Relationship of soil organic matter dynamics to physical protection and tillage

Tillage has been reported to reduce organic matter concentrations and increase organic matter turnover rates to a variable extent. The change of soil climate and the incorporation of aboveground C inputs within the soil lead to no unique effect on biodegradation rates, because of their strong interaction with the regional climate and the soil physical properties. The periodical perturbation of soil structure by tools and the subsequent drying–rewetting cycles may be the major factor increasing organic matter decomposition rates by exposing the organic matter that is physically protected in microaggregates to biodegradation. This paper reviews the assessed effects of tillage on organic matter, the scale, extent and mechanisms of physical protection of organic matter in soils.     

土壤健康与农业绿色发展: 机遇与对策

  目的  为探明有机物料还田配合优化施氮对石灰性潮土土壤有机碳（SOC）及其活性组分、土壤团聚体的形成与稳定性的影响。  方法  依托长期定位试验,设置农民习惯施氮（CF_N）、优化施氮（OF_N）、秸秆还田 + 优化施氮（S_N）和生物炭 + 优化施氮（BC_N）四个处理开展土壤有机碳固定效果与机制的研究。  结果  四种施肥方式下,BC_N处理对土壤有机碳的提升效果最明显,达到18.68 g kg⁻¹,其次依次为S_N、CF_N和OF_N处理。与CF_N处理相比,有机物料还田配合优化施氮能够显著增加土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、颗粒态有机碳（POC）和易氧化有机碳（EOC）的含量,增幅分别为128.26%、96.62%、219.72%和45.42%;同时,> 0.25 mm团聚体的比例与土壤团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）显著提高,S_N与BC_N较CF_N处理> 0.25 mm团聚体的比例分别增加132.44%和91.45%,MWD值分别增加89.79%和66.87%。这主要得益于土壤交换性Ca^{2 +} 、Mg^{2 +} 、K ⁺ 和Na ⁺ ,以及铁铝氧化物含量的改善对大团聚体形成与稳定的驱动作用。OF_N处理较CF_N处理显著减少了氮肥投入量（261 vs. 480 kg N hm⁻² yr⁻¹）,但所测定的各指标均未表现出显著差异。  结论  尽管长期（12年）秸秆与秸秆生物炭等碳量还田配合优化施氮提高土壤有机碳含量、改善土壤团聚体结构的效果存在差异,但均显著优于单施氮肥处理。研究结果可为华北平原石灰性潮土农田碳氮协同调控策略促进土壤健康提供理论支撑。     

Organic and inorganic phosphorus in Mollisol soil under different tillage practices

The distribution of soil phosphorus (P) between different organic and inorganic forms depends on, among other factors, the tillage systems. The evaluation of soil P fractions is essential to determine if they are related to available P. The objective was to characterize the P forms from a soil under no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). Soil samples were taken at 0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm depth from a fine, mixed, thermic Petrocalcic Paleoudoll, after 8 years under NT and CT. Inorganic and organic P was measured in the anion exchange membrane (AEM), NaHCO₃, NaOH, NaOH after sonication, HCl and residual fractions extracted sequentially. Microbial P was determined by fumigating with chloroform after P extraction with AEM. The tillage systems did not affect the total P content but the distribution of P among fractions changed between NT and CT. No tillage system had significantly higher microbial P at all soil depths and ranged from 34 mg P kg⁻¹ at 0–5 cm to 10 mg P kg⁻¹ at 10–20 cm. In the upper 10 cm of soil, NT tended to have higher AEM-Pi and NaHCO₃-Pi comparing to CT system. The increase in AEM-Pi was closely related to organic carbon increases and pH decreases. The was a consistently higher concentration of NaOH-Po but the increase was significant al 5–10 and 10–20 cm, and represented on average about 35% of total P. The residual P which was considered mostly organic was also an important pool in both NT and CT, and accounted for about 30% of total P. Therefore, P availability is mainly controlled by organic P which makes up a larger proportion of total P.     

