旋耕-碎茬仿生刀片田间作业性能的试验研究

为检测旋耕-碎茬仿生刀片的田间作业功耗和作业质量,利用应变片型扭矩传感器对安装仿生刀片的两行耕整机进行田间作业功耗电测试验,依照国标测试方法测定作业质量,并与国标旋耕刀和常用碎茬刀进行了对比。田间试验结果表明:旋耕试验中,旋耕-碎茬仿生刀片的单位切土面积功耗小于国标旋耕刀,且作业质量优于国标旋耕刀;碎茬试验中,仿生刀片单位切土面积功耗小于常用碎茬刀,作业质量较碎茬刀稍差,但依旧满足国标要求。该研究工作为实现只应用一种刀片来完成旋耕和碎茬2种不同作业的目标提供了参考。     

ACE inhibitory activity in enzymatic hydrolysates of insect protein

In this paper, ACE inhibitory activity in insect protein hydrolyzed by various enzymes (gastrointestinal proteases, alcalase, and thermolysin) is reported for the first time. Four insects of different insect orders were tested: Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera), Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera), Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera), and Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera). ACE inhibitory activity was measured by two different methods: a spectrophotometric method using FAPGG (2-furanacryloyl-phenylalanyl-glycyl-glycine) as substrate, and an HPLC method using dansyltriglycine (DTG) as substrate. Hydrolysis of the insect protein resulted in an increased ACE inhibitory activity. Overall, the highest ACE inhibitory activity was obtained after gastrointestinal digestion. These results suggest a role for insect protein as antihypertensive component in functional foods and nutraceuticals. Furthermore, the ACE inhibitory activity differed according to the method used. As a consequence, there is a need to standardize methodologies to evaluate ACE inhibitory activity.     

花生壳磁性生物炭对颜料污泥厌氧消化及重金属形态的影响

投加外源添加剂磁性生物炭（Magnetic Biochar,MBC）是解决颜料污泥厌氧消化效率低和重金属钝化效率低的有效途径。该研究选取农业废弃物花生壳制备生物炭（Biochar,BC）,而BC对厌氧消化和重金属钝化的影响有限,对其赋磁改性制得MBC以提升影响效果。设置3组厌氧消化批式试验,A组为对照组,B组投加BC,C组投加MBC,探索花生壳MBC对颜料污泥厌氧消化效率及重金属Cr和Ni钝化的影响。结果表明,MBC投加可有效提升消化系统挥发性脂肪酸（Volatile Fatty Acids,VFAs）的产量,最高VFAs浓度达914.5 mg/L,较对照组（最高浓度603.9 mg/L）提升51.4%。同时MBC可实现生物炭和Fe3O4的双重直接种间电子传递（Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer,DIET）效应的耦合,缓解消化系统的酸化并提高有机物去除率和CH4累积产量。与对照组相比,挥发性固体（Volatile Solid,VS）去除率、累积甲烷产量、平均日甲烷产量和平均日甲烷产率分别提升37.8%、56.3%、56.3%和37.2%。此外,MBC投加可有效降低颜料污泥的重金属生物可利用态分配率和提升钝化效率,与原料相比,Cr的可交换态、可还原态质量占比降低43.6%、61.6%,而可氧化态、残渣态质量占比提升53.2%、243.6%;Ni的可交换态、可还原态质量占比降低41.0%、59.2%,而可氧化态、残渣态质量占比提升65.2%、181.4%。研究结果表明MBC可有效提高颜料污泥厌氧消化效率并降低重金属Cr和Ni的生物利用度,该研究有助于实现颜料污泥的稳定化、无害化、资源化利用。     

吹扫式仿生嗅觉检测装置的设计与性能试验

为研究仿生嗅觉检测装置的检测性能,该文研制了一种吹扫式仿生嗅觉检测装置,选取传感器阵列灵敏度、响应时间和恢复时间作为装置性能指标,分析了传感器加热电压、待检气体湿度以及流量等控制参数对嗅觉检测性能的影响,并进一步验证优化控制参数的仿生嗅觉检测装置对气味检测的可行性和检测性能。试验结果表明:传感器阵列灵敏度随加热电压增大而增大,其响应和恢复时间随加热电压增大而减小,加热电压为5.0 V时,装置性能较佳,其传感器阵列灵敏度分布范围为2.260~4.823,响应和恢复时间分布范围分别为46~53 s、44~70 s;增加气体湿度会使传感器阵列灵敏度减小,同时也会延长响应和恢复时间,气体相对湿度为30%时,装置性能较佳;传感器阵列灵敏度随载气流量的增加先递增后减小,其响应和恢复时间随流量的增加先减小后递增,流量为100 m L/min时,装置性能较佳,其传感器阵列灵敏度分布范围为2.853~7.559,响应和恢复时间分布范围分别为35~50 s、30~50 s;在优化控制参数下,待检气体体积分数范围控制在0.002%~0.020%时,装置检测灵敏度较高,范围为3 577.1~6 700.7;线性特性和重复性较好,决定系数范围为0.901~0.997,变异系数范围为0.832%~9.696%,能满足仿生嗅觉气味检测的要求,可为后续开展仿生嗅觉的应用性研究提供数据参考与技术支撑。     

