棉花枯萎病菌的致病性及其碳素营养的试验研究

南通棉花枯萎病菌对22个棉花品种致病性的田間和盆栽試驗说明:中棉品种如辽阳一号、鶯湖棉、长丰黑籽、常紫一号、南通白花鸡脚桠鈴果、云南布沼土棉等抗病性比較強,以中棉为母本的中印杂交棉的抗病性也較強;陆地棉和海島棉一般感病程度都較高,但四川选育的陆地棉品种52—128則具有一定的抗病性。将枯萎病菌接种到甘藷等27种作物上,均未感病。五个地区的棉花枯萎病菌致病性的盆栽試驗说明:四川、陝西、辽宁的病原菌致病力較強,江苏的其次,安徽的最弱。以葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖、甘露糖、乳糖、蔗糖、菊糖、溶解淀粉、阿拉伯糖醇等九种糖和糖醇为碳素营养料时,除四川的病原菌在以半乳糖为碳素营养料时生长中等外,其他都生长旺盛。不同地区病原菌的色素形成、小型孢子、大型孢子和厚膜孢子的产生,随碳素营养料的不同而有所差異。     

紫外线照射对小麦条锈菌生物学效应的研究

以紫外线(UV)不同剂量照射小麦条锈菌夏孢子,结果表明,其严重削弱夏孢子的存活,剂量效应曲线无明显肩区和尾指数区,小表条锈菌夏孢子对低剂量照射较为敏感;经紫外线照射的夏孢子接种小麦感病品种,其致病性发生改变,潜伏期延长,反应型降低,严重度减少;亦降低了小麦条锈菌的繁殖能力,单叶孢子堆数量减少,孢子堆长度变短,产孢量降低,产孢期缩短。这些生物学效应随照射剂量增加而加强。     

紫外线照射对小麦条锈菌生物学效应的研究

 以紫外线(UV)不同剂量照射小麦条锈菌夏孢子,结果表明,其严重削弱夏孢子的存活,剂量效应曲线无明显肩区和尾指数区,小表条锈菌夏孢子对低剂量照射较为敏感;经紫外线照射的夏孢子接种小麦感病品种,其致病性发生改变,潜伏期延长,反应型降低,严重度减少;亦降低了小麦条锈菌的繁殖能力,单叶孢子堆数量减少,孢子堆长度变短,产孢量降低,产孢期缩短。这些生物学效应随照射剂量增加而加强。     

小麦及禾草条銹病菌的研究

 山西晉中一带麦田边生有大量碱草(Elymus chinense),严重感染条锈病。接种試驗証明小麦条銹菌与碱草条銹菌在致病力方面有显著差异。碱草对14个小麦条銹菌种均抵抗,碱草条銹菌虽能侵染小麦,但13个小麦推广品种对所有5个碱草菌种都表現抵抗。田間調查結果亦示明碱草条銹菌虽能侵染小麦,但麦叶仅产生抗性的枯斑及形成极少量的夏孢子堆,并証实其不能在小麦上继續繁殖。不同小麦的种对碱草条锈菌亦均免疫或高度抵抗。小麦条銹菌能侵染冰草(Agropyron cristatum)等11种禾草,其中旱雀麦(Bromus tectorum)及西伯利亚碱草,(Elymus sibiricus)高度感染。碱草条銹菌較小麦条銹菌能适应更高的气温,在25℃仍能正常侵染碱草且产生大量孢子堆,其夏孢子(28.94μ×22.41μ)亦显著較小麦条銹菌的夏孢子(26.10 μ×19.48μ)为大,因此是条銹菌(Puccinia glumarum)的一个較为特殊的生理小种(YIE)。西伯利亚碱草(Elymus sibiricus)、山大麦及麦穗草(Agropyron spp.)的条銹菌均能正常侵染小麦,但尚未发現其大量感染条銹病的羣落。     

