Age structure of Tilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northern slope of Changbai Mountain

IntroductionAgestructureoftrees,whichreflcctsrcge11eratio11processandvelocity,meansquantityoftreesdividingbyage.Broad-leavedKoreanpineforestwastl1etypicalzol1alvegetationofChangbaiMountaininNortheastO1ina,anditwastheprimarygymnospermconununitysurvivedaftertheQuatemaryGlacierPeriod.Alotofcommunityinf`)r-mationaccumulatCdinthestr-uctllreofforeststandsa11dgrowingprocessofindividualtrees.So,athoroughstUdyonagestructureanditsdistributiol1ofbroad-leavedKore-anpine.forestwouldprovidetl1eoretical…     

Age structure ofTilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northern slope of Changbai Mountain

Based on a vast of field investigation on stamps inTilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northern slope of Changbai Mountain, age structure of some major species were studied in this paper. The results showed that Korean pine population was composed of grouped patches with different ages. There were not strict intervals among the dominated generations, and the curve of age structure often had two or more peaks. The distribution of broad-leaved species in natural Korean pine forest was grouped or scattered, and age distribution was also uneven-aged. There existed close relation between quality of broad-leaved species and Korean pine. So, it shaped multi-storied and uneven-aged mixed forest. The model of age structure and growth demonstrated their passive correlation, but growth became slow when woods had reached old age. The study was funded by the Opened Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. (Reponsible Editor: Chai Rulhai)     

长白山林区次生阔叶林冠下红松人工更新与培育技术

通过对长白山林区林隙环境、林隙对红松生长的影响及肛伐强度对阔叶树生长、红松更新的研究,为科学地确定上红松更佳的最佳上层郁闭度,提高林分生长量,确定红松采伐年龄,促进天然林保护工程的发展提供科学的依据和技术。     

Study of structure and dynamics of Korean pine forest in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains

The thesis for the Doctorate consist of two parts. The first is to study on structure, dynamics and tree growth of natural Korean pine forest. The second is to research for tree architecture, growth and stand structure of artificial Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forests.The thesis compares the stand structure, process of regeneration, and various tree growth patterns between natural forests and artificial forests. Its purpose is to give a basis for forest management and silviculture. The study was carried out in Liangshui Experimental Forest Farm, which is located in the southern Xiaoxing’an Mountains.     

STUDY OF STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF KOREAN PINE FOREST IN THE XIAOXING′AN MOUNTAINS

THEMAINCoNTENToNTHENATURALFORESTAgeStTucture,SpatialPattern,andDynamicsofKoreanPineForestSpa-halpatternoftrees,basalstemincrementandheightwereexaminedina5.ohm2mixeddeciduous/Pinuskoraiensisfor-est.ConcIusionsareasfollowingtAgestructureAgedeterminationsonthestudyplotshowthatKoreanpineisalonglivedtreespeciesandunevenagedpopuIation.ThegeneraIecoIogicalIongevi-tyisabout3OO-4oOyear-o1d.TheoverstoryKoreanpinetreesincludeawiderangeofage,themaximumageofKoreanpinetreeonthestudyp1ot…     

The relationship of structure and regeneration of broad-leaved Korean pine forest on the north slope of Mt. Changbai

IntrodedionEcologicaIstudieshavebeenconductedli1theBroad-leavedKoreanpineforestatMt.Changbaiformanyyears[1].Sincetheintroductionoftheconceptofgapphaseregeneration,relationshipbetweengapandregenerationoftheforesthasobtainedmoreattention.Detailedinves-tigationonspeciescomposition,vegetationstructureandtheirroleindetermininggapregimeislackinghowever.Theaimofthepresentstudyistogetadetailedmeas-ureofthespatialpatternsofcanopytreesandrelatethistothegapformation,gapsizeandtheirroleinregenerationoft…     

