Bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils by composting

Composting oil-contaminated soils under field conditions with the simultaneous optimization of their physicochemical and agrochemical parameters revealed the high efficiency of the soil purification, including that from benz[a]pyrene. The application of fertilizers and lime favored the intense development of indigenous microcenoses and the effective destruction of the oil. During the 95-day experimental period, the average daily rate of the oil decomposition was 157 mg/kg of soil. After the completion of the process, the soil became ecologically pure.     

植物对污染土壤修复作用的研究进展

利用植物修复污染土壤是一种被人们认为安全可靠的方法.植物修复技术不仅能修复被石油污染的土壤,而且对更多品种污染的土壤修复有效,植物降解高分子有毒化合物的基础是根际环境及根际微生物,与无植物土壤不同.对根际区微生物降解和转化有机化合物的研究,更多的集中于植物对杀虫剂和除草剂的降解.事实证明,生物修复污染土壤是一项实用性和有效性很强的技术.     

Bioremediation of soil contaminated by hydrocarbons with the combination of three technologies: bioaugmentation,phytoremediation, and vermiremediation

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The aim of this study was to evaluate the removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Using phytoremediation...     

生物修复石油污染土壤

本文概述了石油污染土壤的生物降解机制,分析了生物修复土壤污染技术及其影响因子,提出了强化生物修复的措施及其在我国的应用前景。     

多环芳烃污染土壤的生物修复

综述了土壤环境中多环芳烃的来源、归宿、生物转化机理、影响因素及生物修复技术研究进展,提出了利用生物技术治理土壤环境中多环芳烃的思路及方法。     

Remediation of oil-contaminated soil using the CLEANSOIL technology

Approbation data of the innovative CLEANSOIL technology of soil purification after oil pollution are given. Drainage pipes filled with an adsorbent with microorganisms placed in the soil are used. It is revealed that the content of hydrocarbons under the technological constructions (metal columns and reservoirs) rises in comparison with the open oil-polluted areas. It is shown that the oil is destroyed quicker under the constructions versus in the open areas. The microorganisms better assimilate the n-alkanes with C₁₄ chains than the C_32–40 hydrocarbons. The application of a combined technology based on the sorption and reduction of the hydrocarbons by microorganisms makes it possible to quickly reduce the soil pollution by oil products without the soil cover’s disturbance.     

Comparisons of terrestrial and aquatic bioassays for oil-contaminated soil toxicity

Background  Petroleum products are widely used in various sections of industry and they are one of the most abundant sources of environmental contamination. These products are classified by their physico-chemical properties such as boiling point, density and viscosity. Oil contamination in the environment is primarily evaluated by measuring the chemical concentrations of petroleum products in the solid or water phase. The results of chemical analyses do not correspond directly with the harmful environmental effects of petroleum products on the soil flora and fauna, because the interactions between oil compounds and the production of their methabolites in soil are not measured in chemical assessments. These kinds of effects of complex chemical mixtures in soil can be estimated by bioassays. Therefore, ecotoxicological tests are important for estimating soil quality in the risk assessment of oil-contaminated soil sites. Objectives  The objective of this study was to examine the oil-contaminated soil site of a closed petrol station with both chemical and ecotoxicological methods. The goals of this study were to compare the sensitivity of the terrestrial and aquatic bioassays and to compare the toxicity responses of aquatic bioassays determined from three different extraction procedures. In addition, our aim was to characterise a cost-effective battery of bioassays that could be applied to a comparison of oil-contaminated soils. It was in our interest to investigate oil-contaminated soil with oil concentrations of 2500–12000 mg/kg and to find out the possible differences between terrestrial and aquatic toxicity tests. Methods  Six soil samples from a closed petrol station were examined for toxicity with terrestrial and aquatic tests. Terrestrial tests includedEnchytraeus albidus survival and reproduction assays and seed germination assays using wheat, cress, lettuce, and red clover seeds and growth inhibition assays of onions. The toxicities of the water-extractable fractions of the soil samples obtained from three different extractions were tested with aquatic bioassays based on plants (onion and duckweed growth inhibition tests), microbes (luminescent bacteria test), and enzyme inhibition (reverse electron transport test, RET). Chemical analyses of the solid samples were carried out simultaneously. Results. Oil concentrations ranged from 2500 to 12000 mg/kg, BTEX varied from 300 to 2800 mg/kg, and fuel additives: MTBE and TAME from 0.0 1 to 260 mg/kg. Only the sample contain-ing 12000 mg/kg oil had a significant toxic impact on all test organisms. Soil samples with oil concentrations 2500–6200 mg/ kg had no or only slight adverse effects on the test organisms with one exception, theE. albidus reproduction test. TheE. albidus survival and reproduction tests were the most sensitive bioassays of the terrestrial tests, and the luminescent bacteria test of the aquatic tests.     

