Relationships among rainfall, runoff, and suspended sediment in a small catchment with badlands

The Araguás Catchment of the Central Spanish Pyrenees has been monitored since 2004 to study weathering, erosion, and the hydrological and sediment response to rainfall events in order to understand the hydromorphological dynamics of a badland area in a relatively humid environment. This small catchment (0.45 km²) shows highly active processes of physical and chemical weathering related to seasonal variations in temperature and moisture. Erosion and sediment transport are widely studied in badlands within Mediterranean environments because they represent the dominant sediment source. To obtain information about suspended sediment and discharge, a gauging station was installed within the Araguás Catchment during the summer of 2005. The aim of this work is to determine the relationships among rainfall, runoff, and suspended sediment in this badland area. Towards this goal, we analyze the relationships between suspended sediment concentration and discharge during rainfall events.From a hydrological viewpoint, the Araguás Catchment reacts to all rainfall events with torrential flow being the most characteristic hydrological response. The results obtained between October 2005 and April 2007 reveal extremely high concentrations of suspended sediment, with values frequently exceeding 100 g l^{<modINS>−<!--[/INS]"> 1} and reaching a maximum of 1200 g l^{<modINS>−<!--[/INS]"> 1}. Three different types of hysteretic loops were observed: clockwise (22 events, 28%), counter-clockwise (27 events, 34%), and figure-eight (12 events, 15%). Moreover, 23% of events were classified as complex hysteretic loops and removed from the analysis due to their complexity. Clockwise hysteretic floods are characterized by their long duration and the highest hydrological and sedimentological responses; counter-clockwise hysteretic floods are characterized by their short duration and moderate hydrological and sediment responses; finally, figure-eight hysteretic floods are related to multiple peaks in suspended sediment, coinciding with oscillations in discharge associated with the highest rainfall intensities within each event and moderate hydrological and sediment responses.     

Factors controlling hydro-sedimentary response during runoff events in a rural catchment in the humid Spanish zone

In Galicia (NW Spain) studies on the suspended sediment (SS) transported in river catchments are scarce. Using a dataset comprising three hydrological years (2004/05–2006/07) in the Corbeira catchment (NW Spain), the relationships between rainfall, runoff and SS are analysed at event scale. The catchment was instrumented to measure rainfall, water level and SS in the stream. Several event (rainfall, discharge and SS concentration and load) and pre-event (rainfall and discharge) variables were calculated for all the events analysed. Correlation matrices were developed using these data. Discharge characteristics and rainfall depth showed good correlations with SS concentration and load. Suspended sediment and discharge relationships were also examined. In most of the events, the SS peak preceded peak discharge (clockwise hysteresis), implying that zones near the stream are the main sediment source areas.     

Dynamics of storm-driven suspended sediments in a headwater catchment described by multivariable modeling

Purpose  

Previous research has shown that the rate at which suspended sediment is transported in watercourses depends primarily on discharge (Q) as the first-order control, but additional factors are thought to affect suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) as well. Among these, antecedent hydrological and meteorological conditions (e.g., rainfall depth and intensity, discharge prior to a runoff event and the duration of runoff events) may represent significant transport controlling mechanisms. Univariate models using Q–SSC rating curves often produce large scatter and nonlinearity, because many of the hydrological and biotic processes affecting the dynamics of sediment are non-linear and exhibit threshold behavior. The simulation of such highly non-linear processes is therefore an elusive task requiring consideration of several interrelated controlling variables. The aim of this study was to identify the major hydrological and meteorological controls determining the dynamics of SSC during storm-runoff events and the magnitude of SSC in a headwater catchment in Luxembourg.     

Factors controlling suspended sediment yield during runoff events in small headwater catchments of the Basque Country

For the first time in the Basque Country, turbidity (NTU), discharge (l/s) and precipitation (mm) have been continuously monitored in the gauging stations located at the outlet of three catchments (Aixola, Barrendiola and Añarbe) since October 2003. In this study, several data sets derived from flood events were used to develop turbidity and suspended sediment relationships for the three catchments separately, and so to estimate continuous suspended sediment concentration (SSC). Linear relationships are found in Barrendiola and Añarbe, and two curvilinear relationships for Aixola owing to changing sediment sources in the catchment. Several event (discharge, precipitation and suspended sediment concentration) and pre-event (discharge and precipitation) factors are calculated for all the events registered. With them correlation matrixes were developed for each catchment. Although some differences are found between catchments good correlation between precipitation (P), discharge (Q) and suspended sediment (SS) variables is found in general. Pre-event conditions are also well correlated with Q and SS variables in Barrendiola (higher regulation capacity) and Añarbe (larger area) but not in Aixola (“flash floods”). SSC-discharge evolutions through the events were also analysed. For Aixola four different types of hysteretic loops were observed: single lined, clockwise, counter-clockwise and eight-shaped; while for Barrendiola and Añarbe just clockwise loops were observed.     

