脱硫废弃物改良宁夏盐渍化土壤对细菌和氨氧化微生物丰度的影响

为探明脱硫废弃物改良盐渍化土壤对微生物群落的影响效果,在2009~2010年,采用田间试验,施用不同量的脱硫废弃物(0、0.74、1.49、2.25、3.00 kg·m-2),研究了脱硫废弃物对盐渍化土壤细菌、氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌的影响。试验结果表明:0~20 cm土层,Ca2+和NO-3-N含量随着施用量增加而增加;土壤p H值、电导率值显著下降。实时荧光定量PCR(q PCR)分析结果表明,微生物丰度随着脱硫废弃物的施用发生变化,但这种变化并不与脱硫废弃物的施用量呈线性关系。在0~20 cm土壤层,施脱硫废弃物使得细菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数处理组显著高于对照组。氨氧化古菌与氨氧化细菌基因拷贝数在T2和T4处理高于其它处理。20~40 cm土层各处理间微生物群落没有显著变化,或没有出现规律的变化趋势。因此,脱硫废弃物增加了土壤细菌和氨氧化功能基因丰度,且对上层土壤影响更为显著。本研究中施用脱硫废弃物1.49 kg·m-2(T2)是引起细菌和氨氧化功能基因丰度增加的施用量。     

覆盖作物对猕猴桃园土壤氨氧化微生物丰度和群落结构的影响

[目的]果园行间播种覆盖作物有利于改善土壤理化性状,改变氮循环过程中的氨氧化微生物群落结构.因此,我们分析不同覆盖作物下猕猴桃园土壤氨氧化微生物的群落结构和基因丰度,以探究其与土壤硝化作用的关系.[方法]选择湖北十堰的一个5年生猕猴桃果园进行了种植多年生覆盖作物试验,供试覆盖作物有白三叶草(Trifolium repe...     

施肥和淹水管理对水稻土氨氧化微生物数量的影响

全程氨氧化细菌(Completeammoniaoxidizers,Comammox)的发现被认为是氮循环研究的重要进展,但复杂土壤中Comammox与氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)和氨氧化古菌(Ammonia-oxidizingarchaea,AOA)共存的环境驱动机制尚不清楚。针对紫色水稻土长期定位试验的植稻淹水(夏季植稻施肥并且全年淹水)管理、休耕冬干(不植稻、不施肥,仅在夏季植稻期间淹水,冬季排水落干)管理,研究了施肥和水分管理对水稻土硝化潜势及氨氧化微生物类群丰度的影响。结果表明,植稻淹水土壤的硝化潜势显著高于休耕冬干,分别为25.0 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)、2.11mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),相差可达12倍之多。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,两种管理方式下水稻土中均能检测到Comammox、AOA和AOB,并且其数量均为ComammoxAOAAOB。植稻淹水中Comammox丰度分别为AOA的8.5倍、AOB的77.3倍,而休耕冬干中Comammox丰度分别为AOA的4.1倍、AOB的490.3倍。相比于休耕冬干管理,植稻淹水刺激了Comammox分支A(Clade A)、AOA和AOB的生长,三者增长倍数分别为9、3、42,但Comammox分支B(Clade B)的降幅高达两倍之多。这些结果表明,与休耕冬干管理相比,28年长期植稻淹水,可能导致水稻土氨氧化微生物类群长期处于低O_2胁迫,并选择性促进了Comammox Clade A和AOA的生长,高强度施肥则显著促进了AOB生长,而Comammox Clade A和AOA则具有更广的铵态氮底物适应范围。未来应通过稳定性同位素示踪DNA技术,明确水稻土中数量上占优势的Comammox的功能意义及其与AOA和AOB的相对重要性。     