降解菌HQ-C-01对克百威污染土壤的生物修复

在室内模拟条件下,研究了降解菌HQ-C-01(Pichia anomala)对克百威污染土壤的修复作用及其影响因素,同时研究了克百威及该菌株对土壤微生物的影响。结果表明,克百威降解率与降解菌HQ-C-01接种量呈正相关,降解菌接种量为2.09×108 CFU/g干土时,对土壤中50 mg/kg克百威10天降解率达82.89%;当降解菌接种量低于106 CFU/g干土时,降解菌对克百威的降解效果较弱。土壤含水量显著影响降解菌对克百威的降解率,含水量为600 g/kg时降解效果最好,降解率达85.32%,而当含水量低于200 g/kg时降解效果较差。在温度范围25℃~35℃降解菌对克百威都具有较好的降解效果。不同土壤pH值对降解菌的降解作用有显著影响,在pH值为7时,降解菌对土壤中50 mg/kg克百威10天降解率达85.62%,在较低和较高pH值下,降解效果较差。克百威使用对土壤菌落结构有一定的影响,对土壤真菌具有强烈刺激作用,从而使土壤微生物群落结构发生改变,而降解菌的使用可缓解克百威对土壤微生物的影响,修复受污染土壤。     

土壤调理剂的研究和应用进展

综述了土壤调理剂的研究和应用进展。土壤调理剂目前尚无统一定义,且存在不同的分类方法,其主要功能包括改良土壤质地与结构、提高土壤保水供水能力、调节土壤酸碱度、改良盐碱土、改善土壤的养分供应状况、修复重金属污染土壤等。在土壤改良过程中,针对不同土壤障碍问题有针对性地选择土壤调理剂将达到较好的改良效果。然而,土壤调理剂在推广应用中也暴露出一系列问题,包括潜在的环境风险、功能定位和认识问题、产品质量良莠不齐、包装标识混乱等,因此亟待建立一套完善的土壤调理剂科学评价体系。     

土壤调理剂PAM的农用研究和应用

90年代 ,新型PAM产品 (具有很高分子量的阴离子型PAM )和改进的应用技术 (低用量配合灌溉水 )使得PAM在农业上的使用成本大大减少 ,而农用效益大大提高 ,土壤调理剂PAM的农用重新受到重视。目前美国西部已将PAM的农用作为一项农田水土保持新技术而得到越来越广泛的应用。土壤调理剂PAM曾于 80年代后期介绍到我国 ,但是由于成本高等其它问题而未能在农业上推开 ,目前新型PAM的农用研究也在我国引起重视。国外大量研究和国内有关研究表明 ,PAM的农用效益体现在水土保持、灌溉效率、农业生产、环境、经济等方面。土壤调理剂PAM用于农田水土保持、防止水土流失前景看好     

高分子量多环芳烃污染土壤的菌群修复研究

多环芳烃(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是环境中普遍存在的一类有机污染物,由于其在土壤中的半衰期较长和致癌、致畸形、致突变的性质而受到人们的重视。微生物是生态系统中最重要的分解者,对PAHs具有较强的分解代谢能力和较高的代谢速率。通常认为,PAHs的环数越高,越难被微生物降解利用[1]。高分子量PAHs(三环以上的PAHs)具有更高的毒性和亲脂性,更难被微生物降解。环境中PAHs通常以多种组分同时存在,呈现其复合污染现象,增加了微生物降解的难度。因此,筛选能够同时降解多种高分子量PAHs的微生物,具有重要的现实意义。目前,越来越多的国内外学者采用微     

百草枯对土壤微生物影响的研究

研究了5种不同浓度百草枯对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌生长速率的影响。结果表明,百草枯对土壤微生物的种群数量及土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌生长速率均具有一定的抑制作用,且随药剂浓度升高逐渐增强。加药后2～7d,对细菌种群抑制率为13.3%～100%,抑菌圈直径达0.07～0.93cm;对放线菌种群抑制率为8.6%～100%,抑菌圈直径达0～3.00cm;对真菌种群抑制率为7.6%～100%,生长速率的抑制率达1.4%～77.3%。抑制作用随加药时间延长又逐渐减弱。     

Rhizosphere effect of Galega orientalis in oil-contaminated soil

Randomized lysimeters in an oil-contaminated field contained the following treatments: (1) Galega orientalis seeds inoculated with Rhizobium galegae HAMBI 540, (2) bioaugmentation with Pseudomonas putida PaW85, and (3) R. galegae -inoculated G. orientalis seeds plus bioaugmentation with P. putida PaW85. The bacterial abundance and diversity were analysed in composite samples after one growing season. A total of 208 m-toluate tolerating bacteria were isolated and screened with m-toluate tolerance and utilization tests, and the catechol test. Seventy-nine isolates were characterized with (GTG)₅-PCR genomic fingerprinting and 16S rRNA gene PCR-RFLP ribotyping. Only 10% of the isolated strains were able to degrade m-toluate. Most of the m-toluate utilizing bacteria were catechol positive indicating the existence of a TOL plasmid. Rhizosphere effect of G. orientalis was manifested in oil-contaminated soil. G. orientalis and Pseudomonas bioaugmentation increased the amount of bacteria in oil-contaminated soil. G. orientalis especially together with Pseudomonas bioaugmentation increased the numbers of m-toluate utilizing and catechol positive bacteria in the soil samples indicating an increase in degradation potential. The rhizosphere of G. orientalis increased also the diversity of bacteria. More ribotypes were found in soils treated with G. orientalis and P. putida PaW85 compared to the untreated soil, but the diversity of the m-toluate utilizing bacteria did not significantly increase.     

