兽药企业从容应对自我整合

如果把GMP当作兽药行业的一次外在整合，那么兽药企业同样也面临另外一次整合，即内部自我整合。这两种整合，都将加快我国兽药行业走向规范化、成熟化的步伐。     

天河药业GMP改造后的前景--访河南省驻马店市天河动物药业有限公司董事长周新远

今年年底是我国兽药生产企业GMP改造的最后期限，届时不能改造或改造后达不到生产条件的企业将不得生产兽药产品。这对我国3000余家兽药生产企业来说，将是一次真正的洗牌时机。一定会有不少企业将退出兽药生产的历史舞台，从而也会诞生一些兽药企业的新星。当前通过了兽药GMP规范的企业生产经营情况又如何呢?我国兽药行业的明天会怎样呢?记者采访了几家比较典型的兽药GMP生产企业，其中最有代表的当属河南省驻马店市天河动物药业有限公司。     

入世与我国兽药行业

随着我国政府加入世界贸易组织(WTO)谈判步伐的加快，加入WTO指日可待，加入WTO后我国兽药行业将面临怎样的形势?我国的兽药工业的竞争力如何?兽药企业如何在国际竞争中生存和发展?这是我们每一位从事兽药管理、监督、生产以及经营人员应共同关心和重点研究的问题。本文从我国兽药行业的现状出发，简要分析国内外兽药产品的竞争形势，寻求我国兽药工业加入WTO后的生存和发展对策，希望起到抛砖引玉的作用，使我们行业的每一位同仁都积极参与到关系我国兽药工业生存和发展的研究中来。     

我国兽药产业发展十大趋势

随着兽药GMP的结束，2000家兽药企业因没有实力进行兽药GMP改造认证而退出市场，整个兽药产业也会因为大量企业的退出而使兽药产业的市场结构和竞争态势发生根本性的变化，通过兽药GMP的近1000家兽药生产企业将在更高层次角逐市场，竞争将更为激烈。中国的兽药产业将何去何从？     

质量是企业的生命

由于受禽流感疫情的影响，农业部将关闭“大门”的期限推后了半年，在这一段时间里，又有一大批兽药生产企业拿到了继续从事兽药生产的资格证，暂时逃过了一劫。据有关部门统计，截止到6月底，大约有1200家企业通过了兽药GMP认证，另外还约有200家企业已将认证申请报到农业部。届时，预计大约有1400家企业能够在兽药行业第一次“大洗牌”后存活下来，也就是说，有三分之一多的企业；皤退出兽药生产领域的竞争。但专家警告说，1400家兽药企业对于我国200亿的兽药市场来说，还是显得过分臃肿。     

2005年兽药GMP攻坚战

2005年，作为我国兽药GMP强制实施前过渡期的最后一年，对兽药企业来说是充满挑战和机遇的一年。目前，已有300多家兽药生产企业顺利通过了农业部组织的GMP验收，大量的兽药生产企业也正在进行积极的改造，可以说，我国的兽药GMP达标工作取得了显著成效，但是，仍有部分兽药企业由于自己规模、资金、实力等原因，对兽药GMP改造持观望态度。对此，本刊就兽药GMP实施过程中大家关注的焦点、存在的问题，邀请行业主管部门负责人、业内的专家、兽药GMP企业负责人一起共同探讨。     

目前兽药市场状况分析

随着养殖业的发展，兽药的使用已从单纯的预防治疗疾病，发展到集预防、治疗疾病，促进动物生长，改善养殖产品的品质等多功能的作用为一体。兽药作为重要的农业生产资料，其质量优劣直接关系到畜牧业和农村经济的发展．关系到人民的身体健康，关系到我国的形象。规范兽药市场秩序，不断提高兽药产品质量，是我们大家共同的责任．也是“入世”后参与更激烈市场竞争的需要。     

兽药标签字在的问题及对策分析

经历了起步期与发展期,兽药行业的规范期来临了,而兽药标签和说明书备案制度又是兽药产品的一个分水岭,它是兽药行业和企业的担忧同时也是期待，因为这将直接影响兽药行业的走向和企业核心产品竞争力，同样也会引发企业的阵痛。逐步地规范和不断地变革将是兽药行业变化的必然，变革和规范并不可怕,可怕的是我们没有前瞻性的眼光和迅速的适应。怎样看待兽药标签存在的问题？问题存在的原因是什么？我们又应该有什么样的对策？希望读者能在此篇文章中找到答案。[编者按]     

实施《兽药GMP》的几个重要方面

实施《兽药GMP》，对保证兽药质量。规范兽药生产活动，起到积极的保障作用，将在兽药行业中引发一场产业革命，同时是我国兽药事业发展史上的一个里程碑。目前．兽药生产企业普遍存在人员素质差、生产技术落后、生产规模小、生产质量低等问题。这种落后局面已无法适应现代化养殖业持续发展的需要，特别是近年来由于兽药质量问题和滥用兽药，使动物疾病控制受到影响。许多养殖产品存在药     

规范兽药标签与说明书 全面提高兽药产品质量

改革开放以来,我国的畜牧业有了高速的增长,同时带动了兽药生产和经营的蓬勃发展。目前,我国的兽药品种繁多,国家标准品种有1081种,部颁标准品种有200余种,地方标准品种逾5000种。我国加入世界贸易组织后,畜产品贸易将融入全球化市场,作为畜牧业健康发展重要保障的兽用药品的生产和经营也将纳入更加规范、科学的轨道。对于兽药这种特殊的商品,产品的标签和说明书是兽医和用户购买、贮存和使用兽药的主要参考资料,也是兽医及用户安全、合理、有效地使用兽药的指南。因此,世界上大多数国家都以法律、法规的形式,对兽药标签、说明书的内容作了…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.