对新疆生态环境问题及其对策的若干思考

新疆分布着我国重要的绿洲农业区 ,又是我国资源能源的接替区。在经济发展取得长足进步的同时 ,新疆的生态环境问题日益突出。清醒、客观、准确地认识新疆的生态环境现状 ,制定相应的环境保护对策 ,对于新疆经济社会的可持续发展是十分重要的。本文从了解新疆的自然环境、社会经济特征入手 ,分析了生态环境变化的趋势和主要的生态环境问题 ,提出了有针对性的生态环境保护对策和建议     

新疆绿洲生态环境问题分析

本文结合新疆绿洲环境生态所具有“先天不足 ,后天失调”等脆弱性特点 ,对绿洲水土资源开发利用现状和土地生态问题的成因进行分析 ,并阐述新疆生态环境的改善措施。     

Coupling analysis of social-economic water consumption and its effects on the arid environments in Xinjiang of China based on the water and ecological footprints

In arid areas,ecological degradation aroused by over-exploitation of fresh water,expansion of artificial oasis and shrinkage of natural oasis,has drawn attention of many scholars and officials.The water and ecological footprints can be used to quantitatively evaluate the water consumption of social-economic activities and their influence on the eco-environments.In addition,increase of the water footprint indicates the expansion of artificial oasis,and the influence on the natural oasis could be reflected by the variation of the ecological footprint.This study was conducted to answer a scientific question that what is the quantitative relationship between the expansion of the artificial oasis and the degradation of the natural oasis in the arid environments of Xinjiang,China.Thus,based on the social-economic data,water consumption data and meteorological data during 2001–2015,we calculated the water and ecological footprints to express the human-related pressure exerted on the water resources and arid environments in Xinjiang(including 14 prefectures and cities),and explore the relationship between the water and ecological footprints and its mechanism by using the coupling analysis and Granger causality test.The results show that both the water and ecological footprints of Xinjiang increased significantly during 2001–2015,and the increasing rate of the ecological footprint was much faster than that of the water footprint.The coupling degree between the water and ecological footprints was relatively high at the temporal scale and varied at the spatial scale.Among the 14 prefectures and cities examined in Xinjiang,the greater social-economic development(such as in Karamay and Urumqi)was associated with the lower coupling degree between the two footprints.Increases in the water footprint will cause the ecological footprint to increase,such that a 1-unit increase in the consumption of water resources would lead to 2–3 units of ecological degradation.The quantitative relationship between the increases of the water and ecological footprints,together with the intensities of water consumption both in the natural and artificial oases of Tarim River Basin,have approved the fact that the formation and expansion of 1 unit of the artificial oasis would bring about the degradation of 2 units of the natural oasis.These conclusions not only provide a technical basis for sustainable development in Xinjiang,but also offer a theoretical guide and scientific information that could be used in similar arid areas around the world.     

塔里木河干流绿洲250年人类活动、环境变化及可持续发展模式研究

塔里木河是中国最大的内陆河流,其绿洲可持续发展决定着新疆南疆地区的经济发展与环境稳定。文中根据历史文献和野外考察,分析18世纪中期-20世纪50年代的塔河人类活动与环境变化;利用遥感和GIS技术,获取塔里木河干流上、中、下游1973年、1990年、2000年和2008年土地利用/覆被数据;利用生态系统服务价值理论,分析1973-2008年土地利用/覆被变化的生态环境变化,并利用相关分析方法判断这种变化的驱动因子。结果显示:20世纪50年代以前,人工绿洲主要在源流进行,干流是天然绿洲环境,受制于河流特性的影响;以后人工绿洲开发主要在干流进行,以干流生态环境退化为代价,驱动其变化的是人口、经济利益、政策和资本等人文因素。在此基础上,利用自组织理论和利益相关者理论,建立了塔河干流绿洲可持续发展模式。     

试论绿洲巴扎非物质文化遗产资源及其田野保护——以喀什巴扎为例

本文通过对喀什巴扎的非物质文化要素构成、历史嬗变、价值及其转型分析基础上,认为巴扎是典型的绿洲文化空间,具有非物质文化遗产保护的经济、文化优势,应该成为绿洲非物质文化遗产田野保护模式的重要选择。     

新疆现代绿洲稳定性的尺度条件简析

运用生态经济学理论,研究绿洲稳定性概念指出:绿洲稳定性表现在一定尺度条件下,不同尺度的主要驱动机制不同,稳定性概念也不同;绿洲稳定性的驱动力具有综合性,在大时空尺度下自然驱动力是基础和背景,小时空尺度下人文驱动力是主导;现代绿洲稳定性概念应在绿洲生态经济系统中考察、定义。     

Lake surface area method to define minimum ecological lake level from level-area-storage curves

