黄归促卵散对蛋鸭产蛋性能的影响

将60周龄体质健康的樱桃谷鸭300只,随机分成3组(每组100只),即对照组和试Ⅰ组及试Ⅱ组。试Ⅰ组及试Ⅱ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.3%和0.5%的黄归促卵散,对照组饲喂基础日粮。经过40d的试验,结果表明,试Ⅰ组及试Ⅱ组的产蛋率分别比对照组提高10.8和11.5个百分点(P<0.05),饲料报酬比对照组均提高11.2%(P<0.01),经济效益比对照组分别提高43%和31%,但两个试验组之间的产蛋率、饲料报酬以及经济效益差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

大豆黄酮对产蛋初期番鸭生产性能及血清激素水平的影响

选取750只20周龄的白羽番鸭,随机分为3组,每组250只。其中对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组Ⅰ饲喂基础日粮 大豆黄酮(Da)3mg/kg饲料,试验组Ⅱ饲喂基础日粮 大豆黄酮6mg/kg饲料。试验过程中,分别统计其产蛋率、蛋重、受精率和孵化率等指标,并采集血样测定相关激素水平。结果显示,与对照组相比:(1)试验组Ⅰ的见蛋日龄和产蛋率达5%日龄分别提前12d和9d;(2)在试验处理第7、8、9、10.周,试验组Ⅰ的产蛋率分别提高10.27% (P<0.05)、9.52%(P<0.05)、9.88%(P<0.01)和7.67%(P<0.05),试验组Ⅱ呈下降趋势;(3)试验组Ⅱ的受精率和受精蛋孵化率分别降低4.75%(P<0.01)和2.17%;(4)处理第4、8周试验组Ⅰ血清T_3水平分别提高20.14%(P<0.05)和18.85%(P<0.05)。     

中草药饲料添加剂"增蛋散"配方筛选研究

将315只28周龄的“京白V系”商品蛋鸡，随机分成3组，每组105只，A、B组为试验组，C组为对照组。A、B组饲喂在基础日粮中分别添加1％的Ⅰ、Ⅱ号中药方剂的饲料，C组只喂基础日粮，饲喂6周后，观察Ⅰ、Ⅱ号中药方剂对产蛋鸡产蛋率和饲料报酬的影响。结果与对照组相比，试验A、B组鸡的产蛋率分别提高10.13％和6.04％，分别增产13.36％和9.38％，饲料报酬分别提高5.6％和4.1％。结果表明，Ⅰ、Ⅱ组中药方剂都能提高产蛋率和饲料转化率，但从A、B组间相比，经X2检验两组差异明显。     

可直接饲喂微生物(DFM)对生长猪生产性能的影响

选取180头平均80日龄,体重约25kg的三元杂交(杜×长×大)商品代瘦肉型生长猪,按出生日期、体重、性别相近原则随机分为试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和对照组进行饲养试验,其中试验Ⅰ组猪只较试验Ⅱ组的平均体重和日龄相对较小。对照组饲喂基础日粮,两试验组的饲料在对照组日粮基础上添加可直接饲喂微生物(DFM)。经过31天的饲养试验,结果表明:试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组猪只的日增重分别比对照组提高3.21%(P>0.05)和6.07%(P<0.05);料肉比分别比对照组提高了0.82%(P>0.05)和3.28%(P>0.05);经济效益分别提高了3.50%(P>0.05)和8.11%(P<0.05);试验组猪只的腹泻率较对照组各降低了1.67和5.67个百分点。     

大豆黄酮对产蛋初期番鸭生产性能及血清激素水平的影响

选取750只20周龄的白羽番鸭,随机分为3组,每组250只.其中对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组Ⅰ饲喂基础日粮 大豆黄酮(Da)3mg/kg饲料,试验组Ⅱ饲喂基础日粮 大豆黄酮6mg/kg饲料.试验过程中,分别统计其产蛋率、蛋重、受精率和孵化率等指标,并采集血样测定相关激素水平.结果显示,与对照组相比:(1)试验组Ⅰ的见蛋日龄和产蛋率达5%日龄分别提前12d和9d;(2)在试验处理第7、8、9、10周,试验组Ⅰ的产蛋率分别提高10.27%(P＜0.05)、9.52%(P＜0.05)、9.88%(P＜0.01)和7.67%(P＜0.05),试验组Ⅱ呈下降趋势;(3)试验组Ⅱ的受精率和受精蛋孵化率分别降低4.75%(P＜0.01)和2.17%;(4)处理第4、8周试验组Ⅰ血清T3水平分别提高20.14%(P＜0.05)和18.85%(P＜0.05).     