Phosphorus fractions in Brazilian Cerrado soils as affected by tillage

No-tillage systems lead to physical, chemical and biological changes in soil. Soil fertility is responsive to changes in tillage as it depends on nutrient status, soil water content and biological characteristics. This work aimed to determine long term changes in phosphorus forms and availability in the profile of two tropical soils under conventional and no-till systems, and to discuss the significance of these changes on plant growth and demand for P fertilizers. Undisturbed soil cores with 20 cm in diameter were collected to a depth of 40 cm, accommodated in PVC tubes and taken to a greenhouse, where the experiment was conducted. Two soils were collected in Central Brazil, in areas under Cerrado. Both soils had been cropped for at least 10 years under conventional tillage and no-till. In the greenhouse, pots received phosphorus fertilization or not at 43.7 kg ha⁻¹, and soybean was grown for 60 days, when soil P fractions were determined. Labile P fractions in the soil profile were not affected by management systems, and there was no accumulation of available P under no-till. A large amount of P added as fertilizer was adsorbed in soil and remained in moderately labile fractions, mainly on uppermost soil layers. Therefore, the phosphate fertilizer has promoted P accumulation on less available fractions in soil, remaining P on the soil after crop harvest. Eventually this phosphorus could migrate to more labile fractions and be available for crops grown in succession.     

The effect of Amazonian Eucalyptus plantations on soil aggregates and organic matter density fractions

Afforestation with Eucalyptus species is increasing in Brazil, but there is little information on the impacts of intensively managed short-rotation forestry on soil aggregate dynamics and labile organic matter fractions in these tropical ecosystems. This study investigated soil aggregate dynamics in a clay and sandy soil, each with a Eucalyptus plantation and an adjacent primary forest. It is shown that silviculture alters the processes of soil aggregate formation on both soil types. Micro-aggregates at 0–20 cm depth in the planted clay soil were 40% greater in mass than under native forest, and C and N were reduced by 87 and 75%, respectively. In plantations with a sandy soil, micro-aggregates had equal mass compared with native forest, but increased in C and N by 20 and 67%, respectively. The results from the sandy soil indicate that C and N increased in micro-aggregates following afforestation. Macro-organic matter fractions separated by density had lower mass, C, and N concentrations, and higher C:N ratios only in lower soil profiles, with native forest having greater values in all comparisons with light and medium fractions. The differences in micro-aggregate C and N and in the light and medium macro-organic matter fractions between the upper and lower soil profiles in both soils, indicate that silvicultural management had contrasting effects on different soil textures and at different depths. Increased micro-aggregate protection of C and N in the sandy plantation soil could negatively affect long-term nutrient cycling although the quantity and quality of light and medium macro-organic matter fractions did not change between plantation and native forest in the upper soil profile; this indicates that labile OM availability and quality had not been diminished in plantation soils at this depth.     

菜地土壤有机碳分级以及总量变化的动态特征研究

Fertilisers significantly affect crop production and crop biomass inputs to soil organic carbon（SOC）. However, the long-term effects of fertilisers on C associated with aggregates are not yet fully understood. Based on soil aggregate and SOC fractionation analysis, this study investigated the long-term effects of organic manure and inorganic fertilisers on the accumulation and change in SOC and its fractions, including the C concentrations of free light fraction, intra-aggregate particulate organic matter（POM） and intra-aggregate mineral-associated organic matter（MOM）. Long-term manure applications improved SOC and increased the concentrations of some C fractions. Manure also accelerated the decomposition of coarse POM（cPOM） into fine POM（fPOM） and facilitated the transformation of fPOM encrustation into intra-microaggregate POM within macroaggregates. However, the application of inorganic fertilisers was detrimental to the formation of fPOM and to the subsequent encrustation of fPOM with clay particles, thus inhibiting the formation of stable microaggregates within macroaggregates. No significant differences were observed among the inorganic fertiliser treatments in terms of C concentrations of MOM, intra-microaggregate MOM within macroaggregate（imMMOM） and intra-microaggregate MOM（imMOM）. However, the long-term application of manure resulted in large increases in C concentrations of MOM（36.35%）, imMMOM（456.31%） and imMOM（19.33%） compared with control treatment.     

不同利用方式红壤磷素有效性的深度变化——以江西省余江县孙家小流域为例

在江西省鹰潭市余江县孙家红壤小流域的典型红壤区随机选取了具有代表性的林地(F)、花生旱地(PU)、新稻田(NP,<30 a)和老稻田(OP,> 200 a),在0~40 cm深度每隔5 cm采集分层土样,分析了土壤全磷(TP)、有效磷(Bray P)、磷素活化系数(PAC)及有机磷(Po)、无机磷(Pi)与各组分磷的深度变化,探讨了土壤pH与土壤有机质(SOM)对红壤磷素有效性的影响。研究结果表明:孙家小流域不同利用方式红壤TP含量大小依次为:老稻田>新稻田>林地>花生旱地;除林地外,花生旱地与稻田土壤TP、Bray P、Pi和Po含量随着土壤深度的增加呈显著降低趋势,且稻田土壤Po含量及其占全磷的比例显著高于林地和花生旱地。花生旱地与稻田0~20 cm土壤中极有效磷(EAP)、中等有效磷(MAP)及EAP、MAP中的无机磷与有机磷的比值均显著高于林地土壤。林地转为旱地和稻田,尤其是长期植稻可以促进土壤非有效磷(NAP)向利于作物吸收的EAP与MAP转化,因而提高土壤磷素有效性。相关分析表明,随着SOM累积量的增加,四种利用方式红壤中EAP、MAP含量均显著提高。     