滨海盐度梯度土壤中固氮菌和反硝化菌的分布特征

【目的】为探讨滨海土壤盐渍化过程对氮转化的影响,本研究分析了滨海盐土自然盐度梯度下固氮菌和反硝化菌的分布特征。【方法】在莱州湾南岸及黄河口采集自然盐度梯度(0.64%～5.18%)土壤样品,人为划分为低盐度(0.64%～0.76%)、中盐度(1.25%～2.39%)、高盐度(3.49%～5.18%)三个梯度,利用荧光定量PCR和末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术分析不同盐度梯度土壤中固氮菌(nifH基因)和反硝化菌(nosZ、nirS、nirK基因)的丰度、多样性及群落结构。【结果】固氮菌丰度在低盐区显著高于中、高盐区(P <0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示,nifH基因拷贝数与土壤NO₃^-含量显著正相关(P <0.05),Shannon指数与土壤平均粒径(d0.5)显著正相关(P <0.05)。典范对应分析表明,nifH基因群落结构与土壤盐度显著相关(P=0.04)。反硝化菌在该区域盐土中以nirK基因型占主导,nirK、nirS和nosZ三种基因的拷贝数受盐度影响不大,但(nirK+nirS)/nosZ...     

稻虾共作模式下稻田土壤氨氧化微生物丰度和群落结构的特征

【目的】研究稻虾共作模式下土壤氨氧化微生物数量、群落多样性及群落结构,深入了解该模式下的土壤微生态环境的演变。【方法】试验点在湖北省荆州市长江大学农学院基地,设置稻虾共作模式 (CR) 与常规中稻种植模式 (MR),借助荧光定量PCR技术与Illumina Miseq高通量测序平台,分析了土壤氨氧化细菌 (AOB) 与古菌 (AOA) 丰度、多样性及群落结构。【结果】与MR模式相比,CR模式显著提高了土壤硝态氮、总碳及总氮含量,对土壤pH、碱解氮及土壤碳氮比无显著影响。CR模式土壤AOA与AOB amoA基因拷贝数为3.13 × 105和7.01 × 105 copies/g干土,MR模式土壤AOA、AOB amoA基因拷贝数为1.41 × 105和3.87 × 105 copies/g干土,两个模式土壤AOB的数量均显著高于AOA,CR模式土壤AOA、AOB的数量均显著高于MR模式 (P < 0.05)。α群落多样性指数表明,相比MR,CR模式显著降低了土壤AOA群落多样性,对AOB群落多样性无显著影响。Venn结果分析,CR模式增加了AOA amoA基因的物种,改变了AOB amoA基因的物种组成,且AOB amoA物种数量下降。在属水平上,norank_c_environmental_samples_p_Thaumarchaeota、unclassified_k_norank_d_Archaea、norank_c_environmental_samples_p_Crenarchaeota、norank_p_environmental_samples_k_norank为AOA的优势类群,相对丰度占AOA amoA基因总序列的99.25%～99.46%,CR模式显著提高了norank_c_environmental_samples_p_Crenarchaeota在AOA群落属水平的相对丰度;unclassified_k_norank_d_Bacteria、norank_f_environmental_samples、norank_o_environmental_samples_c_Betaproteobacteria、unclassified_o_Nitrosomonadales为AOB的优势类群,相对丰度共占97.78%～98.49%,且CR模式显著增加了norank_o_environmental_samples_c_Betaproteobacteria与unclassified_o_Nitrosomonadales在AOB群落属水平的相对丰度。冗余分析 (RDA) 结果显示,土壤基本理化性质对于土壤AOA、AOB群落结构影响有着相似的趋势,其中对AOA、AOB群落结构影响最大的因子是硝态氮,其次分别为总碳、铵态氮、碱解氮、pH。根据RDA投影距离分析,稻虾共作模式对土壤AOA群落结构的影响大于AOB,且MR与稻虾共作模式土壤AOB的群落结构具有一定的相似度。【结论】稻虾共作模式显著降低了AOA群落多样性,而对AOB群落无显著影响;稻虾共作模式显著增加了AOA与AOB的丰度并显著影响了群落结构组成。土壤硝态氮、总碳、铵态氮、碱解氮、pH含量是导致土壤微生物数量、多样性及群落结构变化的主要原因。     