生物复混肥对土壤微生物的影响研究

在温室盆栽玉米条件下,应用平板计数法、氯仿熏蒸浸提法和Biolog微平板法,进行施用菌剂、生物复混肥、有机无机复混肥和无机肥对土壤微生物的影响试验。结果表明,施用生物复混肥可显著提高土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,增加土壤微生物量碳、氮的含量;增强土壤微生物利用单一碳源的能力、提高土壤微生物群落的功能多样性;促进土壤微生物生态系统的稳定,改善土壤微生物群落的生态功能。     

盐碱土壤调理剂对玉米生长及土壤的改良效果

采用盆栽试验研究了以糠醛渣、腐植酸尿素等为主成分研制的盐碱土壤调理剂对玉米生长及土壤的改良效果。结果表明,在氮、磷、钾用量相同的情况下,与速效肥料处理相比,盐碱土壤调理剂处理的玉米生物量增加1.86%~48.56%,叶绿素含量增加2.60%~4.77%,植株的氮、磷、钾吸收量增加3.51%~64.2%,土壤有机质含量增加12.77%~14.28%,土壤氮、磷、钾增加0.70%~9.46%,土壤含水量增加11.29%~11.36%,土壤pH值下降0.03,土壤EC_(25)降低15.8%~20.10%。说明施用盐碱土壤调理剂能促进玉米生长,增强玉米叶片光合能力。     

福建酸性红壤施用钙镁型土壤调理剂的效果研究

针对福建红壤酸化、土壤钙镁限制影响蔬菜栽培等问题.在大田条件下,研究了施用钙镁型土壤调理剂对土壤理化性状和花椰菜产量与商品品质的影响.结果表明:施用供试土壤调理剂为750～1500 kg/hm2,一个花椰菜生长季后土壤pH值为6.0～6.5,提高了0.4～0.7个单位,达到花椰菜生长发育的最适土壤酸碱度;土壤和花椰菜花...     

土壤调理剂对土壤理化性质及甘蓝生理特性的影响

试验研究了土壤调理剂对土壤结构性质和甘蓝根系活力、光合指标的影响。结果表明，施用调理剂后，处理两次、处理一次分别使20 cm和30 cm土层的容重下降7.3％、1.9％和4.6％、1.3％，孔隙度分别提高9.3％、2.8％和5.9％、1.9％；与对照相比，处理两次后的阳离子交换量在0～27 cm、27～45 cm土层分别增加5.7%和10.9％；甘蓝的根系活力，处理与对照相比达到1％的显著差异水平；改变了Pn的光合日变化曲线，提高了甘蓝对光强的适应能力，光合能力加强。     

土壤调理剂对土壤理化性质及甘蓝生理特性的影响

试验研究了土壤调理剂对土壤结构性质和甘蓝根系活力、光合指标的影响.结果表明,施用调理剂后,处理两次、处理一次分别使20 cm和30 cm土层的容重下降7.3%、1.9%和4.6%、1.3%,孔隙度分别提高9.3%、2.8%和5.9%、1.9%;与对照相比,处理两次后的阳离子交换量在0～27 cm、27～45 cm土层分别增加5.7%和10.9%;甘蓝的根系活力,处理与对照相比达到1%的显著差异水平;改变了Pn的光合日变化曲线,提高了甘蓝对光强的适应能力,光合能力加强.     

土壤调理剂对红壤pH值及空心菜产量和品质的影响

土壤酸化是制约土壤高产稳产的重要因素,严重影响了我国农业的可持续发展。通过大田试验研究了以碳酸钙为主要原料生产的土壤调理剂对酸性土壤p H值、硅铝率及空心菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明,土壤调理剂可以增加土壤p H值和硅铝率,提高空心菜的产量,改善空心菜的品质;与对照相比,土壤调理剂用量为600~1 800 kg/hm2时,可使土壤p H值增加3.60%~21.65%,空心菜产量增加5.81%~44.45%,维生素C含量增加2.48%~23.97%,可溶性糖含量增加4.18%~26.48%;土壤调理剂对空心菜硝酸盐含量没有显著影响。研究发现,土壤调理剂用量为1 500 kg/hm2时较为经济合理,表面撒施后旋耕是非常合理且有效的施用方法。     

Effects of 'Agri-SC' soil conditioner on soil structure and erodibility: some further observations

Abstract. In field and laboratory experiments the conditioner‘Agri-SC’has shown improvements in the structure of loamy sand soils in east Shropshire, UK. It resulted in statistically significant decreases in soil bulk density values and increases in soil porosity and aggregate stability. Further experiments are in progress on both loamy sand and silt loam soils.