Temporal changes in suspended sediment transport during the past five decades in a mountainous catchment,eastern China

Purpose

Analysis of sediment transport is an effective approach for identifying sediment sources and for catchment management. However, a long-term analysis of sediment variability at multiple time scales is less available, especially in mountainous catchments. This study aims to determine sediment sources and to identify sediment transport dynamics, as well as the influencing factors, through analyzing long-term sediment fluxes at different time scales.

Materials and methods

In this paper, 32 years of sediment flux in an instrumented mountainous catchment in eastern Zhenjiang Province, China, was investigated at multiple time scales (i.e., monthly, seasonal, annual, and event). Sediment yields (SYs) during three time periods (i.e., 1964–1977, 1978–1989, and 2010–2015) were first classified by the Mann-Kendall and cumulative anomaly tests, and then sediment fluxes for each period were investigated and compared at multiple time scales.

Results and discussion

Annual SYs ranged from 29 to 308 t year^?1 during the recording period and were significantly influenced by several high magnitude flood events. The mean annual SYs decreased from 153.82 t year^?1 in 1964–1977, to 97.79 t year^?1 in 1978–1989, and to 91.08 t year^?1 in 2010–2015 due to improved soil conservation measures and increased reservoirs. At the seasonal scale, over 92% of the sediment was transported in spring and summer over the recording period. Heterogeneous sediment sources, partial areal distribution of rainfalls, and other factors led to complex suspended sediment concentration versus water discharge hysteresis loop patterns at the event and monthly scales.

Conclusions

The improved soil conservation measures and increased reservoirs over the recent decades decreased sediment availability, and the number and the magnitude of flood events from 1964 onward. However, the flood sediment fluxes in a few months were still high due to extreme precipitation events in recent years. The work can provide guidance for addressing sediment problems in this and/or other similar catchments.

     

Comparison of the Suspended Sediment Dynamics in Two Loess Plateau Catchments,China

Changes in runoff and sediment loads are of great importance for the management of river basins and the implementation of soil and water conservation measures. This study compared the suspended sediment dynamics in the Huangfuchuan and Yanhe catchments on the Loess Plateau. Both annual runoff and sediment load displayed significant reductions from 1955 to 2012. The decreasing rates were −0·88 mm a⁻¹ and −2·72 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in the Huangfuchuan catchment, respectively, and ‐0.31 mm a⁻¹ and −1·20 Mg ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ in the Yanhe catchment. A total of 183 and 195 events, respectively, were selected to assess the suspended sediment dynamics in both catchments during the periods of 1971–1989 and 2006–2012. The results showed a good linear relationship between the sediment yield and runoff depth in both catchments from 1971 to 1989 and a relatively worse relationship in the Yanhe catchment from 2006 to 2012. The magnitude and frequency of the hyper‐concentrated sediment flow obviously decreased in the 2000s compared with that between 1971 and 1989. A hysteresis analysis suggested that complex and counter‐clockwise loops were the dominant patterns. Various soil and water conservation measures (e.g., afforestation, grassing, terraces, and check dams) played a critical role in runoff and sediment load changes in both catchments. The two catchments showed obvious heterogeneities in runoff and sediment yield because of different lithologies, soil types, and vegetation. The results of this study provide valuable information on suspended sediment dynamics and could be used to improve soil erosion control measures on the Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Temporal Dynamics of Sediment Transport and Transient In‐channel Storage in a Highly Erodible Catchment