红壤稻田不同生育期土壤氨氧化微生物群落结构

以福建省红壤稻田土壤为对象,通过提取土壤总DNA,利用特异引物进行PCR(聚合酶链反应)扩增和DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)并结合DNA克隆测序,研究了水稻生长过程中稻田土壤氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌群落结构的变化。结果显示:稻田土壤具有丰富的氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌资源。水稻生长过程中土壤氨氧化细菌群落组成较为稳定,只表现出水稻生长前期(苗期、分蘖期)和中后期(孕穗期、成熟期)间存在一定差异。而土壤氨氧化古菌群落组成变化较大,在水稻生长的苗期、分蘖期、孕穗期和成熟期4个时期间均存在一定差异。在水稻生长过程中,土壤氨氧化细菌群落多样性指数无显著性变化,但氨氧化古菌群落多样性指数随水稻生长明显提高,孕穗期后才达到平稳。水稻生长前期土壤硝化势也具有显著上升趋势,孕穗期时达到最高,而后有所下降。土壤硝化势与氨氧化古菌群落多样性指数具有显著正相关性,与氨氧化细菌没有相关性。研究表明,氨氧化古菌对红壤稻田土壤硝化作用的影响程度较大,证实了氨氧化微生物尤其是氨氧化古菌在稻田土壤微生物组成及其生态系统功能中的重要性。     

不同品种水稻土壤氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌群落结构组成

本研究通过提取土壤总DNA,利用特异引物进行PCR扩增和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE),研究了不同品种水稻对稻田土壤氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌群落结构组成的影响.结果显示:稻田土壤具有丰富的氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌,且氨氧化古菌种类更多;不同品种水稻氨氧化细菌群落结构组成差异较大,其中以"天A/Km71"、"闽优1027"和"Km62/1027"3个品种相似性较高,且明显不同于其余3个品种:而氨氧化古菌群落结构组成在不同土层间表现出较大差异,其中以"天A/Km71"和"Km62/1027"的表土与根际土氨氧化古菌群落组成差异最大.研究表明不同水稻品种及土壤层次对氨氧化微生物群落结构组成具有一定影响,证明氨氧化微生物尤其是氨氧化古菌在稻田土壤生态系统中占有重要地位.     

氨氧化基因丰度和潜在氨氧化速率对加拿大一枝黄花入侵和土壤类型的响应

  【目的】  土壤类型和植物入侵影响土壤微生物群落结构和功能,基于此,我们研究加拿大一枝黄花 (Solidago canadensis) 入侵两种类型土壤后,土壤中氨氧化古细菌 (AOA) 和氨氧化细菌 (AOB) 的基因丰度和潜在氨氧化速率 (PAOR) 的变化规律及影响机理。  【方法】  云南和浙江是加拿大一枝黄花入侵的重点地区,本研究在云南省滇池周边的海东湿地公园、捞鱼河湿地公园和安乐村 (土壤类型均为冲积土) 以及浙江省东部的杭州湾湿地公园、临海上盘镇和路桥镇峰江村 (土壤类型均为黄泥田土),分别选择一块采样地,面积为100～150 m2。在每块采样地加拿大一枝黄花入侵 (Mono) 和未入侵 (Nat) 之处,划出0.5 m × 0.5 m,采集土壤和植物样品。Mono和Nat地块相距10～20 m,每个地块重复3次。采用qPCR和室内培养技术分析土壤中AOA、AOB基因丰度和PAOR,用植物生态和土壤化学方法分析植物生物量和土壤化学性状。  【结果】  加拿大一枝黄花入侵后,冲积土中AOA丰度和PAOR显著下降,黄泥田土中AOA丰度和PAOR却显著提高,而AOB丰度在两种类型土壤中均显著提高。Nat冲积土中AOA丰度和PAOR大于黄泥田土,而Mono条件下冲积土中AOA丰度和PAOR小于黄泥田土,AOB丰度在两种土壤类型中均变化较小。Mono样地植被地上部分和地下部分生物量、土壤有机质含量和pH是影响冲积土和黄泥田土AOA丰度和PAOR的重要因素。与AOA不同,冲积土AOB丰度仅受植物地下部分生物量的影响,而黄泥田土AOB丰度同时受植物地下部分生物量、土壤总磷含量和pH影响。  【结论】  加拿大一枝黄花入侵大大增加了植被地上部和地下部生物量,进而为微生物提供了大量的碳源,同时提高了土壤pH,因此,氨氧化细菌AOB的丰度显著增加。土壤类型仅影响AOA的丰度,对AOB和氨氧化潜力没有显著影响,而加拿大一枝黄花入侵显著影响两类土壤中的AOA、AOB丰度以及氨氧化潜力。     