蚯蚓非光滑体表形貌与降阻特性

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)为研究对象,制备了舒张态、静息态、收缩态3种体表试样。利用OLYMPUS体视显微镜及OLYCIATMM3图像分析系统,对蚯蚓体表形貌进行分析,结果表明蚯蚓体表形貌属于典型的波纹形非光滑结构,体部纹理小而密,非光滑单元密度较大,头部纹理大而稀,非光滑单元密度较小。头部舒张态、静息态、收缩态非光滑结构单元体宽度和高度之比分别为1.65︰1︰0.78和0.23︰1︰1.27;而体部舒张态、静息态、收缩态非光滑结构单元体宽度和高度之比分别为1.65︰1︰0.81和0.33︰1︰1.28。利用微黏附力测试系统,对蚯蚓体表展平试样和钢试样进行土壤滑动阻力试验,结果表明蚯蚓体表试样的降阻效果由大到小依次是收缩态、静息态、舒张态;而且,头部比体部降阻效果明显;与钢试样相比,头部和体部收缩态的降阻率分别为39%和29%。该研究可为生物非光滑表面仿生研究以及揭示蚯蚓体表形貌和润滑耦合仿生机制提供基础数据。     

Simple and Accurate Method for Routine Analysis of Heavy Metals in Soil,Plant, and Fertilizer

With environmental issues relating to heavy-metal contamination of natural resources becoming of increasing concern, there is an obvious need to have a method that can be used for routine analysis of a range of materials including soil, sediment, sewage sludge, plant, mineral and organic fertilizers, and other miscellaneous materials for heavy metals of concern. A single-step microwave digestion method was developed using aqua regia solution for digestion of finely ground samples for determining 15 heavy metals in soil, plant, and fertilizer materials using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results on the recoveries of 15 heavy metals added via certified standard reference sample to soil, plant, or fertilizer samples showed that the results varied with the metal and the substrate, and with few exceptions, the results were satisfactory. The method is simple, rapid, and accurate and seems ideal for the routine analyses of a range of materials. Using microwave-assisted digestion, an analyst can perform more than 100 analyses in a working day.     

Comparison of methods for measuring heavy metals and total phosphorus in soils contaminated by different sources

The relationships between the concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) as measured by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), aqua regia, and HNO₃ pressure digestion were studied in soil samples covering a wide range of heavy metal concentrations. The soils were contaminated by sewage sludge, exhaust depositions, river sediments of mining residues, and dump material. The question was addressed whether the source of heavy metals or other soil properties affect the relationship between these three methods. The aqua regia-digestible fraction of the five heavy metals reached on average 64% of the XRF-detectable content. The pressure accelerated HNO₃-digestible fraction of the five heavy metals was on average 71% of the XRF-detectable content; the respective phosphorus (P) fraction reached a median of 75%. This suggests that HNO₃ pressure digestion can also be used for characterizing the total P content of soils. Aqua regia extraction and HNO₃ pressure digestion gave similar values for Zn, Pb, and Cu, which dominate the heavy metal load of most contamination sources. Significantly higher Cr values were obtained by HNO₃ pressure digestion than by aqua regia extraction. Additionally, the Cr contents were affected by the source, e.g. sewage sludge had relatively high contents of aqua regia and HNO₃ pressure extractable contents in comparison to the XRF values. The element-specific relationships between the three methods were all highly significant. However, the respective multiple linear regression models were in most cases affected by soil organic carbon (C), in some cases by clay or soil pH.     