Elucidating the links between catchment and channel geomorphic processes helps the understanding of landscape evolution and the geomorphic development of river basins, and then the land degradation processes. In this study, we analyse suspended sediment dynamics and its relationship with rainfall, discharge and in‐channel sediment storage in a highly dynamic Mediterranean montane catchment (the River Isáben, Southern Pyrenees, NE Iberian Peninsula). The aim is to assess hydrological controls on and temporal patterns of the suspended sediment load. High loads in this basin occur as a consequence of intense erosion in badlands located in the middle of the catchment. This study focuses on a reach located downstream from the main badland areas, where rainfall, discharge (Q), sediment transport (SSC) and in‐channel sediment storage were monitored for a 1‐year period. Marked seasonality in water and sediment load was observed; whereas most of the discharge occurred in winter and spring, most of the sediment was transported during summer and autumn. Q‐SSC hysteretic loops revealed the importance of sediment availability (whether stored in the channel or originating from wider catchment source areas) in the river's sedimentary response. Clockwise loops dominated during winter and spring, whereas counter‐clockwise loops occurred mostly in summer and autumn, when in‐channel storage reached its maximum. There were significant correlations between rainfall intensity in the sediment source areas, in‐channel sediment storage and sediment yield. These correlations emphasize the importance of understanding sediment availability when analysing the temporal dynamics of sediment transport, especially in catchments where different source areas (slopes and riverbed) may contribute to the load to differing degrees and at different times of the year. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relationships between Phosphorus and Suspended Sediment Concentrations in a Stream Draining a Rural Area in NW Spain

This study assesses the possible use of suspended sediment as an indirect measurement of phosphorus (P) concentrations in a rural headwater catchment located in NW Spain. Particulate P accounted for about 70 percent of the P export, indicating that P transport is linked to sediment in this catchment. The relationship between P and suspended sediment concentrations showed that particulate P was strongly dependent on suspended sediment, although the relationship is not consistent throughout seasons. The particulate P–suspended sediment relationship behaved differently at low flow and runoff events; the relationship was only significant during runoff events. This is because low flow is dominated by dissolved P and by pathways that do not mobilize or transport sediment. The particulate P–suspended sediment ratio was lower during runoff events than during low flow, which is consistent with enrichment ratio effects.     

Suspended sediment dynamics during flushing flows in a large impounded river (the lower River Ebro)

Purpose

The aim of this work was to improve the understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of suspended sediment transport during flushing flows in a large regulated river, the lower River Ebro (NE Spain).

Materials and methods

Relationships between sediment and discharge (i.e. discharge (Q)–suspended sediment concentrations (SSC)) were examined during six flushing flows using continuous discharge and turbidity records obtained at six monitoring sections distributed along the lower Ebro River for the 2008–2011 period.

Results and discussion

Analyses revealed marked spatial and temporal patterns. At the spatial scale, the Q–SSC relationships were mostly influenced by the different routing velocity of discharge and sediment waves. At the upstream sections, the sediment peak usually preceded peak discharge (i.e. clockwise loop); however, flow routing through the 85-km channel length tends to increase the lag between them, modifying the hysteresis towards counter-clockwise patterns in the downstream direction. At the temporal scale, the season when the artificial releases were performed strongly influenced the sediment availability, with similar-magnitude flushing flows generating higher sediment peaks in autumn than in spring.

Conclusions

These results are of great interest in order to reinforce the flushing flows programme in the lower Ebro River, so as to help achieve the sustainability of the riverine and deltaic ecosystems.     

Runoff and sediment variation and attribution over 60 years in typical Loess Plateau basins

Purpose

The trends in runoff and sediment transportation in typical Loess Plateau basins and the factors causing the changes need to be clarified.

Materials and methods

In this study, the runoff and sediment transportation data from 1960 to 2016, from hydrological stations (Wenjiachuan, Baijiachuan, Ganguyi, and Zhuangtou) based in four typical basins, were analyzed systematically using linear regression, anomaly accumulation, the Mann–Kendall test, and double accumulation curve. The characteristics of the runoff and sediment transportation and their responses to climatic and anthropogenic activities were investigated using several hydrological analytical and statistical methods.

Results and discussion

The results indicate that both runoff and sediment transportation in the four typical basins have decreased sharply from 1960 to 2016. Since the implementation of the Grain-for-Green Project in 1999, the reduction has been more marked, in particular the runoff and sediment discharge of the Kuye River (Wenjiachuan station). Compared with the period 1960–1999, the average annual runoff and sediment discharge in 2000–2016 had decreased by 76.72% and 94.50%, respectively. Apart from the Wuding River (Baijiachuan station), an abrupt change in runoff and sediment transportation in the basins occurred within 2–7 years of the implementation of the Grain-for-Green Project.

