基于疗愈景观理念的阿尔卡迪亚社区口袋公园景观设计

针对日益严峻的居民身心健康问题,从潜能发掘和景观营造两方面出发,总结了社区口袋公园景观疗愈力的提升策略.综合分析了社区口袋公园的特点及作用,基于文献研究和现状调研分析其与疗愈景观结合的方式,并以聊城市阿尔卡迪亚社区口袋公园景观更新为例,提出了根据疗愈性环境的特征需求合理选址、划分空间、提升绿化、丰富体验等,创造出功能合...     

城市口袋公园使用后评价(POE)研究

为探究口袋公园如何满足使用者,运用使用后评价(POE)理论对杭州中大广场花园进行研究。采用行为注记的观察方法和SD评价的问卷方法,总结使用者的行为特征、使用需求和评价情况。结果表明:使用者主要为附近居民,以不宜远行人群为主,使用频率高、时间长;使用者日到访量较高,主要活动类型为休息交流,使用时间集中在早晨和晚上,使用空间集中在林缘旷地和广场空间;使用者满意度较高,其中"休息设施""安全程度""场地卫生"显著影响"整体评价"。结合调查结果,提出以下建议:1)城市建设应重视小型绿地,推广口袋公园;2)着重建设林缘旷地和广场空间,满足不同使用者在不同时段的活动需求;3)结合区位条件,有重点地完善基础设施。     

口袋公园建设的国际国内经验及启示

口袋公园的建设促进了公共空间体系的完善及城市品质提升,从世界范围来看,口袋公园基于城市问题,为了休憩、生态、文化等价值而设。基于欧洲、美国、澳洲、中国香港等地区口袋公园建设标准及实际案例,梳理了口袋公园的内涵及标准、设计策略及建设运营模式,为当前我国口袋公园的建设提出了建议:口袋公园不单纯是城市小型绿化的提升,应凸显休闲等城市生活功能,其布局一般位于步行距离范围内,建议纳入社区生活圈考虑,统筹绿地、小型文体设施;设计上,结合定位,复合考虑可达性、功能性和生态性等,并体现包容性,满足儿童、老年人、残疾人等不同群体使用需求;在管理和建设上,鼓励政府、非营利组织、企业或公众等多方参与,贯穿"事前-事中-事后"全过程,建立可持续性运营发展模式。     

基于使用后评估的综合性城市公园景观设计评价——以厦门中山公园为例

厦门中山公园是位于旧城中心区的综合性公园。通过应用使用后评估方法对公园的可达性、景观要素、空间感知、触觉感知、配套设施、维护管理6方面使用状况进行评价,分析公园景观设计与使用者行为需求的多维关联性,指出使用者的行为感知特征、设计实施成果与市民使用间的矛盾冲突点、建成项目使用后评价体系缺失的问题。提出以使用者为核心,优化园区功能分区,增设定制化的景观设施配套,进而提升公园的整体环境品质与归属感。     

宁国市南山公园使用者时空行为与空间偏好研究

山地公园作为城市重要的生态基础设施,正成为居民康体健身、休憩娱乐及社会联系的户外起居空间.以宁国市南山公园为例,从使用者的角度出发,通过对不同年龄段使用者行为活动的动态观察,研究使用者时空行为与空间偏好.结果 表明,不同年龄段使用者行为偏好存在显著差异,使用者的行为偏好与使用时段、空间特征存在规律性的联系.基于结果探索...     

浅析唐山市越河公园景观设计

从唐山市越河公园环境的实际出发,基于使用者心理和行为的需求,对公园绿地空间环境的设计进行研究与分析,努力提高公园的文化氛围、空间环境质量,促进公园中的交往和交流活动。设计以人为本,依据居民日常行为和心理的需求,结合不同区域内设置不同类别的运动场地与休闲娱乐空间,真正做到以人为本,形成居民的业余休憩、娱乐健身等综合性空间。     

口袋公园在城市建设中的应用探讨——以武汉市口袋公园为例

由于口袋公园能充分利用城市规模很小的开放空间,为居民带来身边的"微幸福",增加城市活力,完善和提升城市品质,在国内外口袋公园的相关理论研究基础上,以武汉通过全国征集入选的3个口袋公园为案例,分析了口袋公园面积小、布置灵活、特色突出、使用频率高的特点,从社会参与、空间场地、文化特色、设施数量、智慧城市等多个方面探讨提出了未来建设口袋公园的设计策略。     

广州市主城区口袋公园使用概况与优化策略

为研究广州市主城区口袋公园的场地现状及使用概况,选取广州市主城区的7个市辖区内14处口袋公园进行现场调研.通过影像拍摄、数据记录、行动标记、问卷访谈等调研方式,分析不同类型口袋公园的特征及居民的使用满意情况,探索影响居民满意度评价的因素.经调研发现存在座椅不足、乔木过盛以及环境卫生较差等问题,并针对各类口袋公园的特征及...     

社区公园环境设计对邻里交往的促进机制——以上海九子公园为例

指出了社区公园是居民日常休闲娱乐的主要场所,能为居民的户外活动提供更多可能,并在社会学层面上,促进邻里交往。以九子公园为例,通过现场观察、访谈和问卷调查相结合的方法调查了使用者自发性活动和社交性活动的种类、持续时间、频次,以及使用者主观满意度,并从环境行为学的视角分析了公园设计对活动和交往的作用,认为这种促进作用背后的机制是瞭望-庇护理论、边界效应。     

社区公园健康景观设计初探

社区公园作为城市绿地的一个重要组成部分,是最为贴近居民的日常生活的城市绿地之一。随着我国近年来在经济高速增长,人们对交往空间需求的增加、对人居环境的重视以及对户外娱乐交往休闲空间的渴求,国内的社区公园建设正在兴起。由此人们提出了一系列关于社区公园景观设计的新命题,因而将健康的理念植入社区公园景观设计,创造满足居民心理和...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.