长白山北坡森林群落交错区优势树种动态

基于28个20mx90m样地的调查数据,利用Lotka-Volterra模型,本文分析了长白山北坡阔叶红松(Pinuskoraiensis)林和云冷杉林(也叫暗针叶林)群落交错区优势树种之间的竞争及动态。结果显示:在自然条件下,群落将向两个方向分化,一是以云杉(PiceajezoensisandP.koraiensis)和冷杉(Abiesnephrolepis)为优势的群落,并在达到平衡时冷杉占绝对优势(相对优势度的77.1%):另一种是以红松或云冷杉和阔叶树占绝对优势的针阔混交林,并在达到平衡时,阔叶树在阔叶红松林中占相对优势度的50%,在云冷杉一阔叶林类型中占66%。同时,本研究说明:(1)阔叶红松林和云冷杉林都是长白山气候顶极群落:(2)交错区具有过渡性质:(3)森林群落的分化结果说明演替的方向受局部生境的影响。图1表3参24。     

不同强度间伐对长白山天然林林下植物多样性的影响

对吉林森工集团松江河林业局辖区内的阔叶红松林、杂木林和杨桦林采取30%～40%（T1）、20%（T2）株数强度的均匀间伐处理,以不间伐处理为对照（CK）,对间伐2 a后林下植物木本、草本植物进行调查,采用Simpson、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数进行植物多样性分析,探讨不同强度间伐对3个林型林下植物多样性的影响。研究结果表明：T1间伐后3个林型的物种丰富度均有增加（杂木林木本植物例外）,T2间伐后杨桦林木本植物丰富度降低,草本植物丰富度增加。两种间伐处理均增加阔叶红松林木本植物多样性,T1处理尤为明显。T1处理增加杂木林和杨桦林木本植物多样性,而T2间伐处理有较弱的降低作用。两种间伐处理均降低阔叶红松林和杂木林草本植物多样性,与强度无明显关系。随着间伐强度的增加杨桦林草本植物多样性增大。在长白山天然林中,较大间伐强度T1（30%～40%）能够有效提高植物多样性。     

不同间伐强度对人工阔叶红松林生长的影响

文章针对不同间伐强度对人工阔叶红松林生长的影响进行了调查研究。结果表明:阔叶树胸径生长和蓄积增长率随间伐强度加大而增加,但对树高的影响较小;间伐强度的增大会明显促进红松胸径和树高的生长,但是首次抚育间伐会使当年的树高生长量显著降低,以后随林龄的增加树高生长量会逐渐恢复正常生长;中度间伐措施对阔叶树和红松的生长均比较有利,10a生的阔叶红松林实施上层抚育的适宜间伐强度为45%左右;中度间伐的林分由于资源水平适中(主要是光资源),因而有利于林下植被均匀度和多样性的提高。     

东北地区阔叶红松林恢复的相关问题研究

东北林区现有林经营面临的首要任务是恢复阔叶红松林。栽针保阔是恢复阔叶红松林的科学理论,但还需时间的检验并不断完善。天保工程的实施为提高现有林生产力、恢复阔叶红松林提供了历史机遇,但在实施过程中还存在诸多问题,需要转变观念,正确认识。以近自然森林经营理论为指导,适当发展红松人工林具有重要意义,落叶松人工林可以通过人为诱导向阔叶红松林发展。传统意义上的封山育林不利于阔叶红松林的恢复,应由“封山”向“育林”转变。     

长白山阔叶红松林隙内物种种间关系研究

对长白山阔叶红松林的林隙环境状况、林隙内物种种间关系进行了研究。结果表明:林隙与林内物种丰富度不同,乔木物种丰富度略高于林内,而灌木和草本物种丰富度则明显高于林内;林隙内物种种间关系多数呈负相关,极显著正相关(P<0.01)和显著正相关(P<0.05)种对数较少(乔、灌、草),极显著负相关(P<0.01)和显著负相关(P<0.05)种对数也较少(乔)或没有(灌、草),物种间主要表现为竞争关系;林隙中小气候状况发生了显著改变,光照强度和空气温度显著高于林内(P<0.01),空气相对湿度和地温变化规律也表现出显著变化。     

东北林区过伐林生态系统研究概述

从过伐林类型、群落结构、分布格局、林木生长、生物多样性和经营等方面对东北林区过伐林的研究简要概述,提出今后应加强过伐林动态模拟、结构与功能优化、定向恢复、多功能评价等方面的研究,以期为过伐林的深入研究、加快阔叶红松林恢复进程提供科学依据。     

长白山森林的采伐更新方式

This paper discussed the characteristics of degenerated forest ecosystems in Changbai Mountain area,which include over-harvest natural forest,typical secondary forest,derived forest,and artificial forest.Forest cutting and regeneration methods that were historically used in the region were summarized.They lnclude diameter-class selective cutting,clearcutting,upbringing selective cutting,and selective sutting.We proposed cutting methods for the broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest,spruce-fir forest,and larch forest.The measures for restoring the original mixed forest ecosystems were recommended.     