Phosphorus pools in soil after land conversion from silvopasture to arable and grassland use

Differences in soil P among silvopasture, grassland, and arable lands have been well established. Nevertheless, most of the reports compare soil properties under long‐term sites. Thus, there exists little information on the effect of the conversion of silvopasture to arable or grassland use on soil P pools. The objective of the study was to determine the impact of converting silvopasture system (SP) into arable cropping and grassland system on the distribution of P pools and potential P bioavailability. We compared the following systems: SP system, SP converted to arable cropland (SP‐AL), SP converted to grassland (SP‐GL), and for comparative purposes, a long‐term arable cropland (AL). The P fractionation was performed by a sequential extraction scheme, using acid and alkaline extractants on samples collected from the 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil layers. It was assumed that the large variations in soil‐P fractionations are caused by the different management practices associated with land conversion. The results of P fractionation showed a dominance of calcium‐bound P, HCl‐extractable Pi constituted up to 36% of the soil total P (TP). However, the type of land use did not affect this P fraction. On the other hand, the reduction in labile‐P_i and NaOH‐P_i fractions observed at the SP‐AL site may have led to the decline in readily available P. The soil total organic P (TP_o) content was 8% and 17% lower at SP‐AL compared to SP and SP‐GL site, respectively. Labile organic‐P (labile‐P_o) content was markedly higher at SP site compared to arable soils, and was ≈ 10% of TP_o. The NaOH‐P_o constituted the highest fraction of the organic‐P pool (55%–79% of TP_o) across all the study systems, and was positively correlated with TP_o (p < 0.01). The study indicates that conversion of SP system in temperate regions to arable cropping with conventional tillage seems to result in the reduction of P availability compared to SP, indicating SP as an important land‐use practice.     

Phosphorus losses from a structured clay soil in relation to tillage practices

Abstract. Preferential flow may enhance phosphorus transport through the soil profile and thereby increase the risks for eutrophication of watercourses. Destruction of continuous macropores in topsoil by tillage provides the possibility for better contact between soil particles and P fertilizer. This is facilitated by incorporation rather than surface application of fertilizer, which should reduce the risk of rapid P transport from the soil surface through the unsaturated zone. To test this hypothesis, undisturbed soil monoliths (0.295 m in diameter and 1.2 m in length) were collected at a field site with a clay soil in which preferential flow is the dominant solute transport mechanism. After three years of observation, average total P loads reached 1.86, 1.59 and 1.25 kg ha^–1for no-tillage, conventional tillage, and conventional tillage where the P fertilizer was incorporated, respectively. More than 80% of total losses were in the form of dissolved P. The tillage treatment had no significant effect on P leaching loads compared to no-tillage, but the improved contact between soil particles and P fertilizer resulting from fertilizer incorporation significantly reduced P loads during the first year after application of 100 kg P ha^–1. However, after further application of 100 kg P ha^–1 two years later, there were no significant differences between the treatments.     

长期施肥对潮土团聚体有机碳分子结构的影响

采取长期施用有机肥（CM）、一半化肥氮和一半有机肥氮（HCM）、化肥（NPK）和不施肥对照（CK）的土壤,用湿筛法分为大团聚体（2000~250 μm）、微团聚体（250~53 μm）和粉砂 黏粒组分（<53 μm）,利用固态13C-核磁共振技术分析了土壤和团聚体中有机质的分子结构特征。结果表明,随着团聚体粒径减小,烷基碳/烷氧碳比值逐渐提高,并与土壤C/N呈显著负相关（R2 = 0.421,p = 0.022）,表明随着团聚体粒径减小,有机质的分解程度不断增加。与对照土壤相比,长期施用有机肥（HCM和CM处理）提高了土壤中烷氧碳和羰基碳的相对含量,烷氧碳的增加主要是由于大团聚体中甲氧基和含氮烷基碳相对含量的增加,羰基碳则主要在大团聚体和微团聚体中积聚。施用化肥土壤提高了烷氧碳和烷基碳的相对含量,烷氧碳增加主要是由于大团聚体中甲氧基和含氮烷基碳以及微团聚体中含氧烷基碳相对含量的提高,烷基碳增加主要发生在大团聚体。有机肥和化肥处理土壤中芳基碳相对含量降低1.8%~4.6%,主要是大团聚体和微团聚体中芳基碳比例下降引起的。而在粉砂 黏粒组分中芳基碳和酚基碳均增加,烷基碳相对含量降低5.9%~7.1%,表明施肥更利于芳香碳在小粒径组分中积累,减弱烷基碳在小粒径组分中的积累。结果表明长期施用有机肥可通过大团聚体和微团聚体物理保护肥料带入的大量碳水化合物和有机酸从而提高土壤有机碳含量。     

