Cropping systems and crop residue management in the Trans-Gangetic Plains: Issues and challenges for conservation agriculture from village surveys

Conservation agriculture practices are being advocated to help sustain crop productivity gains and secure environmental sustainability in the Trans-Gangetic Plains, India’s Green Revolution heartland. The paper illustrates the use of village surveys as a quasi-quantitative system analysis tool to derive implications for agricultural research and development. Drawing from village surveys in 170 communities, the paper assesses current crop residue management practices in Punjab and Haryana’s rice-wheat, basmati-wheat and non-rice-wheat cropping systems. The prevalence of wheat as the winter crop implies an intensive collection, trading and use of wheat straw as basal feed for dairy livestock; which contrasts with the diverse crop residue management of the monsoon crops. The increased use of combine harvesters has spurred the rapid advent of mechanical wheat straw reapers whereas the bulk of combine harvested rice straw is burned in situ. Present crop residue management practices are largely incompatible with year-round mulch retention despite significant biomass production. The research and development community faces the challenge of evening out straw use and management over seasons to ensure at least partial residue retention if its calls for conservation agriculture in this important sub-region are to succeed. The paper also reiterates the worrying decline of groundwater tables associated with the rice-wheat system.     

辣椒水肥一体化效应研究进展

在作物的生长过程中,水和肥是必不可少的两大要素,合理的灌溉和施肥对作物减投增效十分有利。传统的“大水大肥”方式不仅会降低水肥利用率,而且还加剧了农田土壤环境的污染问题。水肥一体化技术作为一项将水分和养分耦合运筹的新技术,可达到精准施肥、改善土壤环境、节水增产等目的,从而有效缓解资源与环境的矛盾问题,推动绿色农业的可持续发展。本文先综述了辣椒的生长发育、干物质积累、水肥利用、产量及品质指标对水肥一体化的响应,并针对该技术在农业生产中的实践应用,提出合理利用智能系统、多要素一体化技术和耦合模型规划建议,以期为水肥一体化在辣椒高产栽培中的应用提供参考。     

丘陵山区农业机械化现状与发展

农业机械化发展对推进农业现代化建设至关重要,尽管中国农业机械化得到了全程、全面发展,但不同地区之间仍存在较大差异.丘陵山区特殊的地理环境,导致其农业机械化基础薄弱、发展缓慢,极大地限制了中国农业机械化整体水平的提高.系统总结了丘陵山区农业机械化转型升级过程中存在的突出问题,在此基础上建议优先进行农机、农艺高度融合的农田宜机化改造,重点研发特色经济作物生产全程机械化装备,探索集成作物生产智慧管控系统,强化主体培育和政策支持.这不仅有助于解决丘陵山区农业机械化发展难题,补齐丘陵山区农业机械化短板,提高丘陵山区农业生产力水平,还可以充分发挥农业机械化在实现共同富裕中的积极作用,推动乡村振兴战略全面实施,促进中国农业可持续和现代化发展.     

我国生态农业发展现状及对策

我国农业经济发展迅速,农业经济的发展为生态农业发展带来了严重的挑战,很多人为了农业经济发展而忽视生态农业的保护,对生态农业进行大量的破坏,应该实现农业的产业化升级,为生态农业带来更有效的可持续发展。生态农业是在传统农业的基础上进行有效的科学化管理,使经济效益与自然效益更好地结合,以促进生态农业的高效运用,对于生态农业的发展模式及其对策研究,展开了探讨和分析,提出了相应的对策与建议,为相关部门提供理论参考。      

干旱区农业水资源供需水预测分析及对策研究

针对西北干旱区农业水资源短缺的问题,以新疆洛浦县为例,从作物种植结构调整和灌溉面积变化、灌溉水利用系数提高及灌溉方式改变等方面进行节水分析,并对预测水平年农业供需水平衡进行了预测计算,预测结果表明：现有的灌排工程不能满足农业可持续发展要求;提高灌溉水利用系数势在必行;采用滴灌技术极大地减少了农业用水量,是解决农业供需水矛盾的有效措施。最后,根据预测结果,提出了解决农业水资源短缺、可持续发展的对策,为其他区域水资源的合理开发利用提供有益的参考。     

面向可持续灌溉农业发展的涝渍盐碱管理

发展可持续灌溉农业是实现全球粮食安全、维持民众生计的必要保障条件之一,但因灌溉诱发的农田涝渍盐碱协同危害却对作物生长及产量产生直接和间接影响,严重制约灌溉农业生产力水平,带来农田生态环境负效应.文中在对灌溉诱发的涝渍盐碱共存形成机制、作物生长和土壤特性对涝渍盐碱的响应、涝渍盐碱对作物产量的影响进行综述基础上,从排水、用水、灌溉、土壤、作物、社会经济等各种涝渍盐碱管理途径入手,阐述相关的治理措施与技术应用效果,围绕“节灌、减排、控盐、增效”的面向可持续灌溉农业发展的涝渍盐碱管理目标,从涝渍盐碱共存机制研究、涝渍盐碱共存状况监测评价、涝渍盐碱治理技术组合及集成模式研发、涝渍盐碱危害风险分析与评估等层面上,提出相应的主要研究内容与重点.     