Conclusions

In general, returning farmland to forests (grass) has had a more pronounced effect on the reduction of runoff and sediment in the more northerly Kuye River (Wenjiachuan station) and Wuding River (Baijiachuan station) basins, compared with the more southerly Yanhe River (Ganguyi station) and Beiluo River (Zhuangtou station) basins.

     

Influence of suspended particulates on phosphorus loading exported from farm drainage during a storm event in the Everglades Agricultural Area

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of suspended particulates on P loading captured during a single storm event. The Everglades Agricultural Area of Florida comprises 280,000 ha of organic soil farmland artificially drained by ditches, canals, and pumps. Phosphorus (P)-enriched suspended particulates in canals are susceptible to transport and can contribute significantly to the overall P loads in drainage water.

Materials and methods

A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during tropical storm Isaac in 2012 from three farms approximately 2.4 to 3.6 km² in size. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200-L settling tanks over a 7-day drainage period, during tropical storm Isaac. Water from the settling tanks was siphoned through Imhoff settling cones, where the suspended particulates were allowed to settle and collected for P fractionation analyses, and compared to intact sediment cores collected from the canals.

Results and discussion

The discharged suspended particulates contained higher organic matter content, total P, and labile P fractions compared to the drainage canal sediments. Based on the equilibrium P concentrations, drainage canal sediments behave as a source of P to the water column. A 7-day continuous drainage event exported 4.7 to 11.1 t of suspended solids per farm, corresponding to 32 to 63 kg of particulate P being lost to downstream ecosystems. Drainage associated to this single 7-day storm event exported up to 61 % of the total annual farm P load.

Conclusions

It is evident from this study that short-term, high-intensity storm events can skew annual P loads due to the export of significantly higher suspended particulate matter from farm canals. Exported particulates rich in P, if captured and replenished back on farmlands, would be a sustainable farming practice that can provide a supplemental source of nutrients.

     

A rapid spectral-reflectance-based fingerprinting approach for documenting suspended sediment sources during storm runoff events

Purpose  

This paper reports on the development of a rapid and simple spectra-reflectance-based fingerprinting approach for documenting suspended sediment sources during storm runoff events. The methodology was applied in the rural Wollefsbach catchment (4.4 km², NW Luxembourg).     

Frequency–magnitude relationships for precipitation,stream flow and sediment load events in a small Mediterranean basin (Vallcebre basin,Eastern Pyrenees)

Precipitation, discharge and suspended sediment concentrations were continuously measured during 10 years (1995–2004), at the Ca l'Isard sub-basin (1.32 km²) of the Vallcebre experimental catchments. Daily precipitation record is 22 years long. When the ranks of the events obtained with the diverse variables considered (precipitation depth, peak discharge, runoff depth, suspended sediment concentration and sediment load) were compared, the results confirmed the complexity of the response of the catchment and demonstrated that precipitation is an irregular criterion for ranking the main sediment transporting events. When the partial duration series corresponding to the 10% major events were analysed, daily precipitation, peak discharge and sediment concentration series showed good fits with log-normal distributions, but event precipitation, runoff and sediment load series needed bi-modal log-normal distributions. This behaviour may be attributed to the fact that event mass magnitudes depend not only on event intensity but also on its duration.     

Rainfall,runoff and sediment transport relations in a mesoscale mountainous catchment: The River Isábena (Ebro basin)

This paper examines the relations between rainfall, runoff and suspended sediment transport in the Isábena basin during a quasi-average hydrological year. The Isábena is a mesoscale river basin that drains a mountainous area comprising patches of highly erodible materials (badlands). The paper includes an analysis of the different hydrological and sedimentary responses of the catchment to a similar rainfall. Thirty-four floods were studied, with a very variable response observed. Runoff coefficients ranged from 0.32% to 33%. The sedimentary response was also highly variable, with maximum suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) oscillating between < 0.1 and 90 g l^− 1 and flood sediment loads varying from 27 to 54,000 t per hydrological event. Most sediment load was concentrated in spring when competent floods occur frequently. Pearson correlation matrix and backward stepwise multiple regression indicate that the hydrological response of the catchment is strongly correlated with total precipitation, event duration, and rainfall of the previous days. Very low correlation was observed with rainfall intensity. The relation between rainfall and sediment transport followed the same trend. Sediment variables (e.g., total load and SSC) were significantly correlated with variables such as total rainfall and rainfall over the previous days, although the significance level was lower in comparison with the runoff related variables. There was again no correlation between sediment variables and rainfall intensity. On-going research in the area suggests that, apart from rainfall, factors such as sediment availability in the badlands and accumulation of sediment in the channels influences the river's sedimentary response. The non-linear hydrosedimentary response is reflected in the wide range of runoff coefficients and sediment loads that have been observed in response to similar amounts of precipitation.     

高寒山区冰川河流悬移泥沙的输移特征

[目的] 分析不同区域冰川河流的水沙关系、输沙量及其对气候变化的响应,并对泥沙侵蚀强度进行评估,为高寒山区冰川河流的水沙动态研究提供理论基础。[方法] 选取绒布河和科其喀尔河作为研究对象,在消融期间（2018年5—10月）对冰川河进行野外观测和水样采集。考虑气温和降水的影响,采用水文模型法对绒布河径流量进行模拟,结合水沙关系曲线、泥沙滞后环及回归模型对冰川河流的悬移泥沙输移及其影响因素进行分析。[结果] 气温是影响高寒山区冰川河流悬移泥沙运输的主要因素;绒布河和科其喀尔河消融期的径流模数约7.36×10⁵,6.82×10⁵ m³/（km²·a）,输沙模数分别为200 t/（km²·a）和890 t/（km²·a）。[结论] 绒布冰川对气候变化更加敏感,消融强度大,泥沙主要来源于融水与降水对河道底部与坡面的侵蚀,但是可侵蚀沉积物和水力条件不足,造成该地区输沙模数低于其他冰川;科其喀尔河地处西北干旱区,泥沙输移量主要是由泥沙来源决定的,随着气温的升高,大量冰碛物被输送到下游,侵蚀强度明显高于其他大多数冰川。     

The Influence of Sediment Sources and Hydrologic Events on the Nutrient and Metal Content of Fine-Grained Sediments (Attert River Basin, Luxembourg)

Nutrient (C, N and P) and metal (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) content and dynamics of suspended and channel bed sediments were analysed within the rural Attert River basin (Luxembourg). This basin is representative of the main physiographic characteristics of the country, where there is currently little information available on the composition and dynamics of fluvial sediment. Stream bed fine-grained sediment samples (n?=?139) collected during low flow conditions and time-integrated suspended sediment samples (n?=?183) collected during storm runoff events (October 2005 to April 2008) in seven nested basins ranging from 0.45 to 247?km² were analysed. Nutrient and metal spatial patterns, temporal trends and the relationship between their content and storm runoff characteristics (e.g. maximum discharge and sediment concentration) were assessed. Results showed a high spatial and temporal variability, mainly associated with basin characteristics and local inputs. Higher values of total C were measured in the highly forested basins located in the northern part of the Attert River basin, whereas the highest values of total P were mainly associated with material coming from grassland and with the inflow of wastewater treatment plants (i.e. higher values of total P were measured in the southern part of the basin). The abundance of metals, not only in suspended but also in channel bed sediments, was generally as follows: Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cu. Both nutrient and metal concentrations were at a maximum at the beginning of the wet season, after having been accumulated during the summer. These values tended to decrease during autumn and winter due to sediment mobilisation, and a higher flow capacity to transport coarser particle fractions from the sources. In general, concentrations of nutrients and metals on suspended sediment were negatively correlated with antecedent precipitation, total precipitation, total specific discharge and maximum discharge, which has been previously associated to a ??dilution?? effect during storm runoff events. Results show that both sediment sources and hydrologic events play an important role on the spatial and temporal variability of sediment-associated nutrient and metal contents.     