长期施肥紫色水稻土团聚体稳定性及其固碳特征

【目的】探讨长期不同施肥对土壤团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响,以及团聚体中有机碳对碳投入的响应。【方法】采集经历30年不同施肥处理后的紫色水稻土,利用湿筛法分离2 mm、0.25~2mm、0.053~0.25mm和0.053 mm团聚体组分,并分析团聚体的稳定性以及年均碳投入量和有机碳固定速率的关系。【结果】与不施肥(CK)比较,施肥(N、NP、NPK、M、MN、MNP和MNPK)使2 mm团聚体所占比例提高了9.6%~36.1%,0.25~2 mm团聚体降低了6.7%~26.3%,0.053~0.25 mm和0.053 mm团聚体所占比例基本稳定;单施化肥处理(N、NP和NPK)没有显著提高土壤团聚体的稳定性,化肥与有机肥配施(MNP和MNPK)显著增加团聚体的稳定性。与CK相比施肥显著增加土壤总有机碳和2 mm团聚体有机碳含量,其他粒径团聚体碳含量略有提高,但未达显著水平;化肥配施有机肥对团聚体有机碳含量增加效果优于单施化肥。CK和N处理土壤有机碳损失速率为0.08t/(hm~2·a)和0.02 t/(hm~2·a),单施化肥(NP和NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、化肥配施有机肥(MN、MNP和MNPK)处理土壤有机碳的固定速率分别为0.14、0.10和0.17t/(hm2·a)。土壤有机碳的固定速率与碳投入呈显著的线性相关关系(R~2=0.531,P0.05);碳转化效率为3.3%;随碳投入的增加,各粒径团聚体碳含量均增加,且2 mm团聚体的碳增加速率远远高于其他团聚体。【结论】化肥配施有机肥增强团聚体稳定性效果优于单施化肥;本试验紫色水稻土的有机碳还没有达到饱和,仍具有一定固碳潜力,增加的有机碳主要固持在2 mm团聚体中。     

Effects of long-term phosphorus fertilization and winter cover cropping on soil phosphorus transformations in less weathered soil

Information concerning sources and sinks of available P in soil is needed to improve soil P management and protect water quality. This study, conducted from 1989 to 1998 on a Sultan silt loam soil (Aquantic Xerochrept), determined the annual P removal rate by corn (Zea mays L.) and P transformation as affected by P rate and winter cover cropping. Treatments included two P rates (0 and 44 kg P ha^–1) applied to corn at planting each year. All cover crops received 19.6 kg P ha^–1 at seeding each fall. Also included was a control without any cover crop and with no P addition. Corn yield and P uptake were affected by P fertilizer additions, but not by cover crops. A fairly constant amount of P was supplied from indigenous soil P when no external P was added. When the amount of P added exceeded that removed by corn, the excess P was converted mainly to NaOH-extractable inorganic P (NaOH-P_i). When the amount of P applied was below that removed by corn, indigenous soil NaOH-P_i acted as a source of available P for the plant. With no reduction of organic P (P_o) extractable by NaOH or NaHCO₃, the contribution from P_o to the available P pool appeared limited. The role of NaOH-P_i in P availability in the soil was substantiated by its significant correlation with labile NH₄Cl-extractable P (NH₄Cl-P; r² =0.60, P <0.001) or NaHCO₃-P_i (r² =0.81, P <0.001) pools. The NaOH-P_i for the soil reflected the changes in soil P resulting from past fertilizer P input and P removal by the crops.Scientific Paper Number 0005-34     

有机磷在调节土壤磷素保持与释放过程中的作用

以巢湖沿岸土壤和沉积物为对象,分析了速效磷、藻类可利用性磷、有机磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性的空间变化格局,并测定了磷吸附参数.结果表明,土壤有机磷含量差异显著,以草地最高,而速效磷和藻类可利用性磷含量无明显差异;酶活性及速效磷含量与有机磷含量呈显著正相关,土壤对正磷酸根的吸附量与土壤中有机磷含量呈正相关;湖泊沉积物中有机磷含量与周边土壤中有机磷含量显著正相关.因此,土壤有机磷及其酶促水解过程是调节沉积物作为磷源或磷汇功能的关键因素之一.     