农作物秸秆的综合利用与农村循环经济

分析了农作物秸秆综合利用的现状、重大意义及其与发展农村循环经济的关系,介绍了积极探索农作物秸秆综合利用的新途径,同时提出关于农作物秸秆综合利用的几点建议,进一步阐述了加强农作物秸秆综合利用、保护生态与环境、发展农村循环经济、做到农业发展与资源和环境相互协调,是我国整个农业可持续发展的一项战略措施。     

农作物秸秆的综合利用

我国是农业大国,农作物秸秆资源丰富,推广农作物秸秆利用技术意义重大。介绍我国农作物秸秆利用技术的现状、内容及发展趋势,分析存在的主要问题,提出相应的对策,为农作物秸秆的综合利用和生态农业的发展提供技术支持。     

Resource integration for multiple benefits: Multifunctionality of integrated farming systems in Northeast Thailand

Resource degradation in rice farming systems in Thailand endangers food security, but the systems may become more sustainable by combining them with aquaculture and livestock farm enterprises by capitalization of their synergies in resource use and re-use, i.e. by adopting integrated farming systems. Most empirical studies that assess this potential have focused on a few specific aspects, but not on the multiple social, economic, and ecological functions of resource integration. This study uses the framework of multifunction agriculture to assess the performance of integrated farming systems in Thailand and compares its performance with that of ‘normal-rice’ or non-integrated farming systems. Surveys were conducted in Khon Kaen province of Northeast Thailand using a combination of quantitative and qualitative survey methods.     

水肥一体化技术发展现状与对策

水肥一体化技术是结合土壤基础与作物需求规律,将液态肥和灌溉水混合,经可控管网定时、定量、按比例提供给栽培作物,具有显著节本、增效、环保功效。其配置物联网和自控装备,可实现智慧型现代农业技术。介绍了我国水肥一体化技术应用概况、存在的问题,并提出相应对策,对推动农业现代化发展,提升农业生产力意义重大。      

河北国土空间规划中农业生产承载规模及适宜性分析

河北作为全国农业大省之一,在农业区优化格局、农业可持续化发展道路上遇到各种问题.空间规划中要明确农业生产承载规模,以区域生态环境服务功能保护为前提,以保证耕地总量动态平衡和保护生态平衡为中心,详细分析农业化产业结构与空间资源环境适宜性的矛盾问题,因地制宜推动持续化发展农业生产.以"双评价"指南为技术参考,进行了农业生产...     

Application of GIS and crop growth models in estimating water productivity

Tighter competition in water use is projected in the future. As water demand increases, water related problems could happen along the way. Accordingly, issues on water availability and use could be crucial to study to search for ways and means on how to cope up with the present trend. Sound water management practices could play a key role to the solution of problems relating to water availability and use. Water use in agriculture is considered the highest among other water users because of the water intensive processes involved in it. Aside from the crop water requirements, water loss, which are not beneficial to crop processes can add a huge volume to the total water usage in agriculture. Base from this argument, there could be greater possibility to save water from agriculture, which can be used for other purposes thereafter. To explore this option, analysis at the crop level could be beneficial. However, the issue of scaling should be also considered because the knowledge on the field scale could not be generally true in the basin scale. The objective of the study was to apply crop growth simulation models coupled with geographic information system (GIS) to analyze water productivity, which is an indicator of water use efficiency, at the basin scale.The methodology was applied to Laoag River Basin in Ilocos Norte, Philippines to study water productivity in spatial and temporal dimensions. Three crops were considered in the analysis: rice, maize and peanut. Simulations were done for both existing and potential agricultural areas. The potential productions of the selected crops from October 1996–September 1997 were used as bases in determining water productivity for the three cropping seasons (CS) being considered in the study. Water-limited productions were simulated for each of the crops, for each of the CS in the basin. Moreover, a marginal productivity analysis was done to determine the potential of water for crop production in the basin. Subsequently, the significance of irrigation was emphasized in the analysis when availability of water, and the combination of water and nitrogen (N) are limiting, respectively. The results showed that the spatio-temporal analysis of water productivity could provide substantial information for water saving opportunities and, hence, strategies in irrigated agriculture.     

Exante assessment of dual-purpose sweet potato in the crop–livestock system of western Kenya: A minimum-data approach

Mixed crop–livestock systems have a crucial role to play in meeting the agricultural production challenges of smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Sweet potato is seen as a potential remedial crop for these farmers because of its high productivity and low input requirements, while its usefulness for both food and feed (dual-purpose) make it attractive in areas where land availability is declining. In this paper, we develop and apply a ‘minimum-data’ methodology to assess exante the economic viability of adopting dual-purpose sweet potato in Vihiga district, western Kenya. The methodology uses and integrates available socio-economic and bio-physical data on farmers’ land use allocation, production, and input and output use. Spatially heterogeneous characteristics of the current system regarding resources and productivity are analyzed to assess the profitability of substituting dual-purpose sweet potato for other crops currently grown for food and feed. Results indicate that a substantial number of farmers in the study area could benefit economically from adopting dual-purpose sweet potato. Depending on assumptions made, the adoption rate, expressed as the percentage of the total land under adopting farms, is between 55% and 80%. The analysis shows that the adoption rate is likely to vary positively with the average total yield of dual-purpose sweet potato, the harvest index (the ratio between tuber and fodder yields), the price of milk, and the nutritional value of available fodder. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the minimum-data methodology and provides evidence to support the hypothesis that dissemination of the dual-purpose sweet potato could help improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers operating in mixed crop–livestock systems in east Africa.     

滴灌水肥耦合技术在西北干旱区作物栽培中的应用

水分和养分是影响作物生长发育的关键因素,明确作物需水需肥规律及其交互作用有助于农作物优质高产栽培。我国西北干旱区水资源极端匮乏,滴灌水肥耦合技术可以准确而均匀地将水肥施用于作物根部。对滴灌水肥耦合技术的优点及其对西北干旱区作物的影响研究进行了综述。滴灌水肥耦合技术通过扩大水分和养分在作物根区的运移范围,有利于作物对水分和养分的汲取和利用,实现节水省肥增产调质的目标。滴灌水肥耦合技术的优点为提高农作物水肥利用效率、促进农作物优质高产栽培、减少田间劳动力和有利于健康绿色可持续农业的发展。      

农业资源利用及粮食生产潜力分析——基于西南中高原地区

从农业自然资源和农业社会资源两个方面论述了西南中高原地区的农业资源利用现状、存在的问题、粮食生产现状和生产潜力,并提出了提升该区域粮食生产潜力的途径:积极发展旱地分带轮作多熟制度,提高复种指数;注重粮食作物种群内在生产力的提高,加大科技创新力度,增强农业科技对粮食生产的支撑作用;控制坡耕地农田径流的非目标性输出;重视耕地质量建设,提高耕地对粮食生产的保障能力。     

生态文明视角下日照市农业水资源高效利用

在全球气候变暖和淡水资源短缺背景下,日照市作为滨海城市典型代表,实现农业水资源的高效利用是贯彻生态文明建设、实现可持续发展的必由之路。结合日照市气象、水资源等条件,针对农田水利发展、土地利用等情况,探讨生态文明视角下日照地区实现农田水资源高效利用的思路。研究表明:日照市农业人口、耕地分布表现出地域性差异,旱地面积比例较大,蓄水工程相对缺乏,严重制约着农业发展,影响着生态文明建设。合理有效地进行农田水利工程建设与维护、水土保持工作和节水灌溉技术的引进,可全面促进资源合理利用和农业多功能开发,为滨海地区农业水资源高效利用提供借鉴。      

阜阳市化肥施用现状、问题与对策

化肥是植物生长所需营养的重要来源,是农业生产的重要物质基础,施用化肥是获得作物高产的重要条件。通过调研阜阳市主要农作物的施肥量及化肥资源在各类农作物上的分配,得出当前化肥资源的品种结构状况,分析阜阳市当前化肥施用现状及存在的问题,并对如何提高化肥利用率提出相应的对策。结果对促进阜阳市农业可持续发展,保护现有土地资源,提高农产品产量与品质,提高农产品市场竞争力有重要意义。      

Simulating the effects of tax exemptions on fertiliser use in Benin by linking biophysical and economic models

The sluggish increase in the area productivity of staple crops is a major factor causing increased dependence of African countries on food imports. The increased use of mineral fertiliser may dramatically improve the food balance of many countries and result in lower food prices, higher food supply and consumption, and improved food security and nutritional status. In Benin, West Africa, political measures to improve farmers’ access to fertiliser are biased in favour of cotton production. This article simulates the impact of universal tax exemptions for fertiliser use on crop yields, food balances, and the use of land resources for the most important staple crops in Benin using a crop growth model and an agricultural sector model. The simulation results indicate that tax exemptions on fertiliser use could have positive effects on physical productivity and would increase food security until 2025 as compared to a baseline scenario. At the same time, the pressure on land resources would not be aggravated, so that better access to fertiliser may help to curb excessive cropland expansion in Benin.