长期施用氮肥和磷肥对渭北旱塬土壤中氨氧化古菌多样性的影响

采用基于氨单加氧酶基因的PCR-RFLP和DNA测序技术,以黄土高原旱地黑垆土为材料,研究长期施用氮肥和磷肥对土壤氨氧化古菌多样性的影响。结果显示,不同施肥处理土壤样品得到的氨氧化古菌的OTU数分别为25（种植不施肥,CK）、21（不施肥不种植,LD）、18（单施氮肥,N）、25（单施磷肥,P）和13（氮、磷共施,NP）。氨氧化古菌的多样性指数H′和优势度指数Ds变化趋势基本相同,分别为P〉CK〉LD〉NP〉N和P〉CK〉NP〉LD〉N;种群丰富度和均匀度指数在不同处理间变化较大,分别为CK〉P〉LD〉N〉NP和P〉NP〉LD〉N〉CK。各处理优势氨氧化古菌绝大部分属于Cluster S,少数属于Cluster M,获得的序列全部属于难培养泉古菌门。不同施肥方式的长期定位试验土壤中氨氧化古菌多样性变化较大,而优势氨氧化古菌系统进化定位没有显著变化。     

海水稻根际效应对滨海盐碱地土壤氨氧化微生物的影响

滨海盐碱地的特殊环境严重限制了土壤氮素转化和利用。微生物介导的水稻根际氨氧化过程是盐碱稻田土壤氮循环的关键过程,但限于研究盲点和技术不足,海水稻根际效应对滨海盐碱地土壤氨氧化微生物群落结构的影响仍少有报道。据此,本研究以“海稻86”为研究对象,分别设置低盐浓度(2 g·kg^–1)和高盐浓度(6 g·kg–1)两组处理进行盆栽试验。结果显示：种植海水稻70 d后,高盐和低盐处理根际土壤的pH分别下降了0.82和0.70个单位,土壤有机质(SOM)含量下降了6.41和4.46 g·kg^–1,腐殖质(HU)含量提高了5.76和4.45 g·kg^–1,全氮(TN)含量减少0.46和0.37 g·kg^–1,表明海水稻可通过降低盐碱地土壤pH,加速有机质分解转化,提高土壤氮循环速率。水稻根际作用可显著提高土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)和微生物呼吸强度,并在种植第55天达到最高,在高盐处理中分别达到850.0 mg·kg^–1、72.2 mg·kg^–1     

Chronic Nitrogen Fertilization Modulates Competitive Interactions Among Microbial Ammonia Oxidizers in a Loess Soil

