云南松天然优良林分自由授粉混合种子子代测定

１９８８年在腾冲县古永林场采用完全随机区组设计开展试验。通过７年的观测,试验已显示出天然优良林分子代具有干型通直、木纹理扭转度小、生长量大的特点,其树高、胸径、材积和木纹理扭转度的实际增益分别达到３７４９％、６５６０％、２１９８４％和２６９５７％,遗传增益分别为２０１４％、４０４６％、１０７１１％和５９７９％,目前已远远超过云南松天然优良林分子代遗传增益３％的攻关考核指标。通过试验反馈表明了所制定的“云南松天然优良林分选择方法及标准（滇西）”具有科学性和可靠性。     

云南松天然优良林分疏伐营建母树林的研究

10余年来对滇西和滇中的云南松天然优良林分疏伐营建母树林及遗传增益的研究结果表明疏伐是优良林分营建母树林的重要技术措施。改建16年生左右的云南松天然优良林分为母树林,以选择0．3(郁闭度)疏伐强度为好,母树林经2次疏伐后即可定型,其疏伐间隔期不超过4年。1993～1995年,母树林平均单株结球果达60个,每公顷结10329个,结实株率达95．65％,分别是对照的5．08倍、1．26倍和1．15倍。母树的结实性状较为稳定,单株结实量的频率分布呈对数正态分布,一般以4年为1个结实周期。云南松天然优良林分和母树林子代均具有干型通直、木纹理扭转度小、生长量大的特点。云南松诸性状间较多地受基因连锁或共效基因的作用,而受环境的影响相对较小,大多数性状具有较高的遗传稳定性。在云南松种子的调拨中应注意不同种源的适生区域。云南松优良林分和母树林子代林6～10年生的树高、胸(地)径、材积和木纹理扭转度的遗传增益分别为5．74％～20．14％、8．61％～40．46％、27．88％～107．11％和17．42％～59．79％。     

滇西云南松天然优良林分半同胞子代测定

以腾冲古永林场所设的９个云南松天然优良林分固定样地为参试单元，设大理，保山商品种作对照，进行滇西地区云南松天然优良林分半同胞子代测定试验。经７年试验，探讨了子测要生长，材质，结实诸性状的关系；估算了优良林分子代初期的实际遗传增益和主要遗传参数，结果显示：该区云南松天然优良林分子代７年生时树高，胸径，材积和木纹理扭转度的实际增益分别达到：３７．４９％，６５．６０％，２１９．８４％和２６９．５７％；跗     

云南松天然优良林分疏伐营建母树林的研究

１０余年来对滇西和滇中的公天然优良林分疏伐营建母树林及遗传增益的研究结果表明：疏伐是优良林分营建母树林的重要技术措施。改建１６年生左右的云南松天然优良林分为母树林,以选择０．３（郁闭度）疏伐强度为好,母树林经２次疏伐后即可定型,其攻间隔期不超过４年。１９９３～１９９５年,母树林平均单株结球果达６０个,每公顷结１０３２９个,结实株率达９５．６５％,分别是对照的５．０８倍、１．２６倍和１．１５倍。母树的结实性状较为稳定,单株结实量的频率分布呈对数正态分布,一般以４年为１个结实周期。云南松天然优良林分和母树林子代均具有干型通直、木纹理扭转度小、生长量大的特点。云南松诸性状间较多地受基因连锁或共效基因的作用,而受环境的影响相对较小,大多数性状具有较高的遗传稳定性。在云南松种子的调拨中应注意不同种源的适生区域。云南松优良     

滇西云南松天然优良林分半同胞子代测定

以腾冲古永林场所设的９个云南松天然优良林分固定样地为参试单元，设大理、保山商品种作对照，进行滇西地区云南松天然优良林分半同胞子代测定试验。经７年试验，探讨了子测林生长、材质、结实诸性状的关系；估算了优良林分子代初期的实际遗传增益和主要遗传参数。结果显示：该区云南松天然优良林分子代７年生时树高、胸径、材积和木纹理扭转度的实际增益分别达到：３７．４９％、６５．６０％、２１９．８４％和２６９．５７％；遗传增益分别为：２０．１４％、４０．４６％、１０７．１１％和５９．７９％，已远远超过云南松天然优良林分子代遗传增益３％的攻关考核指标。通过试验反馈表明了所制定的滇西地区云南松天然优良林分选择方法及标准具有科学性和可靠性     

白马河林场云南松母树林种源初期试验研究

１９９２年在白马河林场用白马河林场、古永林场、保山林场的云南松母树林的种子与永仁县和全省商品种子营造子代林，作对比试验。１９９６年２月对子代林树高，地径，材积进行方差分析和差异显著性检验，并进行遗传力，遗传增益的估算。结果表明：母树林的子代林与商品种子的子代林在树高、地径和材积的生长量均存在着极显著的差异，材积生长量遗传增益为８３３％，地径生长量遗传增益为６７４％，树高生长量遗传增益为１６４７％。经对３个种源幼树期的生长分析，初步得出在白马河林场以古永林场的种源最好。不同地域的云南松母树林第一代初期的表现性状均较稳定。     

云南松母树林早期遗传增益的研究

作者在永仁县白马河林场做了３个不同种源５０个林分云南松母树林子代林的遗传测定试验，对３年和一的子代林树高、地径进行了方差、遗传力、实际增益、遗传增益的分析计算，并对不同种源的子代林树高、地径、进行了对比分析与方差分析。结果表明：不同种源母树林子代林与商品种子代林之间在树高、地径生长上均存在较大的差异；树高生长具有较大的遗传力，遗传增益为８．４２％；不同地域的云南松母树林第一代子代初期的表现性状均较     

云南松母树林早期遗传增益的研究

作者在永仁县白马河林场做了３个不同种源５０个林分云南松母树林子代林的遗传测定试验，对３年生的子代林树高、地径进行了方差、遗传力、实际增益、遗传增益的分析计算，并对不同种源的子代林树高、地径、进行了对比分析与方差分析。结果表明：不同种源母树林子代林与商品种子代林之间在树高、地径生长上均存在较大的差异；树高生长具有较大的遗传力，遗传增益为８．４２％；不同地域的云南松母树林第一代子代初期的表现性状均较稳定，用母树林种子造林能够大幅度地提高云南松林木材生产量。     

白马河林场云南松天然林改建母树林效果初析

利用评选出的云南松优良林分改建母树林，是充分挖掘现有云南松优良种质资源，获取良种的一条经济有效的途径。本文对永仁县白马河林场云南松天然优良林分改建母树林的技术措施和母树林的概况作了介绍，并对改建效果进行了初步分析。改建后的母树林树干通直度为Ⅰ级的比率由６９％提高到９６９９％，木质纹理扭率由１５３８％下降为６０％，种子千粒重提高２ｇ～３ｇ，３年生子代林树高生长量比对照提高３９２％。由此看出母树林改建效果良好；所采用的技术方法对云南松群体选择改良具有示范意义和推广价值，对其他一些松科树种群体选择和母树林改建也有一定借鉴作用。     

云南松优树半同胞子代测定

用４６株云南松优树种子，以优树林分的一般林木种子、商品种子和扭松种子作对照，开展了子代测定，综合评选出优良家系１４个。测算出树高、胸径、材积、直纹株率、木纹理扭转度的遗传力分别为０，６３８１、０．７１９２、０．６６５７、０．７９１０、０．９５２４。用中选的优良家系（入选率３０％）估算遗传增益，材积生长量比亲代群体提高１０％以上，比商品种子子代提高２０％以上；直纹株率比亲代提高８１．１８％，比商品种子提高６４．２６％。云南松的早期选择可在３～５年生时进行。子代的材积生长与亲本无关。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.