外源磷添加会增加不同年限稻田磷素生物有效性

为明确不同数量外源磷添加对稻田磷生物有效性组分的影响，以江西鹰潭孙家小流域内新稻田(NP, 2 ~ 3 a)、中期稻田(MP, 20 ~ 30 a)和老稻田(OP, 400 ~ 500 a)为研究对象，基于不同浓度外源磷[0 (CK)、125 (P1)、250 (P2)、500 (P3)、625 (P4)、750 (P5) mg?kg-1（以P计）]添加的淹水培养实验(0 ~ 80 d)，采用模拟生物活化的磷素分级方法(BBP法)，分析了淹水条件下外源磷添加后稻田BBP组分磷的增量(?)动态变化，探讨了各组分磷增量的相关关系及影响因素。结果表明：淹水条件下，稻田有效磷(Bray-P)及BBP组分磷增量随磷添加量的增加而显著增加。BBP组分磷增量由小到大依次为：氯化钙磷增量(?Ca-P)、酶提取磷增量(?En-P) 、柠檬酸磷增量(?Ci-P)、盐酸磷(?HC-P)。培养15天时，新稻田?Ca-P 与?Ci-P达到最大值；培养60天时，中期稻田?Ca-P 、?En-P 、?HC-P 及?Bray-P达到最大值；而老稻田中各组分磷随时间变化不明显。通径分析表明：外源添加磷对新稻田和老稻田?Bray-P有显著直接正效应。外源磷添加虽能显著增加稻田磷素生物组分有效性，但其增量最大值的出现时段不同，新稻田与中期稻田中生物有效磷增量最大值分别出现在磷添加后的第15天与60天，因此，适时适量地施用磷肥对稻田磷素肥力提升与稻田磷素流失风险管控具有重要意义。     

长期施肥条件下灰漠土磷的吸附与解吸特征

通过等温吸附与解吸试验,研究了长期施肥条件下不同水平的灰漠土耕层0～ 20 cm土壤磷素吸附与解吸特征.结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,不同Olsen-P水平的灰漠土土壤,随外源磷量的增加,磷的吸附量、解吸量及解吸率均逐渐增大,吸附率逐渐减小.土壤Olsen-P含最水平与土壤磷素吸附饱和度(DPS)的大小呈正相关关系.处理间比较,土壤最大吸附量(Xm)值为CK＞ NPK≈NPKM＞ PK≈NPKS、且处理间达到极显著差异水平;NPK处理的吸附常数(K)值与土壤最大缓冲容量(MBC)值均极显著地大于CK、PK、NPKM和NPKS处理.该4个处理间比较:K值无显著差异,MBC值CK极显著大于PK和NPKS处理、CK与NPKM、PK与NPKS处理间差异不显著.化肥配施有机肥或秸秆的处理土壤易解吸磷(RDP)值极显著大于单施化肥的处理,释磷效果以化肥有机肥配施为最优.     

长期施肥条件下灰漠土磷的吸附与解吸特征

通过等温吸附与解吸试验,研究了长期施肥条件下不同磷素含量水平的灰漠土耕层0~20 cm土壤磷素吸附与解吸特征。结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,不同Olsen-P水平的灰漠土土壤,随外源磷量的增加,磷的吸附量、解吸量及解吸率均逐渐增大,吸附率逐渐减小。土壤Olsen-P含量水平与土壤磷素吸附饱和度（DPS）的大小呈正相关关系。处理间比较,土壤最大吸附量（Xm）值为CK>NPK≈NPKM>PK≈NPKS、且处理间达到极显著差异水平;NPK处理的吸附常数（K）值与土壤最大缓冲容量（MBC）值均极显著地大于CK、PK、NPKM和NPKS处理。该4个处理间比较：K值无显著差异,MBC值CK极显著大于PK和NPKS处理、CK与NPKM、PK与NPKS处理间差异不显著。化肥配施有机肥或秸秆的处理土壤易解吸磷（RDP）值极显著大于单施化肥的处理,释磷效果以化肥有机肥配施为最优。     

长期轮作施肥对棕壤磷素形态及转化的影响

对沈阳地区棕壤定位试验地各施肥处理土壤按Hed ley等建议的分级方法进行测定。结果表明,棕壤磷中残留态含量最高,无机磷主要以NaOH-P i和HC l-P i形态存在,有机磷主要以NaOH-Po形态存在,NaHCO3-Po在各组分中所占比例最小。施用有机肥能明显增加潜在活性有机磷(NaOH-Po)的数量。1.0mol L-1HC l浸提的Ca-P i存在着缓慢的动态转化过程,是棕壤中的潜在磷源。     

长期施肥对黑土有机碳矿化和团聚体碳分布的影响

采用我国东北地区的连续施肥28 a的典型黑土,通过颗粒分组的方法,研究了长期不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体形成和有机碳在各级团聚体中的分布规律,以及各粒级团聚体对养分的贡献能力的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥促进了土壤中大颗粒团聚体(>0.25 mm)的形成,尤其以2~1 mm粒级增加的比例最大;而当化肥和有机肥配合施用后,主要促进土壤中<1 mm团聚体形成,尤其对0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体形成的促进作用最大。施肥(无论是有机肥还是化肥)能增加土壤有机碳含量,而且,化肥有机肥配合施用较单施化肥和单施有机肥的效果更好。随着团聚体粒级的降低,团聚体中有机碳的分配出现两个峰值,分别在2~1 mm和0.25~0.053 mm两个粒级中出现。单施化肥处理及化肥有机肥配施处理与无肥处理相比均增加了0.5~0.25 mm粒级团聚体对有机碳的贡献率;单施有机肥的处理与无肥处理相比增加了1~0.5 mm粒级团聚体对有机碳的贡献率。然而,对于东北的典型黑土,2~1 mm和0.25~0.053 mm两个粒级对土壤有机碳的保护作用最大,表明团聚体对有机碳的保护作用是碳分配和矿化分解作用的综合结果,通过调控施肥种类可以达到有效保护土壤质量和肥力的效果。     

Water-drop stability of PVA-treated natural soil aggregates from different land uses

Soil erodibility is a function of land use as it affects the stability of soil aggregates. The use of soil conditioners like polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) may help in reducing the soil erodibility, but it is important to economize the use of PVA. A study was carried out to evaluate the interactive effects of land use and PVA concentration on the water-drop stability of natural soil aggregates collected from eroded, forest, agricultural and grass lands. The water-drop stability of these aggregates was monitored using single raindrop simulator. The water-drop stability was lowest in eroded soils, followed by soils from agriculture, forest and grass lands. The smaller aggregates were more stable than the bigger ones. The water-drop stability of aggregates of different sizes and from different lands increased with the application of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The mean water-drop stability increased with the application of PVA at the rate of 0.05% by 40% in 2–5 and 5–10 mm aggregates. Increasing the PVA concentration to 0.1 and 0.2% increased water-drop stability value by 71–73% and 87–88%, respectively. The PVA application at the rate of 0.1% could increase the water-drop stability of soils under eroded land equivalent to that of the untreated grassland soils.     

不同利用方式旱地红壤水稳性团聚体及其碳、氮、磷分布特征

针对江西红壤地区不同利用方式引起的土壤质量和肥力的相应变化,研究了不同肥力水平、不同利用方式下红壤旱地水稳性团聚体含量及其养分分布规律。研究表明,荒地土壤中>5 mm水稳性团聚体含量显著高于其他利用方式,花生地和果园土壤则以0.25～0.053 mm的水稳性团聚体为主。各肥力水平下,菜地土壤中除>5 mm水稳性团聚体外,各粒级团聚体中有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均显著高于花生地、果园和荒地土壤。说明菜地土壤长期大量施肥,导致土壤碳、氮、磷养分含量均相对丰富。不同利用方式旱地红壤中,有机碳、全氮主要分布在>5 mm、5～2 mm和2～1 mm的较大粒径水稳性团聚体中。说明随着团聚体粒径增大,其有机碳含量增加,土壤全氮的消长趋势和有机碳一致。土壤全磷较均匀地分布在水稳性团聚体中,如高肥力菜地和荒地土壤各粒级团聚体中全磷含量间均无显著性差异。各利用方式旱地红壤中2～1 mm和1～0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体含量与土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量间均达到了极显著正相关。