力水平土团聚体的组成及其稳定性,并在4个不同浓度氯化铵溶液中进行湿筛,探讨了不同肥力土壤团聚体对盐溶液的反应特征及抗化学物质分散的能力,以便揭示长期施用无机氮肥对土壤团聚体的作用与影响。结果表明,干、 湿筛结果显示3个肥力水平土壤直径＞0.25 mm团聚体的含量均随肥力水平的升高显著增加,供试土团聚体的水稳性较差,湿筛后直径＜0.25 mm的微团聚体含量在85%以上,而富有农学价值的直径在15 mm的水稳性团聚体在高肥力土壤中含量仅为2.80%,中肥力土壤为1.47%,低肥力土壤为0.84%。3种肥力土壤团聚体组成受氯化铵溶液浓度的影响,在4种浓度的氯化铵溶液中湿筛后,直径25 mm的团聚体的含量随溶液浓度增大而减少,而0.252 mm团聚体含量明显增加。试验得到的主要结论为, 不同肥力水平土壤团聚体质量差异明显; 团聚体的化学稳定性受盐溶液浓度和肥力水平的共同作用,随氮肥溶液浓度增大,团聚体组成集中在0.252 mm的较小范围,盐分使得多级的团聚体组成向单一化方向变化; 高肥力土壤受氮肥溶液的影响相对较弱,中、 低肥力土壤对氮肥溶液的响应则较为强烈。     

Measurement of soil water tension in single aggregates with use of the filter paper method

The filter paper method was used to establish the retentivity curves of single aggregates. Aggregates (diameter 3-4 cm) from an Alfisol (sandy loam) and a Mollisol (sandy clay) were used. The aggregates had different water contents. Whatman No. 42 filter paper, attached to a conical plastic tube on the end of a rod, was inserted into a hole made in the aggregate. The hole was made using a small corer. The aggregates were sealed in wax, put into a plastic bag and stored in a thermo-constant room to equilibrate. After seven days the water content of the aggregates and of the filter papers were determined at 105°C. Retentivity curves for the aggregates are presented and sources of error are discussed.     

Free and bound air in soil aggregates

The total content of air entrapped, adsorbed, dissolved, and occurring as bubbles in soil water is termed “bound soil air.” The content of free soil air is determined from the difference between the total and bound soil air. Data on the content of free and bound air in different-sized aggregates of calcareous coarse silty-clayey meadow alluvial soil in the Dnestr River floodplain are presented. The effect of density, aeration, and sand and straw addition on the content of the free and bound air in soil aggregates was shown. A classification of aggregates based on their density and the content of the free, bound, and total soil air was proposed.     

南方红壤丘陵区侵蚀沟道内土壤团聚体及有机碳特征

为了更好地揭示特殊地形下水蚀过程对土壤结构和有机碳含量分配的影响,选取典型南方红壤丘陵区—青原山小流域为研究区,采用核素¹³⁷Cs示踪技术研究小流域侵蚀沟道内水土流失现状,分析了沟道侵蚀对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:侵蚀沟道的坡顶处¹³⁷Cs含量最高,且高于背景值,属于沉积区,而坡上、坡脚属于中度侵蚀,坡中属于轻度侵蚀;侵蚀沟道顺坡而下侵蚀过程依次表现为绝对沉积、绝对侵蚀、相对沉积和绝对侵蚀,其中植被和地形因子是主导因素;沉积区相比于侵蚀区平均质量直径(Mean Weight Diameter,MWD)和大团聚体含量(粒径≥0.25 mm)更高,侵蚀区中相对沉积的坡中有着更稳定的土壤团粒结构;沉积区各个粒径的土壤团聚体有机碳含量均高于侵蚀区,侵蚀区的土壤团聚体有机碳更趋向于均匀分配,土壤理化性质的空间差异也会影响土壤团聚体有机碳含量。侵蚀沟道中土壤侵蚀模式与传统坡面并不一致,土壤结构及相关碳组分主要受地形和植被支配下的土壤侵蚀程度影响。     

The role of moisture content in the stability of soil aggregates from a temperate silty soil to raindrop impact

Aggregate stability to drop impact is of fundamental importance to many aspects of the soil system, in particular rainsplash erosion. The role of moisture content is considered by the use of a single drop simulator on soil aggregates of known moisture content selected from the Hamble series. Results indicate a negative logarithmic relationship between time to breakdown and specific moisture content. In addition the variability of the results drastically declines with increasing moisture content. The results are explained in terms of distribution of moisture within the aggregates prior to experimentation.