Nitrogen(N) application may lead to niche segregation of soil ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) and bacteria(AOB), thereby reducing the competitive interactions between AOA and AOB due to higher ammonium substrate availability. However, the adaptive mechanisms of AOA and AOB under N enrichment remain poorly understood. Stable isotope probing(SIP) microcosm incubation was employed to reveal community changes of active AOA and AOB in a loess soil from a field experiment growing potatoes that received no N(control, CK), low N(LN, 75 kg N ha~(-1)), and high N(HN, 375 kg N ha~(-1)). The results showed that the soil potential nitrification rate(PNR) was measured by culturing of the soil samples from the field experiment. Soil PNR was significantly increased in HN by87.5% and 67.5% compared with CK and LN, respectively. Compared with CK, the~(13)C-amoA genes of soil AOA and AOB in HN had 2.58 × 10~4 and 1.55 × 10~6 copies, representing 1.6-and 16.2-fold increase respectively. It was indicated that AOB dominated soil ammonia oxidation. A phylogenetic analysis of the~(13)C-amoA gene showed that N application significantly increased the proportion of54 d9-like AOA up to 90% in HN, while the Nitrososphaera gargensis-like and Nitrososphaera viennensis-like AOA were inhibited and completely disappeared. Nitrogen application also resulted in the community shift of active AOB-dominant group from Nitrosospira briensis-like to Nitrosospira sp. TCH711-like. Our study provides compelling evidence for the emergence and maintenance of active nitrifying communities under the intensified N input to an agricultural ecosystem.     

亚热带松林中强酸性土壤自养和异养硝化作用的研究

The occurrence of nitrification in some acidic forest soils is still a subject of debate. Identification of main nitrification pathways in acidic forest soils is still largely unknown. Acidic yellow soil (Oxisol) samples were selected to test whether nitrification can occur or not in acidic subtropical pine forest ecosystems. Relative contributions of autotrophs and heterotrophs to nitrification were studied by adding selective nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin. Soil NH₄⁺-N concentrations decreased, but NO₃^--N concentrations increased significantly for the no-nitrapyrin control during the first week of incubation, indicating that nitrification did occur in the acidic subtropical soil. The calculated net nitrification rate was 0.49 mg N kg^-1 d^-1 for the no-nitrapyrin control during the first week of incubation. Nitrapyrin amendment resulted in a significant reduction of NO₃^--N concentration. Autotrophic nitrification rate averaged 0.28 mg N kg^-1 d^-1 and the heterotrophic nitrification rate was 0.21 mg N kg^-1 d^-1 in the first week. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) abundance increased slightly during incubation, but nitrapyrin amendment significantly decreased AOB amoA gene copy numbers by about 80%. However, the ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) abundance showed significant increases only in the last 2 weeks of incubation and it was also decreased by nitrapyrin amendment. Our results indicated that nitrification did occur in the present acidic subtropical pine forest soil, and autotrophic nitrification was the main nitrification pathway. Both AOA and AOB were the active biotic agents responsible for autotrophic nitrification in the acidic subtropical pine forest soil.     

Seasonal Patterns of Microbial Community Structure and Enzyme Activities in Coastal Saline Soils of Perennial Halophytes

Perennial halophytes are known to be one of the most influential parameters in coastal ecosystem affecting ecosystem processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in soil microbial community structure and enzyme activities in different halophyte‐covered soils (Arthrocnemum indicum , Aeluropus lagopoides , Heleochloa setulosa and Suaeda nudiflora ) with control soil (un‐vegetated) that were collected in three seasons (rainy, winter and summer) from intertidal coastal soils of Gujarat, India. Soil microbial community structure was assessed using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling. Halophytes influenced significantly soil micro‐environment by exerting effects on the soil chemical characteristics, enzyme activities and microbial community structure. The activities of β‐glucosidase, urease and alkaline phosphatase were significantly higher in halophyte‐covered soils than in control soil. Among four halophyte‐covered soils, the highest amounts of total, bacterial, actinomycetes and fungal PLFAs were observed in Arthrocnemum soil. The concentrations of total, bacterial, actinomycetes and fungal PLFAs were also significantly higher in summer and winter seasons than in rainy season, whereas enzyme activities also vary with seasons. The non‐metric multidimensional scaling analysis PLFA profiling revealed that the structure of microbial community significantly differed in all seasons as well as between control and halophyte‐covered soils. These shifts in microbial community were due to the higher abundance of Gram‐positive, total bacterial and actinomycetes PLFAs in summer and winter seasons than in rainy season, whereas abundance of fungal biomarker was significantly higher in rainy season than in other seasons. Among halophytes, significantly higher abundance of Gram‐positive, Gram‐negative and total bacteria was observed in Arthrocnemum , Heleochloa and Suaeda whereas the lowest in control soil. Halophytes exhibited improved soil microbial activities, which is important for healthy ecosystem. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fluctuations in the abundance of ammonia oxidizers and the contents of inorganic nitrogen in solarized soil