富酶活性酵母对仔猪生产性能的影响

选取体重20kg左右的杜大长杂种断奶仔猪162头,按体重、公母一致原则分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复18头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组Ⅰ饲喂基础饲粮-2%豆粕 2%富酶活性酵母,试验组Ⅱ饲喂基础饲粮-2%豆粕 2%普通酵母饲料。经32天饲养试验表明,试验组Ⅰ比对照组和试验组Ⅱ的平均日增重分别提高8.5%(P<0.05)和7.3%(P<0.05),料重比分别下降4.6%(P>0.05)和5.0%(P>0.05),腹泻频率分别下降44.0%(P<0.05)和39.1%(P<0.05);饲粮总能的表观消化率分别提高6.0%(P<0.05)和6.3%(P<0.05),粗蛋白质的表观消化率分别提高5.9%(P<0.05)和6.3%(P<0.05)。对照组和试验组Ⅱ的各项测定指标无明显差异。     

酒糟不同处理方法对肉牛增重效果的影响

为了研究酒糟发酵后对肉牛育肥的效果,进行了肉牛分组饲喂育肥试验,观察各组肉牛的生长发育和产肉性能。选择年龄、体重相近的西门塔尔牛与本地黄牛的杂交肉牛30头,随机分为3组:试验Ⅰ组饲喂粗纤维分解剂处理过的酒糟+基础日粮,试验Ⅱ组饲喂益生菌复合剂处理过的酒糟+基础日粮,对照组饲喂基础日粮+酒糟。结果表明:试验Ⅰ组肉牛的日增重1.24 kg,试验Ⅱ组肉牛的日增重1.14 kg,分别比对照组提高了27.84%和17.53%(P0.01),试验Ⅰ组肉牛日增重比试验Ⅱ组提高了8.77%(P0.05);试验Ⅰ组净肉重分别比试验Ⅱ组和对照组提高了4.44%(P0.05)和11.29%(P0.05),试验Ⅱ组净肉重比对照组提高了6.56%(P0.05);试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组的经济效益分别比对照组增加777.40元和489.70元。     

植酸酶对断奶仔猪生产性能和有关生化指标的影响

选择60日龄、体重相近的断奶仔猪30头,随机分成三组,基础日粮为玉米-豆粕型日粮。试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组分别以200 g/T的植酸酶取代50%、75%磷酸氢钙,对照组饲喂基础日粮。试验结果表明:试验Ⅰ组断奶仔猪的日增重和饲料报酬均优于对照组(P<0.05)。而试验Ⅱ组上述指标有所下降。添加植酸酶后,粪中磷含量分别下降38.7%和24.20%(P<0.05),对环境的污染明显减少。血液中无机磷的含量与对照组没有显著差异(P>0.05)。     

复合中草药饲料添加剂对肉牛生产性能和肉质的影响试验

随机选择180日龄,健康无病的杂种肉牛36头,分设对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组.自拟中草药饲料添加剂,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组日粮中分别添加1%和2%复合中草药添加剂.经60 d饲养试验,与对照组相比,日增重试验Ⅱ组提高29.66%(P<0.01),试验Ⅰ组提高7.46%(P<0.05);日粮养分消化率:试验Ⅱ组粗蛋白消化率提高12.55%(P<0.05),干物质消化率提高31.11(P<0.01),粗纤维消化率提高14.86%(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ组则分别提高2.06%(P<0.05)、4.01%(P<0.05)和5.28%(P<0.05);背最长肌中脂肪酸含量:试验组棕榈酸含量比对照组降低2.12%～8.14%,棕榈油酸含量则提高26.94%～57.99%;试验Ⅱ组丝氨酸、谷氨酸、苯丙氨酸和必需氨基酸含量分别提高158.74%、57.81%、127.43%和65.21%,差异极显著(P<0.01).     

夏季日粮中添加富硒酵母对海兰褐蛋鸡生产性能的影响

为了研究日粮中添加富硒酵母对夏季热应激海兰褐蛋鸡生产性能的影响,试验选择420日龄海兰褐蛋鸡360只,随机分成4组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组在基础日粮中分别添加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的富硒酵母。试验开始后每天记录采食量、产蛋量和蛋重,计算料蛋比、产蛋率,并分别在第15,30,45,60天测定产蛋鸡体重。结果表明:与对照组比较,试验第15天时,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组料蛋比显著降低(P0.05);第30天时,试验Ⅲ组蛋鸡的体重、产蛋率和料蛋比均显著降低(P0.05),试验Ⅱ组的产蛋率显著降低(P0.05);第45天时,试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的产蛋率显著降低(P0.05);第60天时,试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组的产蛋率显著降低(P0.05),试验Ⅱ组的平均蛋重和料蛋比显著升高(P0.05);各处理组比较,试验第15天时,试验Ⅲ组的料蛋比显著高于试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组(P0.05);试验第30天时,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组蛋鸡体重、料蛋比均显著低于试验Ⅲ组(P0.05);试验第45天时,试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组产蛋率显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P0.05);试验第60天时,试验Ⅱ组的产蛋率显著低于试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅲ组(P0.05),料蛋比显著升高(P0.05)。说明夏季蛋鸡日粮中添加富硒酵母对平均蛋重有一定的提高作用,同时降低料蛋比,提高饲料转化率。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein