Centrifugation for separating piggery slurry 3. Economic effects on aerobic methods of odour control

The costs of reducing the odours from piggery slurries to an inoffensive level and storing that slurry in an inoffensive state are discussed. Five different combinations of aerobic treatment and separation for slurries containing initially between 1·5 and 8% d.m., from 2000 and 8000 pigs, and with storage for five days or 30 days are considered. The five combinations are aeration of raw slurry; separation then aeration; centrifugation then aeration; aeration of raw slurry then centrifugation; and separation then aeration then removal of more solids by centrifugation. The costs of storing the effluents from these processes are also included.For slurry from the smaller herd and for a short storage period, the cost of aerobic treatment of raw slurry is lower than other treatments when the slurry is less than 4·5% d.m. Using a brushed screen/roller press separator to remove solids before aeration produces the cheapest control of odours for slurries above 4·5% d.m.When 30 days' storage or more is required, separation before aeration is cheaper for slurries with more than 3% d.m. and the costs of using a decanting centrifuge (costing £38 000) before aeration is similar to aerating raw slurry at 6% d.m.With a large (8000 pig) herd, using the centrifuge before aeration to produce slurry that is inoffensive for 30 days is the cheapest method at all dry matter contents. When storage is required for only five days, separation or centrifugation before aeration have similar costs, these costs are similar to the cost of aerating raw slurry when it contains less than 3% dry matter, but as dry matter content of the raw slurry increases the cost rises steeply. Removing solids from slurry by centrifugation after aeration increases the overall costs compared to aerating raw slurry.     

低损伤组合式玉米脱粒分离装置设计与试验

针对现有籽粒直收型玉米收获机脱粒分离装置在收获高含水率玉米时存在籽粒破碎率高、脱净率低、籽粒夹带损失大、玉米苞叶易堵塞凹板的问题,设计了一种低损伤圆头钉齿与分段组合式圆管型脱粒凹板相配合的脱粒分离装置。分析了脱粒元件与果穗、果穗与凹板之间的接触模型,确定了玉米脱粒装置最优脱粒元件的结构参数、最佳的凹板组合形式。以籽粒破碎率和未脱净率为试验指标,以脱粒元件排布方式和不同凹板组合形式为试验因素,进行了台架试验,确定了较优组合为:圆头钉齿等高排布且最优球头半径为12. 5 mm,凹板最佳组合形式为圆管右向+直圆管(前疏后密型),并与常规梯形杆齿和栅格式凹板组成的脱粒分离装置进行了田间对比试验。试验结果表明:籽粒破碎率由13. 73%降低至8. 64%,未脱净率由0. 6%降低至0. 2%;未出现玉米苞叶堵塞凹板问题。     

切轴流双滚筒玉米脱粒试验台设计与试验

黄淮海地区玉米籽粒机收一直受制于收获时籽粒含水率偏高等因素的影响,导致收获后籽粒破损严重,直接影响经济效益,而如何实现玉米籽粒高含水率情况下的低损失收获是目前的发展方向.为此,结合4 YL-4/5型联合收获机,设计了一种切轴流双滚筒玉米脱粒分离装置,不仅可用于玉米籽粒收获,也可调整部分技术参数,来完成小麦等农作物的收获...     

纵轴流玉米脱粒分离装置设计与试验

针对黄淮海地区籽粒直收时籽粒损伤严重及未脱净率高的问题,结合现有的玉米脱离分离装置的特点,设计了一种纵轴流式变径变间距玉米锥形脱粒滚筒,以及利用可调节双头拉杆调节工作倾角的脱粒分离装置倾角调节装置.设计了脱粒元件在锥形滚筒的安装位置及排列方式,分析了脱粒元件与籽粒接触的脱粒动力学过程,并查阅相关文献确定了脱粒装置关键参...     

新型卧式旋转干燥仓设计与优化

中国粮食干燥设备处于更新换代关键时期.在干燥过程中,干燥设备对粮食籽粒造成的机械损伤不容忽视.为克服传统粮食干燥设备对粮食品质造成的不利影响,本研究设计开发了一种新型卧式旋转干燥仓.该设备的特点是低温干燥,整仓缓慢旋转搅拌粮食,以保证粮食干燥后含水率的均一性,有效降低粮食干燥过程中的机械损伤,确保粮食干燥品质.本文详细...     

玉米精量播种监测系统的设计与试验

针对玉米精播机作业时常会发生导种管堵塞、地轮排种轴机械传动系统故障及种箱排空造成的漏播等现象,基于单片机技术设计了一套玉米精量播种监测系统,包括整体结构与排种监测传感器电路,完成了相关参数设置。该系统实现了对玉米精播机的播种量、播种速度、播种面积、地轮转速、排种轴转速、种箱料位及机具升降状态等指标的实时监测和漏播故障诊断功能,支持对精播机作业数据远程实时监控管理功能。试验结果表明:玉米精量播种监测系统单粒测量精度约为98.8%,能够实现作业过程的实时监测及远程监管功能。     

玉米联合收获机清选损失监测装置设计与试验

针对玉米籽粒收获时,损失率检测不准的问题,以压电薄膜作为敏感材料,设计了一种由冲击传感器、信号处理电路和安装装置等组成的玉米收获机籽粒清选损失监测装置,并采用支持向量机多分类算法提取玉米籽粒冲击信号,实现了玉米籽粒损失的实时监测。首先,在不同冲击角度和高度的试验条件下,对不同大小的玉米籽粒和杂余进行冲击信号的采集试验,提取冲击信号的主要特征。采用支持向量机多分类算法对模型进行训练,并在监测装置上实现实时分类。使用不同品种和含水率玉米对分类模型进行验证。然后,在不同风机转速和清选筛开度条件下,得到测试时间内传感器检测的籽粒数与总损失量之间的关系,并根据谷物流量值,计算得到实时的清选损失率。最后,将该监测装置安装在4YL-8型玉米联合收获机上进行田间试验。结果表明,该监测装置与人工检测相比,平均相对误差为12.98%,可以为收获机的控制提供反馈信息。     

数字式粮仓温湿度检测系统设计

粮情的实时检测关系到储粮安全,温湿度是粮食储藏过程中最为重要的两个因素。为此,针对检测储粮的温湿度,系统设计了基于以AT89C52为核心控制器件,以SHT11为温湿度传感器的检测系统;为了实现远距离上位机的实时监测,采用RS232/RS485转换接口器件进行电平转化,适应PC机串口RS232电平,将数据传输到PC进行显示,并实现了在软件中的仿真。     

玉米收获机低损变径脱粒滚筒设计与试验

针对华北地区玉米收获时籽粒含水率较高、籽粒直收破碎率较高的问题,设计了一种变径脱粒滚筒。滚筒前端直径渐变增大直至与脱粒分离段等径,通过提高滚筒变径段果穗容纳能力,增强果穗之间柔性接触,有效“松散”籽粒之间及籽粒-芯轴之间作用力,使果穗更易于脱粒,从而实现籽粒与芯轴的快速分离,有效提高了脱粒速度,降低了籽粒破碎率。对果穗与脱粒元件受力进行分析,研究变径段锥度对果穗受力的影响。基于动力学仿真试验,分析了果穗与脱粒元件之间的接触力以及果穗-果穗和果穗-脱粒装置之间的接触频次,结果表明,变径滚筒提高了果穗之间的接触频次,降低了脱粒元件与果穗的直接接触,即变径滚筒中果穗之间接触揉搓作用更强。以滚筒转速、凹板间隙及籽粒含水率为试验因素进行了三因素四水平正交试验,确定最优组合为籽粒含水率26%、滚筒转速350 r/min、凹板间隙50 mm,此时籽粒破碎率为4.13%、籽粒未脱净率为0.34%。在籽粒含水率为27%时与等径滚筒进行了对比脱粒试验,按籽粒的完整性将破损籽粒分为全碎籽粒、裂纹籽粒、破皮籽粒及顶部破碎籽粒,结果表明,变径滚筒的籽粒总破碎率为4.64%,比等径滚筒的总破碎率降低19.16%,破损籽粒中全碎籽粒、裂纹籽粒及破碎籽粒所占比例均明显降低;变径滚筒未脱净率为0.42%,比等径滚筒的未脱净率降低51.72%,证明变径滚筒能够有效降低籽粒破碎率及未脱净率。     

基于移动终端的谷物产量实时监测平台设计

作物产量的空间变异性反映了农田环境和管理等因素对产量的影响,获取准确的产量空间分布信息是实施资源按需最优化投入的前提。为了获取谷物产量空间信息,设计了基于移动终端的农田谷物产量空间分布信息实时监测平台,可实现对联合收获机实时位置、作业状况和产量数据的远程监测,进而对产量数据的空间分布状况进行分析。平台主要由数据接收及存储、数据传输、数据显示和数据分析4个模块构成。其中,数据接收及存储模块接收由收获机传来的位置、谷物流量、升运器转速、谷仓温湿度和割幅宽度等作业状况信息数据包,将数据解析并存入数据库。数据传输模块为移动终端提供Web service服务,提取数据库中相应数据供前端调用。数据显示模块在移动终端上实时显示联合收获机作业位置和作业状况等信息。数据分析模块通过调用ArcGIS Server GP服务,将谷物产量信息的空间分布进行插值分析,分析结果以产量空间分布图的形式显示。经过测试,该监测平台运行稳定,能够实时显示和分析农田谷物产量信息,为农田精细管理提供技术支持。     

Analyzing the effects of risk and uncertainty on optimal tillage and nitrogen fertilizer intensity for field crops in Germany

This study provides a risk analysis of long-term field experiments in Germany (Bavaria) on various field crops (potato, wheat and corn), grown in rotation, under a variety of different tillage and nitrogen management systems. The field experiment provided yield and input data for the analysis, and was combined with market data relevant to the case-study region. The emphasis of the analysis is on the interaction between risk and tillage and nitrogen strategies. Over the whole rotation (corn-wheat-potato-wheat), conventional tillage combined with conventional nitrogen rates is optimal, both for risk-neutral and risk-averse farmers. Although less intensive management practices involve lower risk, the decrease in risk premium is not sufficient to alter the ranking of strategies, even for farmers with higher levels of risk aversion. Reducing nitrogen rates would be costly to farmers, especially under reduced or shallow tillage. Decoupled farm subsidies within the expected utility model show that even for a scenario with no subsidies our conclusions do not change.     

基于多种深度学习算法的田间玉米籽粒检测与计数

为快速准确获取玉米收获过程中遗失籽粒数信息,进行收割损失调节等管理,对比评估了单阶段和两阶段主流目标检测网络对田间玉米籽粒计数的性能。首先,利用RGB相机获取包含不同背景和不同光照的图像数据,并进一步生成数据集;其次,构建籽粒识别的不同目标检测网络,包括Mask R-CNN、EfficientDet-D5、YOLOv5-L、YOLOX-L,并利用所采集的420幅有效图像对构建的四种网络进行训练、验证、测试,图像数分别为200、40和180幅;最后,依据测试集图像的识别结果进行籽粒计数性能评价。试验结果表明,YOLOv5-L网络对测试集图像检测的平均精度为78.3%,模型尺寸仅为89.3 MB;籽粒计数的检测正确率、漏检率和F₁值分别为90.7%、9.3%和91.1%,处理速度为55.55 f/s,识别与计数性能均优于Mask R-CNN、EfficientDet-D5和YOLOX-L网络,并对具有不同地表遮挡程度和籽粒聚集状态的图像具有较强的鲁棒性。深度学习目标检测网络YOLOv5-L可实现实际作业中玉米收获损失籽粒的实时监测,精度高、适用性强。     

冲击载荷作用下玉米种子的有限元分析

为提高钉齿式玉米脱粒机在实际使用过程中的脱粒效果,进一步降低脱粒过程中玉米的破损率,对5 TY-10钉齿式玉米脱粒机不同转速(500、700、900 r/min)、含水率为10%的玉米籽粒不同部位在冲击载荷下受力进行仿真分析,采用LS-DYNA求解器对单个籽粒按照顶面受载、腹面受载、侧面受载等情况进行对比分析。结果表明:玉米籽粒不同部位受冲击,其受力大小不同,且随钉齿转速的增加,侧面、顶面、腹部中截面受力逐渐增大;当钉齿转速相同时,玉米籽粒腹部受冲击时中截面受力最大,侧面、顶面中截面受力大小相近。本研究可为钉齿式玉米脱粒机的设计提供必要的力学支撑,为玉米脱粒机的设计和优化提供技术指导和理论依据。     

Corn yield responses under crop evapotranspiration-based irrigation management

Improving irrigation water management is becoming important to produce a profitable crop in South Texas as the water supplies shrink. This study was conducted to investigate grain yield responses of corn (Zea mays) under irrigation management based on crop evapotranspiration (ET_C) as well as a possibility to monitor plant water deficiencies using some of physiological and environmental factors. Three commercial corn cultivars were grown in a center-pivot-irrigated field with low energy precision application (LEPA) at Texas AgriLife Research Center in Uvalde, TX from 2002 to 2004. The field was treated with conventional and reduced tillage practices and irrigation regimes of 100%, 75%, and 50% ET_C. Grain yield was increased as irrigation increased. There were significant differences between 100% and 50% ET_C in volumetric water content (θ), leaf relative water content (RWC), and canopy temperature (T_C). It is considered that irrigation management of corn at 75% ET_C is feasible with 10% reduction of grain yield and with increased water use efficiency (WUE). The greatest WUE (1.6 g m⁻² mm⁻¹) achieved at 456 mm of water input while grain yield plateaued at less than 600 mm. The result demonstrates that ET_C-based irrigation can be one of the efficient water delivery schemes. The results also demonstrate that grain yield reduction of corn is qualitatively describable using the variables of RWC and T_C. Therefore, it appears that water status can be monitored with measurement of the variables, promising future development of real-time irrigation scheduling.     