Solarization makes a great impact on the abundance of ammonia oxidizers and nitrifying activity in soil. To elucidate fluctuations in the abundance of ammonia oxidizers and nitrification in solarized soil, copy numbers of amoA gene of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA), viable number of ammonia oxidizers and inorganic nitrogen contents were investigated in greenhouse experiments. The copy number of amoA gene and the viable number of ammonia oxidizers were determined by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction and most probable number methods, respectively. Abundance of AOB based on the estimation of amoA gene copy numbers and viable counts of ammonia oxidizers was decreased by the solarization treatment and increased during the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivation period following the solarization. Effect of solarization on the copy number of amoA gene of AOA was less evident than that on AOB. The proportion of nitrate in inorganic nitrogen contents was declined by the solarization and increased during the tomato cultivation period following the solarization. Positive correlations were found between the proportion of nitrate in inorganic nitrogen content and the copy number of bacterial or archaeal amoA gene or the viable number of ammonia oxidizers; the copy number of bacterial amoA gene showed a strong correlation with the viable number of ammonia oxidizers. The present study revealed influences of solarization on the fluctuation in the abundance of ammonia oxidizers and dynamics of inorganic nitrogen contents in soil and the results indicate that the determination of amoA gene of AOB is possibly a quick and useful diagnostic technique for evaluating suppression and restoration of nitrification following solarization.     

盐渍化土壤施用有机物-脱硫石膏改良剂效果的研究

研究了在盐渍化园田土壤上施用有机物与脱硫石膏混合改良刺对土壤理化性状和白菜产量的影响.试验采用改良剂的2种配方(成分比例不同)、3个施用量,以不施改良剂处理为对照,7个处理,3次重复.结果表明t施用有机物-脱硫石膏混合改良剂Ⅲ、Ⅳ可降低土壤容重最多为10.34%,11.30%;增加土壤总孔隙度最多达8.94%,9.84%.0-5 cm土壤全盐量由0.72%降至0.26%～0.46%;5-20 cnl土壤全盐量由0.32%降至0.14%～0.19%.改良剂2种配方的不同施用量与对照相比,土壤ESP、pH、土壤交换性Na~+和土壤Cl~-占阴离子总量分别下降了2.59%～16.28%,0.12～0.19,2.87%～24.53%和9.26%～213.05%.增加土壤SO_4~(2-)和Ca~(2+)最多达137.45%和228.24%.与对照相比,白菜增产10.19%～30.99%.施用有机物-脱硫石膏混合改良剂不仅能够改善土壤的理化环境,同时也为作物提供了丰富的腐殖酸及Ca,S等营养物质.     