Lake level assessment is essential for the protection of ecosystem in shrunk or shrinking lakes. Minimum ecological lake level is the critical lake level below which there should be no human activities to further decrease the lake level, and this level can provide a certain protection for the lake ecosystem. Lake surface area method was proposed to define the minimum ecological lake storage as the breakpoint of the lake surface area-storage curve, where the curve slope equals to the ratio of maximum lake surface area to maximum lake storage. If the curve can be expressed as a simple analytical function, the minimum ecological lake storage can be calculated analytically. Otherwise, it can be calculated numerically using the ideal point method for an equivalent multi-objective optimization model that balances ecosystem protection and water use. Then the minimum ecological lake level can be estimated from the lake level-storage curve. Compared with available lake morphology analysis methods, the lake surface area method is superior in its definition of minimum ecological lake level, applicable range of lake morphology, and calculation complexity. The proposed method was applied to two representative lakes in China, including one freshwater lake (the Dongting Lake in Hunan province in Central China) and one saltwater lake (the Ebinur Lake in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region in Northwest China). The estimated minimum ecological lake level for the Dongting Lake is 26.7 m, at which 31% of the maximum lake storage provides 87% of the maximum lake surface area. The result for the Ebinur Lake is 191.2 m, at which 24% of the maximum lake storage provides 54% of the maximum lake surface area. The estimated minimum ecological lake level balances the conflict between economical and ecological water uses, and can provide a relatively larger habitat for the lake ecosystem with relatively smaller lake storage. These results are rational compared with the results of other methods. The calculated minimum ecological lake level can be used in the protection of lake ecosystems and the planning and rational use of water resources in lake basins.     

中亚与新疆绿洲农业的比较

基于实地考查和调研,应用“水热做图分析及干燥度法（K、K′值）]综合研究体系”,对中亚与新疆绿洲农区的形成条件、水热配合、分布类型及其对绿洲农业的影响进行比较研究,初步将研究区分为2大类4小类,即山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区和沙漠内河湖沿岸绿洲农区;4小类包括：① 中亚山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区;② 新疆山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区;③ 中亚沙漠内河湖沿岸绿洲农区;④ 新疆沙漠内河湖沿岸绿洲农区。不同类型绿洲农区的气候资源、土地资源以及环境和社会资源等的差异,给绿洲农业带来多方面的影响,突出表现在：① 灌溉模式。在加强水利建设、实施合理灌溉的基础上,中亚山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区应充分利用雨季降水,实施节水灌溉;而新疆山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区、中亚与新疆沙漠内河湖沿岸绿洲农区则更需强调节水灌溉。② 棉花生产。沙漠内河湖沿岸绿洲农区适合植棉;山前冲-洪积扇及冲积平原绿洲农区气温较高,也适合植棉,但需要配套的栽培技术,海拔较高、纬度偏北区域则不能植棉。     

新疆绿洲土地资源可持续利用的生态经济学分析

本文通过对绿洲土地生态问题的成果分析,结合绿洲生态环境的脆弱性,从经济 学、社会学和生态学的视角,阐述了绿洲土地资源持续利用理论的新构想以及相应对策。     

空间信息技术在历史文化资源保护中的应用研究——以高昌故城为例

历史文化资源是人类传统文化和精神成就的载体,是某个地域和某个民族重要的旅游资源。但由于我国城市化进程的快速发展,使得生态和环境恶化的速度加快,导致历史文化资源急需保护。文中以吐鲁番高昌故城为例,以空间信息技术为手段,在高昌故城遗址周围建立缓冲区,分析和研究了遗产周边的环境变化,并结合实际提出了历史文化资源保护的对策和建议。结果表明:吐鲁番高昌故城周边裸地、低覆盖逐年减少,而中、高覆盖逐年增加,环境总体变化较小,其周边生态环境趋于好转。     

新疆绿洲生态安全及其维护

新疆分布着我国重要的绿洲农业区 ,又是我国资源、能源的重要接替区 ,在经济发展取得长足进步的同时 ,新疆绿洲的生态环境问题日益突出 ,清醒、客观、准确的认识新疆绿洲的生态环境现状 ,制定相应的整治对策 ,对于新疆经济和社会可持续发展是十分重要的。本文在充分剖析该区域生态环境特点的基础上 ,对生态安全面临的挑战作了分析 ,探讨了可持续发展的方向及可行的途径。     

绿洲旅游文化景观资源场域生成机制探析

绿洲是干旱区特有的一种景观,绿洲的封闭性、分散性,惟水性,使得每一绿洲都是一个完整的文化景观场域,文中以布尔迪厄的场域理论为基础,以绿洲自然景观为基底,以绿洲为元场,以清真-巴扎-社会空间文化景观为子场,诠释、演绎了绿洲旅游文化景观的生成机理、结构模式、演变机制,以期为绿洲民族文化旅游资源的深度开发利用与保护提供理论参考。     

Spatiotemporal changes of eco-environmental quality based on remote sensing-based ecological index in the Hotan Oasis,Xinjiang

The rapid economic development that the Hotan Oasis in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China has undergone in recent years may face some challenges in its ecological environment. Therefore,an analysis of the spatiotemporal changes in ecological environment of the Hotan Oasis is important for its sustainable development. First, we constructed an improved remote sensing-based ecological index(RSEI) in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 on the Google Earth Engine(GEE) platform and impleme...     

Glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus):a new bird record in Xinjiang,China

XIA Yong and WANG Yaotian saw a first-year glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) at Beihu Lake,Shihezi (a city of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region;44°22′N,86°07′E;416 m asl) on 2 January 2016.The gull was also seen and photographed by other observers in the period of 19 December 2015 to 10 January,2016.     

额济纳绿洲生态系统的演变与整治

本文在分析额济纳绿洲生态系统历史演变的基础上 ,划分了三个生态演变时期 ,即良性循环期、生态恶化期与生态危机期 ;依据绿洲各生态要素间的依存关系与演变规律 ,提出判定绿洲生死存亡的地表水补给量与地下水水位最低临界值以及对绿洲进行综合整治的三条原则与八项措施。     

亚欧大陆中心区域水热资源配合状况与绿洲农业适应性研究

采用水热作图和干燥度计算比较分析的方法,对中亚和新疆水热资源配合进行研究,发现中亚和新疆在"山地-绿洲-荒漠系统"及特殊地理、气候条件下形成的水热配合,中亚属水热不同期配合、新疆属水热同期配合。人们在充分利用自然降水基础上实施灌溉,形成绿洲农业对水资源的适应性。随着科学技术和经济实力进步,膜下滴灌等现代农业技术的实施,促进光、热、水、土资源成为新型水热资源耦合,进一步发挥绿洲农业适应性优势,造就了绿洲特色农业,推进农业现代化建设。     

Ambient TSP concentration and dustfall variation in Urumqi,China

Total suspended particulate(TSP, particle diameter≤100 μm) was the dominant air pollutant and significantly influenced local air quality. In this paper, we investigated the interannual and seasonal variations of TSP and dustfall of the atmosphere over Urumqi, the capital city of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, northwestern China, basing on environmental monitoring records and meteorological data from 1986–2012. The results showed that during the study period, annual average TSP concentration decreased from 716 to 260 μg/m3, with an average level of 422.9 μg/m3, while dustfall intensity reduced from 350.4 to 166.6 t/(km2?a), with an average level of 259 t/(km2?a). Over 50% of the annual pollution days were induced mainly by TSP. Spring and winter had relatively higher dustfall intensities, and dense traffic and residential areas had the highest dustfall intensities in the Urumqi metropolitan area. With an annual average precipitation of less than 300 mm, atmospheric particulates in Urumqi could be hardly removed through wet deposition. During spring and summertime prevailing winds from northwest and northeast could carry aeolian dust particles from sandy deserts to Urumqi. Aeolian dusts from deserts would remain to be a priority regarding air pollution control in arid oasis cities.     

Agricultural irrigation requirements under future climate scenarios in China

 Projecting future water demand, especially in terms of agricultural irrigation demand, as well as identifying high-risk areas and establishing appropriate water demand management has become increasingly important in China. Climate scenarios provide opportunities to predict future irrigation requirements (IRs). We examined changes in IRs and agricultural drought in response to rising greenhouse gas concentrations in China using eight global climate models from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. In this research, Northeast China, the North China Plain and the Yarlung Tsangpo River Valley area in southeastern Tibet were estimated to receive more precipitation in the future, whereas Southeast and Northwest China, especially the Junggar and Tarim basins in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, will receive less precipitation. IRs will undergo a significant increase in summer (June–August), especially in July, whereas the smallest increase was predicted to occur in autumn (September–November). Middle rice was identified as the greatest contributor to the increase in total IRs. The areas predicted to experience significant increases in IRs include Northwest China (the Tarim and Junggar basins in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, the Hexi Corridor in Gansu province and the Guanzhong Plain in Shaanxi province), Southeast China (especially Fujian province), and Southwest China (Yarlung Tsangpo River Valley area in Tibet and the Sichuan Basin).     

干旱区绿洲旅游开发的环境影响及减缓措施研究——以阳关文化旅游景区为例

发展和建设绿洲是实现干旱区生态系统良性循环的基础,也是抑制荒漠化的重要途径.然而人们在绿洲旅游开发和经营过程中缺乏生态环境保护意识,过分追求经济效益,忽视了对绿洲资源的保护和管理,造成绿洲生态环境的严重破坏.文中分析了南湖绿洲现有的主要环境问题,并以阳关文化旅游景区开发建设为例,研究干旱区绿洲旅游开发的环境影响及其减缓...     

孔雀河流域绿洲生态支持系统调控模式研究

生态环境用水量的减少是孔雀河流域近 50年来现代绿洲环境退化的主要原因 ,维持生态与社会经济的合理用水比例是绿洲系统持续发展的前提。以此为基础 ,本文采用水资源承载力的方法探讨了绿洲生态支持子系统和社会经济子系统优化调控模式 ,最后就配置方案及发展模式的可行性进行了分析