两种唐松草鉴定为小麦叶锈菌的转主寄主

 引起小麦叶锈病的小麦叶锈菌(Puccinia triticina)是转主寄生菌,其转主寄主主要为唐松草属(Thalictrum)种类,也包括扁果草属(Isopyrum), 牛舌草属(Anchusa), 铁线莲属(Clematis)和蓝蓟属(Echium)的个别种类。然而,迄今,中国仅有亚欧唐松草和瓣蕊唐松草被报道为小麦叶锈菌转主寄主。本文对采集于陕西的东亚唐松草(T. minus var. hypoleucum)、甘肃的贝加尔唐松草(T. baicalense),通过人工接种小麦叶锈菌确定它们是否能够作为小麦叶锈菌的转主寄主。同时,本文作者收集自然条件下贝加尔唐松草组织上受侵染产生的锈子器样品,通过其ITS区序列分析以确定小麦叶锈菌的有性循环是否在田间条件下发生。结果表明,小麦叶锈菌的担孢子均可侵染东亚唐松草和贝加尔唐松草,完成其性子器和锈子器阶段,产生的锈孢子可侵染感病小麦产生夏孢子堆,从而证实东亚唐松草和贝加尔唐松草均可作为小麦叶锈菌的转主寄主。来自贝加尔唐松草22个锈子器样品的ITS区序列比对,表明其与NCBI网上提交的小麦叶锈菌享有95%~96%的序列同源性。由此推测,自然条件下,中国小麦叶锈菌可能侵染感病唐松草完成有性循环。     

芜菁花叶病毒(白菜孤丁株系)对白菜生理的影响及其与桃蚜的关系

1962年飼养并系統观察桃蚜 Myzus persicae (Sulzer) 在感染蕪菁花叶病毒(TpMV)的和健康的大白菜上的发生結果表明,病株对桃蚜不利。接种后24天,健株上的蚜虫数量为病株的1.8倍;健株上有翅若蚜占总蚜量的9.8％,而病株上达16.3％。 1964年比較测定了健株与具有不同症状(初現明脉、明显花叶、叶片严重皺縮)白菜苗的(1)含糖量、(2)全氮(可溶性氮)及非蛋白氮,以此算出蛋白氮含量、(3)細胞渗透压、吸水压,并以此算出細胞膨压。結果表明,病株比健康植株含糖量增加36.59—41.95％;全氮量与非蛋白氮含量均下降,其中非蛋白氮減少更多:由初現明脉期降低5.0％至叶片严重皺縮期降低86.7％,而蛋白氮初期有下降,后期又逐渐回升。病株的細胞渗透压增加了2％—5％,吸水压增加14.3％—42.9％,細胞膨压則下降36.3％—500.7％。从結果分析和有关文献佐証,作者認为病株不利于桃蚜的发生是由于糖/氮比增高,細胞膨压下降的結果,前者影响蚜虫的营养,后者影响蚜虫的取食量。     

红花锈病病原生活史及防治研究

红花锈菌〔Puccinia carthami(Hutz)Corda〕经调查和试验证实为全孢型单主寄生锈菌,在红花生长期中能产生五种类型的孢子。本菌以冬孢子及冬孢子堆碎片混杂于种子作远距离传播,连作地冬孢子在病残体上越冬,成为次年的初侵染源。当年田间采回的成熟冬孢子,不需其它处理,发芽率可达19.5%,人工涂抹及悬病体保湿接种,于平均气温19.3～20.3℃,经10～14天产生性子器。田间调查也证实病种及病地红花于苗期子叶、下胚轴及根部出现性子器,5～6天后产生锈子器及锈孢子,并在埋藏于土内的下胚轴及根部产生冬孢子堆。5月下旬灌溉及雨后于真叶上产生夏孢子,8月中旬高温期及秋凉期产生冬孢子。新疆本地红花感病重,国外引入红花成熟早,籽壳薄,出油率高,具有早熟避病特性。病地以种子量0.4%的15%粉锈宁拌种防效达到60%;净地以种子量0.2%及0.4%的15%粉锈宁拌种防效80～100%。病害流行期间喷布1:500倍15%粉锈宁二次有较好的防治效果。     