Dynamic simulations of mixed broadleaved-Pinus koraiensis forests in the Changbaishan biosphere reserve of China

The development of mixed broadleaved-Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) forests in the Changbaishan Biosphere Reserve, located on the border with North Korea, was simulated using the gap model KOPIDE. Forest succession was simulated under three initial conditions from: (1) bare ground after clearcutting; (2) secondary forest; (3) old-growth forest. The simulations from the different initial conditions converged and support earlier successional theory that Korean pine is the climax species on the highlands of northeast China even under disturbed conditions. In addition to clear-cutting, the resilience of the forest to different levels of other human impacts, pine seed harvesting and selective cutting, was examined. These results further demonstrate that these forests possess a relatively stable structure characterized by the dominance of Korean pine. However, the model showed successional processes of the forest to be susceptible to high levels of pine seed harvesting. To predict forest dynamics at landscape scales, KOPIDE was linked with a Geographic Information System containing site and stand data sets. Running this model to simulate a forested area initially comprising several successional stages suggests that, in the absence of disturbance, Korean pine is likely to become increasingly dominant on the area over the next century.     

长白山区水曲柳根呼吸的季节动态及影响因子

为了探讨林木呼吸的季节动态及影响因素,采用LI-COR-6400-06测定并研究长白山红松针阔混交林中天然水曲柳根系呼吸的季节变化规律,分析根系呼吸与土壤温度、土壤湿度和土壤全氮含量等因子的关系。结果表明:天然水曲柳不同径级根系呼吸速率在生长季节均有明显的季节动态,其中7月最高,10月最低,呈单峰曲线,呼吸速率在1.02～9.27μmol·g-1s-1之间;水曲柳根系呼吸速率与10cm深处土壤温度季节变化一致,二者呈显著指数相关(P<0.05);根系呼吸与土壤湿度呈二次曲线相关,即当土壤湿度在一定范围内时根系呼吸速率与其成正比,而当土壤湿度超过一定值时根系呼吸速率则与土壤湿度成反比;根系呼吸速率与土壤N含量呈线性相关,并且随树木年龄的增加呼吸速率下降;不同径级根系呼吸温度系数Q10值在2.21～2.71之间变化,且Q10值随根系径级增大而降低,表明细根对土壤温度的敏感性高于粗根。     

应用地带性植物构建吉林特色森林城市

吉林市地带性植物类型为温带针阔混交林,即,红松针阔叶混交林,该市模拟地带性植物顶级群落建设市域城市森林并提出规划方案。       

Calibrating and testing a gap model for simulating forest management in the Oregon Coast Range

The complex mix of economic and ecological objectives facing today's forest managers necessitates the development of growth models with a capacity for simulating a wide range of forest conditions while producing outputs useful for economic analyses. We calibrated the gap model ZELIG to simulate stand-level forest development in the Oregon Coast Range as part of a landscape-scale assessment of different forest management strategies. Our goal was to incorporate the predictive ability of an empirical model with the flexibility of a forest succession model. We emphasized the development of commercial-aged stands of Douglas-fir, the dominant tree species in the study area and primary source of timber. In addition, we judged that the ecological approach of ZELIG would be robust to the variety of other forest conditions and practices encountered in the Coast Range, including mixed-species stands, small-scale gap formation, innovative silvicultural methods, and reserve areas where forests grow unmanaged for long periods of time. We parameterized the model to distinguish forest development among two ecoregions, three forest types and two site productivity classes using three data sources: chronosequences of forest inventory data, long-term research data, and simulations from an empirical growth-and-yield model. The calibrated model was tested with independent, long-term measurements from 11 Douglas-fir plots (6 unthinned, 5 thinned), 3 spruce-hemlock plots, and 1 red alder plot. ZELIG closely approximated developmental trajectories of basal area and large trees in the Douglas-fir plots. Differences between simulated and observed conifer basal area for these plots ranged from −2.6 to 2.4 m²/ha; differences in the number of trees/ha ≥50 cm dbh ranged from −8.8 to 7.3 tph. Achieving these results required the use of a diameter-growth multiplier, suggesting some underlying constraints on tree growth such as the temperature response function. ZELIG also tended to overestimate regeneration of shade-tolerant trees and underestimate total tree density (i.e., higher rates of tree mortality). However, comparisons with the chronosequences of forest inventory data indicated that the simulated data are within the range of variability observed in the Coast Range. Further exploration and improvement of ZELIG is warranted in three key areas: (1) modeling rapid rates of conifer tree growth without the need for a diameter-growth multiplier; (2) understanding and remedying rates of tree mortality that were higher than those observed in the independent data; and (3) improving the tree regeneration module to account for competition with understory vegetation.     