Sediment and Phosphorus Loads from a Stream Draining Agricultural and Forest Lands in Northwest Spain

ABSTRACT

Transport of suspended sediment (SS) and phosphorus (P) via surface runoff from soils to surface waters is a major problem of water quality degradation in many European rivers and in other parts of the world. This problem is especially serious during wet periods, which can produce twice the P loads of dry periods. In this study, the SS load and particulate phosphorus (PP) exported from a small catchment located in NW Spain (in which cultivated soils had different degrees of vegetation cover) were analyzed during two rainy periods of February 2006 and February 2007. The SS and PP loads were calculated from the data of discharge, and SS and PP concentrations were measured in water samples collected at the catchment outlet. SS and PP loads were higher in 2006 than in 2007, while there was higher rainfall and stream flow in 2007. Differences in the degree of vegetation cover in the cultivated fields with good connectivity with the stream, which was the main source area of sediment in this catchment, explain the differences in SS and PP loads between the two periods. Soil losses caused during both rainy periods were low (0.02 Mg ha^?1); however, they may be detrimental to quality of the stream water due to the P linked to soil particles. PP concentrations were above the critical values of P for eutrophication during the study periods, highlighting the need to take conservation measures to reduce soil erosion and sediment delivery to watercourse.     

Phosphorus and Suspended Sediment Loads in Base-Flow and Runoff Events: A Case Study of a Small Stream in NW Spain

This study focuses on the role of runoff events in influencing concentrations and export of suspended sediments and phosphorus in a headwater stream draining an agroforestry catchment in northwestern Spain. Large differences exist between suspended sediment and phosphorus (P) concentrations measured during base-flow conditions and runoff events, with a higher delivery during runoff events. Suspended sediment and phosphorus exports were 29.44 and 0.08 kg ha^?1 y^?1 respectively, with more than 50% delivered during runoff events (12% of the year). The relative contributions of phosphorus forms to the total annual export were 75% and 25% as particulate and dissolved phosphorus, respectively. Soil erosion is the main source of suspended sediment and phosphorus in the stream.     

Dynamics of Runoff and Suspended Sediment Transport in a Highly Erodible Catchment on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Runoff is the key factor to understand the land degradation causing high risk of soil erosion and can reduce the water available for human societies and ecosystems. The dynamics of runoff and suspended sediment transport are not completely understood. In this study, we examined the trends, breaking point and regime changes for the runoff and sediment load at different temporal scales using 50 years of continuous observational data from a highly erodible sub‐catchment with an area of 7,325 km² in the Beiluo River basin on the Loess Plateau, China. At the annual scale, the runoff and sediment load declined significantly (p < 0·05) with decreasing rates of −0·23 mm y⁻¹ and −164·9 Mg km⁻² y⁻¹, respectively. Abrupt changes in the runoff and sediment load series were detected between 1979 and 1999; thus, the data were divided into intervals of 1960–1979, 1980–1999 and 2000–2009. The flow duration curve analysis indicated increasing low‐flow values and decreasing daily runoff and sediment discharge peaks, which suggested that soil and water conservation measures reduced the volume of runoff and the sediment load. This led to a more uniform runoff regime. At the flood event scale, we investigated the relationship between runoff and the suspended sediment load based on 123 flood events, which showed clearly that the magnitude and frequency of hyper‐concentrated sediment flows decreased in 2000–2009 compared with 1960–1999. The annual erosive rainfall exhibited non‐significant changes throughout the entire study period. We conclude that soil and water conservation measures (e.g. afforestation, grassing, terraces and check dams) have played major roles in the changes in runoff and the sediment load in the Beiluo River catchment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

金沙江流域水沙变化及其驱动机制

为了探究金沙江流域控制水文站屏山站水沙序列的趋势及突变特性,量化不同驱动因素对水沙变化的贡献。基于金沙江流域1954—2016年径流和输沙数据,从长时期及场次事件两个角度揭示了水沙关系的动态变化特征。结果表明：(1) 63年间,径流量年均变化速率为-1.16×10⁸m³/a;输沙量年均变化速率为-2.0×10⁶t/a; 1998年长江流域发生特大洪水,水沙序列在该年发生突变;(2)水沙关系的特征参数a值在1998年前后由上升改为下降趋势,退耕等坡面水保措施在1998年后发挥了重要作用;b值始终下降,河道影响因素始终发挥减沙作用;在场次降雨尺度上,流域径流-悬移质泥沙环路(C-Q环路)以顺时针形环路为主,表明坡面泥沙物源充足,是影响流域产沙的重要因素;(3)流域内降水、温度及NDVI与径流和输沙之间有明显的相关性,人类活动与降水因素对径流量的贡献比为-1∶2,而输沙量主要受人类活动影响,对应的贡献比为-6∶1。综上,金沙江流域63年间的径流输沙受多种因素综合影响,径流量的变化主要由于降水的变化,输沙量受人类活动影响更大。