源自陕、甘野生小檗的小麦条锈菌有性生殖后代的毒性分析

 小麦条锈病是我国最具毁灭性的小麦病害之一,其流行常常造成小麦严重减产。种植抗病品种是防治该病害最经济、有效和环保的措施。但是,由于新毒性菌系的出现,抗病品种在种植短短数年内便“丧失”其抗病性。研究证实病原菌毒性变异产生新菌系是导致小麦品种抗病性“丧失”的根本原因。近年来,随着小麦条锈菌转主寄主小檗的确定,发现自然条件下我国小麦条锈菌在野生小檗上可以完成有性生殖。本研究通过对2015年自然发病小檗小麦条锈菌的分离及其单夏孢子堆纯化,利用中国鉴别寄主进行了毒性测定分析。从陕西、甘肃两省的3种感病小檗共分离获得小麦条锈菌菌系8个,其中有1个菌系与已知小种Su11-126的毒性完全匹配,其余7个为新菌系;93个单夏孢子堆群体可分为47个不同的致病类型,包括14个已知小种类型,33个新小种类型;有56个菌系与已知小种的毒性完全匹配,37个为新小种。本研究再次获得了条锈菌自然条件下存在有性生殖并因此导致新菌系产生的证据,证实了野生小檗在我国小麦条锈菌的生活史和病害循环中具有作用。     

如何识别与防治大蒜锈病

大蒜锈病对大蒜品质和产量均有较大的影响。要有效地控制该病,必须正确掌握识别与防治方法。大蒜锈病由葱柄锈菌(属担子菌亚门真菌)侵染所致。除侵染大蒜外,还侵染洋葱、韭菜等。病菌主要侵染叶片和假茎。病部初为梭形褪绿斑,后在表皮下出现圆形或圆形稍凸起的夏孢子堆,表皮破裂后散出橙黄色粉状物,即夏孢子。病斑四周有黄色晕圈,后病斑连片致全叶黄枯,植株提前枯死。生长后期,在未破裂的夏孢子堆上产出表皮不破裂的黑色冬孢子堆。病菌多以夏孢子在留种葱和越冬青葱及大蒜病组织上越冬。翌年入夏形成多次再侵染,这时正值蒜头形成或膨大期,为…     

敌百虫(0,0-二甲基1-羟基-2,2,2-三氯乙基膦酸酯)粉剂对粘虫的室内药效试验

敌百虫粉剂按每平方尺250毫克(折合每亩3斤)的撒粉量,用双重纱格撒粉箱直接撒药于粘虫体上;或先将药粉撒布于盆栽玉米苗上,然后接飼粘虫。結果表明敌百虫粉剂对不同龄期粘虫的药效有明显的不同。在26℃按致死粘虫90％以上所需最低含量計算,直接撒药于虫体,对2龄,3、4龄,或5、6龄,所需浓度依次为0.5％,1.0％或2.5％;玉米苗撒药后飼虫,对以上各龄幼虫所需浓度依次为0.25％,0.5％或1.0％。并表明玉米苗撒布药粉后飼虫的药效,約大出虫体直接撒粉的1倍。将2.5％敌百虫粉剂用这两种方法处理,都能达到或接近100％的效果。温度低至14℃或18℃时,則药效比在26℃或27℃时为低。粘虫取食撒有敌百虫粉剂的玉米叶,在26℃、接近飽和湿度的条件下,对3龄、5龄或6龄粘虫的药效都大于在同温度、相对湿度50％时的药效,而粘虫龄期越大,药效的差别較明显。敌百虫粉剂施后經24小时,其残留药效約相当于刚撒布药粉后的一半。6龄粘虫直接撒布2.5％敌百虫粉剂后,經过不同时間洗除药剂試驗,在24小时內粉剂附着时間越短,药效也越小。     