土壤温度和水分对长白山3种温带森林土壤呼吸的影响

为了研究土壤温度和土壤含水量对阔叶红松林(山地暗棕壤)、云冷杉暗针叶林(山地棕针叶林土壤)和岳桦林(生草森林土)的土壤呼吸的影响,于2001年9月在长白山进行了土壤实验。利用增加土壤样柱的含水量,将土壤含水量分为9%,、21%、30%、37%和43%5个等级,土壤样品分别在0、5、15、25和35的温度下保持24小时。阔叶红松林土壤在0~35范围内,土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关。在一定的含水量范围内(21%~37%),土壤呼吸随含水量的增加而升高,当含水量超出该范围,土壤呼吸速率则随含水量的变化而降低。土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互作用。不同森林类型土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异,大小顺序为阔叶红松林>岳桦林>云冷杉暗针叶林.红松阔叶林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是土壤温度35,含水量37%;云冷杉暗针叶林下的山地棕色针叶土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是25,21%;岳桦林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是35,含水量37%。但是,由于长白山阔叶红松林,云冷杉林和岳桦林处在不同的海拔带上,同期不同森林类型土壤温度各不相同,相差4~5,所以野外所测的同期的山地棕色针叶林土呼吸速率应低于暗棕色森林土呼吸速率,山地生草森林土呼吸速率应高于山地棕色针叶林土的呼吸速率。图2表1参25。     

Adjustment approach to boundary effect on aggregation index and its application

Calculating aggregation index by the sample-plot data used to lead to computing error due to the existence of a boundary effect. Here, we suggest a method for adjusting boundary effect in the analysis of spatial patterns at different stages of development of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest. This method is good for the reasonable management and biological control of the forests. The total station was used to sample the relative coordinates data at four corners of the temporary sample plot and of each tree in the field. Based on the sampling data, a correct approach to the boundary effect on aggregation index was put forward to the spatial pattern analysis of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest in its different stages of development. The results showed that the forest trees grew in a clumped pattern in the stage dominated by the pioneer trees, and that the trees were distributed in a random pattern in the stage dominated by the companion trees or in the mature stage. The spatial pattern of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest changing from clumped to random distribution is influenced by biological characteristic, the adaptive strategy of tree species and the natural disturbance in its entire development. __________ Translated from Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 2005, 29(3): 57–60 [译自: 南京林业大学学报, 2005, 29(3): 57–60]     

基于森林生态系统管理的森林经营与传统森林经营的比较研究

通过长期定位观测研究,对基于森林生态系统管理的经营方法与传统森林经营方法进行了对比研究。结果表明:与传统森林经营方法相比,基于森林生态系统管理的经营方法可有效提高林分年蓄积增长量,采取基于森林生态系统管理经营的林分单位面积年蓄积增长量分别是择伐林分、抚育采伐及对照林分年蓄积增长量的1.20、1.17和1.49倍;林内物种多样性及丰富度指数较传统森林经营方法(抚育、择伐)明显增大,优势种相对明显,个体数在不同种类间的分布较为集中;林内土壤含水量及凋落物输入量增大,土壤肥力明显提高。