基于小波分析的玉米籽粒图像正形研究

近年来,通过对玉米籽粒的尺寸、外形、色泽等方面的研究,已获得了一些必要的单籽粒的视觉信息。但是,对于粮食作物而言,只有实现了作物籽粒的大规模、快速识别,才有可能在实际生产中得到广泛应用。为此,采用图像标记法,对含有众多的、散放的玉米籽粒图像进行处理,对标记图像中的像素进行逻辑判断,采用多尺度小波分析算法,实现籽粒分割、定位及正形。     

Comparison of irrigation strategies for surface-irrigated corn in West Central Nebraska

Many farmers in West Central Nebraska have limited irrigation water supplies, and need to produce crops with less water. This study evaluated the impact of four water management strategies on grain yield of surface-irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) at North Platte, Nebraska. Treatments included: (1) no irrigation (DRYLAND), (2) one irrigation prior to tassel formation (EARLY), (3) one irrigation during the silk stage (LATE), and (4) irrigation following farmer’s practices (FARMER). The study included three wet years (1992, 1993, and 1996) and 2 years with average annual rainfall for the area (1994 and 1995). Significant yield differences among treatments, and a yield response to irrigation, were only observed during the 2 years with average rainfall. During all years, the FARMER treatment was over-irrigated and resulted in considerable water losses by runoff and deep percolation. Grain yield response to irrigation during the three wet years was insignificant among the treatments, but significant during the dry years. The results of this study suggest that inducing stress is not a good strategy for increasing crop water productivity (yield per unit ET_d) for corn and point out the need to minimize irrigation water losses and improve irrigation scheduling.     

Irrigation management for corn in the northern Great Plains, USA

Irrigation management influences production costs and affects leaching of nutrients to groundwater. This study was conducted to compare irrigation scheduling techniques on a field-scale site and to determine whether significant irrigation water savings and equivalent yields could be achieved compared with the practices of other commercial growers in the local area. The effects of four irrigation scheduling techniques on seasonal irrigation water requirements and corn grain yields were studied for the 1990–1995 seasons at a field-scale (53.4 ha) site within the Oakes Test Area (OTA) of the Garrison Diversion Unit in southeastern North Dakota, USA. The four scheduling techniques, applied with field quadrants and seasons as dimensions of a modified Latin square statistical design, included irrigating based on tensiometer and infrared canopy temperature measurements, two water balance methods, and irrigating based on CERES–Maize estimates of plant-extractable soil water. No statistically significant differences in seasonal irrigation totals were found between irrigation scheduling methods or irrigation quadrants, while statistically significant differences were found for season. Corn grain yield was significantly affected by seasons, quadrants, and irrigation scheduling methods for both the current and previous seasons. Compared to other commercial growers in the OTA, this study maintained 5% higher yields and saved approximately 30% in irrigation inputs. Careful irrigation scheduling, based on any of the four techniques, offers the potential to reduce input costs for irrigated corn production in the area. Received: 3 February 1999     

寒地玉米多级顺流干燥工艺参数优化

为解决目前北方寒地玉米干燥加工中存在的干燥效率低、设备能耗大和干制品品质差等问题,利用自行设计的多级顺流式谷物干燥试验台,对北方寒地玉米多级顺流干燥特性和干燥加工工艺参数进行了研究。通过二次通用旋转组合试验设计方法,探讨热风温度、热风风速、干燥时间对设备单位能耗和干后玉米品质的影响,建立了相应的数学模型。将多目标综合优化,确定了干燥工艺的最优参数:热风温度103℃、热风风速1.5m/s、干燥时间100min。在此工艺参数条件下,有效地提高了干燥效率,降低了设备单位能耗及玉米干燥过程中营养成分的损失,达到了玉米保质干燥的目的。该研究旨在为北方寒地玉米干燥工业提供了理论基础。     

粮食仓储温度监控装置的设计与应用

我国粮食储藏损失巨大,其中企业储备和农户储备造成的粮食损失较为严重。监测粮仓内的粮食温度是安全保管粮食的重要因素,为此研制出适于小型粮食储藏单位的实用、简单、低成本的温度监控设备,介绍该系统的基本构成、技术指标、工作原理及其子系统,以及元器件选择与电路调试的方法,为提高储藏设备和管理水平提供技术支撑。     

基于有限元的秸秆压块环模成型温度场分布

目前环模压块成型机的环模块温度差过高，成型后受热不均。结合压块成型工作条件，利用ANSYS中的Thermal模块，模拟环模中压块成型温度场，分析环模压块在不同时刻的温度场分布，并对成型装置进行优化设计。结果表明，优化后整体温度趋于平衡，温差明显减小，在加热20 min后，环模块的温度差降为19.25 ℃。优化后环模块成型过程的温度场沿轴向呈先增大，再波动状平稳，最后逐渐减小的趋势，环模块大部分区域的温度变化趋于缓和，环模块成型温度更均匀。