改良剂作用下滨海盐化潮土团聚体分布、稳定性及有机碳分布特征

通过对滨海盐化潮土小麦—玉米轮作2年田间定位试验,研究不同改良剂施用对土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及土壤团聚体中有机碳含量、各级团聚体有机碳对总有机碳贡献率的影响。试验共设置3个处理:对照(CK)、有机土壤改良剂(OSA)和有机—无机土壤改良剂(CSA),分析土壤团聚体分布、水稳性大团聚体(R_(0.25))、平均重量直径(mean weight diameter,MWD)、几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter,GMD)、分形维数(D)、有机碳储量(soil organic carbon storage,SOCS)和有机碳贡献率(contribution rate of organic carbon)。结果表明,滨海盐化潮土水稳性团聚体组成主要以0.25 mm粒径为主,改良剂施用后土壤R_(0.25)显著提高,其影响主要集中在5 mm和2～5 mm粒径级,OSA处理2个粒级团聚体含量较CK分别显著增加167.38%和59.00%,CSA处理分别显著增加89.17%和100.66%。施用OSA与CSA同时显著提高了土壤团聚体MWD和GMD值,说明2种改良剂的施用均有利于提高大团聚体数量及稳定性。施用改良剂2年处理土壤各粒级团聚体中有机碳含量均有所提高,OSA处理以1～2 mm粒级提高最多,CSA以2～5 mm粒级提高最多,且前者达显著水平。与CK相比,改良剂可促使土壤有机碳向大团聚体富集,显著提高1～2 mm粒级团聚体对土壤总有机碳的贡献率93.62%～109.76%,降低或显著降低1～2 mm粒级团聚体对土壤总有机碳的贡献率20.55%～24.92%。在小麦—玉米轮作模式下,改良剂施用不仅可以显著提高滨海盐化潮土水稳性大团聚体含量和稳定性,还可显著增加水稳性大团聚体有机碳含量与储量,是加强盐碱土壤有机碳库积累的有效措施。     

‘寒富’苹果园生长季土壤氨氧化细菌群落结构与多样性

采用PCR-DGGE技术,对‘寒富’苹果园生长季内土壤氨氧化细菌群落结构、多样性及其与土壤理化因子的相关性进行探讨。结果表明,不同时期土壤硝化强度、氨氧化细菌数量、种群组成及多样性表现出明显差异。其中,11月份土壤硝化强度最高,9月份最低,而氨氧化细菌数量则表现为11月份最低,7月最高。多样性特征分析表明,土壤氨氧化细菌多样性和均匀度指数均表现为11月份最高,9月份最低;而丰富度指数则表现为5月份与7月份最高,11月份最低;优势度指数则为9月份最高,5月份最低。系统发育分析结果表明,苹果园土壤氨氧化细菌均隶属于β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria),多为不可培养菌株,其中亚硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrosospira)为土壤优势菌属。氨氧化细菌与土壤理化性质相关性分析发现,土壤速效磷、速效钾含量与硝化强度、氨氧化细菌多样性指数、均匀度和优势度指数呈显著相关,而与土壤氨氧化细菌数量无明显相关性。说明环境因子时间分布的不均匀性是不同时期土壤氨氧化细菌群落结构组成差异的重要原因。     

秸秆和植被覆盖对江苏滨海盐土土壤盐分变化的影响

研究秸秆覆盖和植被(田菁)覆盖条件下滨海盐土土壤水盐的动态变化规律,为沿海滩涂盐碱地脱盐改良提供依据。本研究以含盐量6.98 g·kg~(-1)的滨海盐土为研究对象,设置秸秆覆盖和种植田菁2种覆盖处理,以裸地为对照,研究不同覆盖处理对滨海盐土土壤含水量和土壤盐分动态变化的影响。结果表明:秸秆覆盖下的土壤含水量(27.58%)显著高于田菁覆盖(26.70%)和裸地(26.61%),后两者差异未达显著水平。处理1年后0~20、20~40 cm土层的秸秆覆盖、田菁覆盖和裸地不同处理间土壤含盐量的差异均达显著或极显著水平;秸秆覆盖处理的脱盐率为田菁覆盖处理的2倍。回归分析表明裸地和田菁覆盖下土壤盐分含量与累积降雨量的关系可用二次多项式拟合,田菁覆盖下的淋洗方程(EC_a/EC_i与D_w/D_s间的关系)可用三次多项式拟合;而秸秆覆盖条件下土壤盐分含量与累积降雨量的关系、淋洗方程均表现为指数函数关系y=ae~(bx)(P0.01)。秸秆覆盖条件下滨海滩涂0~40 cm土层脱盐80%需要386.8 mm的累积降雨量。结果表明秸秆和植被覆盖技术在江苏滨海盐土可获得较好的脱盐效果,具有较好的应用前景。