对氨基苯磺酸治疗小麦锈病机制的研究

 通过试验证明,对氨基苯磺酸对小麦锈病的抑菌药量很低,对叶锈的完全抑菌药量为每克鲜叶390.6微克,对秆锈的完全抑菌药量为469.6微克。且施药的时间距锈菌侵入植株体内的时间越长,所需的抑菌药量越高。同时表明,对氨基苯磺酸在植株体内运转的速度很快,30小时后即可从第一叶运转至第二叶。对氨基苯磺酸在叶内存在较长时间后,仍能保有抑菌药量。此外,对氮基苯甲酸、腺嘌呤、胸腺核酸、酵母核酸及次黄嘌呤具有很强的对消对氨基苯磺酸抑制小麦锈病的作用。在叶锈的试验中,其对消作用分别为97.7%、91.7%,87.6%、85.7%和75.6%。核酸及其降解物的对消作用,是由于对氨基苯磺酸与核酸代谢的辅酶(叶酸)竞争抑制的结果。     

小麦锈菌夏孢子经盐酸处理后的形态观察

为了快速区分小麦条锈菌、叶锈菌和秆锈菌,用不同浓度的盐酸处理3种小麦锈菌的新鲜夏孢子和在4 ℃冰箱内保存4个月以上的锈菌夏孢子,在显微镜下观察夏孢子形态以及原生质体变化。结果表明, 24.5%、28.5%、32.5%、36.5%4种浓度的盐酸处理条锈菌夏孢子后其原生质体均浓缩成多个分散的小团。而同样方法处理叶锈菌和秆锈菌新鲜菌种时其原生质体浓缩成一个大团或多个小团,浓缩成一个大团的比例随盐酸浓度的增大而提高;用不同浓度盐酸处理保存4个月以上的2种小麦锈菌时,95%以上的夏孢子原生质体浓缩成多个分散的小团,少数（不超过5%）的夏孢子原生质体浓缩成一个大团。研究还发现叶锈菌和秆锈菌夏孢子活力、盐酸浓度等对夏孢子原生质体浓缩状况有很大影响,且与病菌生理小种有一定的关系。因此,锈菌夏孢子经36.5%浓盐酸处理后的原生质体浓缩状况只能作为小麦锈病田间快速诊断检测的辅助手段,不能作为锈病种类鉴别的唯一标准,必须结合病害症状特征、孢子形态以及分子生物学方法等进行综合判别。     

Dosage—response curve of wheat brown rust to triforine supplied via root treatment

Wheat plants were allowed to take up [3H]triforine through their roots and were later inoculated with uredospores of the leaf rust of wheat. Through extraction and chromatographic analysis coupled with evaluation of the rust attack, it was established that rust attack was prevented completely when the concentration of unaltered triforine in the leaves reached 9 μg/g fresh weight.     

关于旅大地区小麦秆锈菌和叶锈菌夏孢子世代的越冬问题

 关于小麦秆锈和叶锈的越冬问题,国外业巳有许多报告^{[10,13,14,15,16,17,18]}。国内在小麦锈菌越冬方面也有一些报导。     

Wheat leaf rust uredospore production and carbon and nitrogen export in relation to lesion size and density

ABSTRACT To develop mechanistic yield loss models for biotrophic fungi, we need better account for the export of dry matter, carbon, and nitrogen from the leaf into the spores. Three experiments in controlled environment chambers were performed to study the dynamics of uredospores production of Puccinia triticina on seedling leaves of wheat in relation to time, lesion density, and sporulating surface area. The detrimental effect of lesion density on the sporulation capacity of brown rust lesions was confirmed. When lesion density increased, spores production per lesion strongly decreased. However, our results showed that increasing lesion density also greatly reduces lesion size. A model was developed to summarize these relationships. Our main conclusion is that the density effect on spore production per lesion is accounted for by lesion size. When sporulation was related to the sporulating surface area, it became independent of density. As well, carbon and nitrogen contents of the spores were independent of lesion density. Our data suggest that when nitrogen available in the host is limiting, spore production is reduced but nitrogen content of spores tend to remain stable.     

Hyperspectral signal decomposition and symptom detection of wheat rust disease at the leaf scale using pure fungal spore spectra as reference

This study establishes a method to detect and distinguish between brown rust and yellow rust on wheat leaves based on hyperspectral imaging at the leaf scale under controlled laboratory conditions. A major problem at this scale is the generation of representative and correctly labelled training data, as only mixed spectra comprising plant and fungal material are observed. For this purpose, the pure spectra of rust spores of Puccinia triticina and P. striiformis, causal agents of brown and yellow rust, respectively, were used to serve as a spectral fingerprint for the detection of a specific leaf rust disease. A least-squares factorization was used on hyperspectral images to unveil the presence of the spectral signal of rust spores in mixed spectra on wheat leaves. A quantification of yellow and brown rust, chlorosis and healthy tissue was verified in time series experiments on inoculated plants. The detection of fungal crop diseases by hyperspectral imaging was enabled without pixel-wise labelling at the leaf scale by using reference spectra from spore-scale observations. For the first time, this study shows an interpretable decomposition of the spectral reflectance mixture during pathogenesis. This novel approach will support a more sophisticated and precise detection of foliar diseases of wheat by hyperspectral imaging.     

83份西农系小麦品种（系）抗性鉴定及抗病基因分子检测

为西北农林科技大学小麦新育成品种（系）在黄淮麦区的大面积推广,该研究对83份西农新育成的小麦品种（系）进行苗期抗条锈病和白粉病鉴定,成株期抗条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病和赤霉病鉴定,并在田间自然环境下对其抗性进行鉴定及对相关抗病基因进行分子检测。结果显示,在苗期人工接种鉴定中,有63、29和16份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici生理小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34表现出抗性,9份小麦品种（系）对3个条锈菌生理小种均表现出抗性;有10、3和0份小麦品种（系）分别对白粉菌Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici生理小种E15、E09和A13表现出抗性。在成株期人工接种鉴定中,有23、15、28和62份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病和赤霉病表现出抗性。在83份小麦品种（系）中有6份在苗期和成株期均对小麦条锈病表现出抗性。在田间抗性鉴定中,有57、6、65和40份小麦品种（系）分别对条锈病、白粉病、赤霉病及叶锈病表现出抗性。在83份小麦品种（系）中,3份含有Yr5基因,22份含有Yr9基因,3份含有Yr17基因,2份含有Pm24基因,14份含有Lr1基因,所占比例分别为3.6%、26.5%、3.6%、2.4%和16.8%。     

Dry-dispersal and rain-splash of brown (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici) and yellow (P. striiformis) rust spores from infected wheat leaves exposed to simulated raindrops

The dispersal of spores from lesions of brown ( Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ) or yellow ( P. striiformis ) rusts of wheat by impacting drops was studied. Using a generator of uniform-size drops, drops of 2.5, 3.4, 4.2 and 4.9 mm in diameter were released from rest at heights of 5, 50 and 100 cm above horizontal and primary leaves uniformly covered with sporulating lesions. Dry-dispersal and rain-splash occurred simultaneously in response to drop impaction. A coloration technique allowed separate counting of dry-dispersed and rain-splashed spores caught on slides. More spores were rain-splashed than dry-dispersed. Neither removal mechanism affected in-vitro germination of spores, which was higher in brown than in yellow rust. For both rusts, the number of both dry-dispersed and rain-splashed spores, as well as their travel distance, increased with drop diameter and fall height. The fall speed of incident drops in relation to diameter and fall height was obtained by solving numerically the equation of vertical drop motion. The number of spores removed by a given impacting drop was found to be a power function of the calculated kinetic energy of the impacting drop. Based on this experimental relationship, a simulation study showed the relevance of rain type in the removal of spores.     

Prediction ofPuccinia Graminis f. sp.Tritici on wheat in india by trapping the uredospores in rain samples

Five years of trapping uredospores in rain samples resulted in their detection on an average of 22 days earlier than in the impaction traps, and 36 days before the first appearance of stem rust on a susceptible cultivar. On many occasions the presence of uredospores in rain samples was not followed by the occurrence of wheat rust in the field.