浙江省典型水稻产区土壤水稻系统重金属 迁移特征及定量模型

重金属在土壤?水稻系统中迁移转化规律越来越受到人们的关注。本研究采集浙江省3个不同区位(浙北南浔、浙中嵊州、浙南温岭)的水稻主产区土壤、水稻样品,基于水稻品种(杂交水稻和晚粳稻)进行重金属迁移转化的影响因子分析,明确主要驱动因子,建立定量评测模型并进行验证,以此掌握浙江省典型水稻产区重金属的迁移转化规律。研究结果表明,3个研究区土壤的理化性状存在差异,其中嵊州产区土壤的p H(均值为5.52)、有机质(均值为39.4 g?kg?1)、重金属形态含量等均低于其他两个研究区;3个产区土壤和水稻中重金属含量也存在显著性差异,温岭产区土壤重金属(Cd、Cu、Zn)含量显著高于其他两个产区(P0.05),而嵊州产区的水稻重金属含量则显著高于南浔产区(P0.05);Cd和Zn富集系数高于Cu和Ni,嵊州产区的重金属富集系数(0.018~0.521)显著高于其他两个产区(南浔为0.004~0.143,温岭为0.007~0.269)。土壤重金属形态和土壤理化性质均显著影响不同品种的富集系数,其中土壤理化性质的作用相对较大。对数线性迁移模型能够预测实际产地环境中土壤?水稻系统重金属的有效性(富集系数),晚粳稻的预测结果优于杂交水稻,重金属Ni的预测效果(杂交水稻和晚粳稻的回归系数r分别达0.61、0.70,P0.01)好于其他重金属,而杂交水稻重金属Cd的预测效果(r值为0.21,P0.05)偏低,需增加环境变量,并做进一步研究以提高预测精度。     

Release of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion: from batch experiment to semicontinuous model

Gastrointestinal digestion is of major importance in the bioavailability of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides, bioactive peptides with possible antihypertensive effects. In this study, the conditions of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion leading to the formation and degradation of ACE inhibitory peptides were investigated for pea and whey protein. In batch experiments, the digestion simulating the physiological conditions sufficed to achieve the highest ACE inhibitory activity, with IC(50) values of 0.076 mg/mL for pea and 0.048 mg/mL for whey protein. The degree of proteolysis did not correlate with the ACE inhibitory activity and was always higher for pea than whey. In a semicontinuous model of gastrointestinal digestion, response surface methodology studied the influence of temperature and incubation time in both the stomach and small intestine phases on the ACE inhibitory activity and degree of proteolysis. For pea protein, a linear model for the degree of proteolysis and a quadratic model for the ACE inhibitory activity could be constituted. Within the model, a maximal degree of proteolysis was observed at the highest temperature and the longest incubation time in the small intestine phase, while maximal ACE inhibitory activity was obtained at the longest incubation times in the stomach and small intestine phase. These results show that ACE inhibitory activity of pea and whey hydrolysates can be controlled by the conditions of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.     

Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestion of soy protein

Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity was determined in the soy protein isolate (SPI) digest produced by in vitro pepsin-pancreatin sequential digestion. The inhibitory activity was highest within the first 20 min of pepsin digestion and decreased upon subsequent digestion with pancreatin. An IC(50) value of 0.28 +/- 0.04 mg/mL was determined after 180 min of digestion, while no ACE inhibitory activity was measured for the undigested SPI at 0.73 mg/mL. Chromatographic fractionation of the SPI digest resulted in IC(50) values of active fractions ranging from 0.13 +/- 0.03 to 0.93 +/- 0.08 mg/mL. Although many of the fractions showed ACE inhibition, peptides with lower molecular masses and higher hydrophobicities were most active. The findings show that many different peptides with ACE inhibitory activities were produced after in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestion of SPI and lead to the speculation that physiological gastrointestinal digestion could also yield ACE inhibitory peptides from SPI.     

Evaluation of the stability and antioxidant activity of nanoencapsulated resveratrol during in vitro digestion

Resveratrol was encapsulated in oil-in-water food-grade nanoemulsions of subcellular size, produced by high-pressure homogenization. Physicochemical stability was evaluated under accelerated aging (high temperature and UV light exposure), as well as during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Antioxidant activity was assessed at different stages of digestion by chemical assays and by an improved cellular assay, to measure exclusively the residual activity of resveratrol that penetrated inside Caco-2 cells. Results showed that the nanoemulsions based on soy lecithin/sugar esters and Tween 20/glycerol monooleate were the most physically and chemically stable, in terms of mean droplet size (always <180 nm) and resveratrol loading, during both accelerated aging and gastrointestinal digestion. These formulations also exhibited the highest chemical and cellular antioxidant activities, which was comparable to unencapsulated resveratrol dissolved in DMSO, suggesting that nanoencapsulated resveratrol, not being metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract, can be potentially absorbed through the intestinal wall in active form.     

Effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on sialic acid and gangliosides present in human milk and infant formulas

The effects of simulated gastrointestinal digestion upon sialic acid and gangliosides in infant and follow-on formulas and human milk, as well as their bioaccessibility, have been evaluated. The gastric stage is the step that causes a greater decrease in sialic acid and ganglioside contents. The intestinal stage only decreases the total and individual contents of gangliosides. After gastrointestinal digestion, neither sialic acid nor gangliosides were found in the nonbioaccessible fraction. The highest bioaccessibility (100 × content in soluble fraction after gastrointestinal digestion/total content) of sialic acid is found in human milk (87%), followed by infant formula (77%) and follow-on formula (16%). In the case of gangliosides, the highest bioaccessibility is present in the follow-on formula (51%), followed by human milk (29%) and infant formula (5%).     

木质纤维素生物质厌氧发酵沼渣热化学转化利用研究进展

厌氧发酵技术可以将木质纤维素生物质转化为沼气,并伴随副产物沼渣产生。随着大型沼气工程的发展,大量沼渣排放已成为厌氧发酵技术推广应用的主要限制因素之一,亟须对沼渣进行快速有效处理。其中,沼渣的热化学转化利用符合大型沼气工程发展趋势,是当前的研究热点之一。首先分析木质纤维素沼渣的原料特性与热化学转化潜力;再对沼渣成型燃料、热解以及水热炭化等领域的研究现状进行分析,着重对沼渣衍生产物特性、热化学转化过程中存在的问题以及与厌氧发酵结合的潜在优势等方面进行讨论;最后,对沼渣热化学转化的发展趋势进行了展望。木质纤维素生物质厌氧发酵与沼渣热化学转化结合的应用模式研究对大型沼气工程推广应用具有一定的科学意义。     

形态/材料耦合仿生功能表面减阻特性及机制

模仿海豚皮肤特殊结构的形态/材料耦合仿生功能表面可有效降低流体机械表面阻力,是流体机械实现节能减排的研究热点。该文采用流固耦合模拟技术,针对上述功能表面的面层材料及基底仿生形态2种耦合因素,各取3种不同的数值模型,对其减阻特性进行研究。计算结果表明:面层材料的弹性模量及基底仿生形态的间距对其减阻特性影响较大;面层材料的弹性模量越小,其顺应流体介质的能力越强,减阻效果越好;基底仿生形态的间距对于黏性阻力的影响效果显著,当间距为2 mm时,其减阻效果最好。减阻机制主要体现为:仿生耦合功能表面面层材料的弹性变形导致其实际流固接触界面与流固耦合界面产生分离,使其表面速度梯度降低,从而实现表面摩擦阻力的降低。     

Influence of industrial processing on orange juice flavanone solubility and transformation to chalcones under gastrointestinal conditions

Orange juice manufactured at industrial scale was subjected to digestion under in vitro gastrointestinal conditions (pH, temperature, and enzyme and chemical conditions) to evaluate the influence of individual industrial processing treatments on flavanone solubility, stability, and ability to permeate through a membrane under simulated physiological conditions. Four industrial processes including squeezing, standard pasteurization, concentration, and freezing were evaluated. Hand squeezing was compared with industrial squeezing. After in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of the orange juices, the flavanones able to permeate through a dialysis membrane, and those remaining in the retentate were evaluated by HPLC as were those present in the insoluble fraction. In all of the assayed orange juices, a high content of precipitated chalcones ( approximately 70% of the total flavanones) was formed under the physiological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Hand squeezing provided a higher concentration of flavanones in the permeated fraction and lower transformation to chalcones than industrial squeezing. Standard pasteurization did not influence the solubility and permeability of the orange juice flavanones and chalcones. Industrial concentration did not affect the amount of flavanones able to permeate but decreased the chalcones produced. Juices produced from frozen orange juice contained considerably smaller amounts of both soluble flavanones and insoluble chalcones.     

仿螃蟹步行机构及其通过性试验

仿生步行机构的研究对于复杂地形的行走机构开发具有十分重要的意义。为了设计出性能优越、结构简单的仿生步行机构,通过分析中华绒螯蟹的行走步态,提出了仿螃蟹步行机构的设计方案。由于螃蟹尾端的两只步足较少参与行走,为简化设计,将步行机构设计成6足式,腿部运动由六连杆机构实现。利用三维建模软件CATIA建立了步行机构整体模型,并在ADAMS中完成了运动学分析,得到步行机构足端运动轨迹,结果表明该步行机构能够完成预期的动作。根据设计加工出样机,在非常规地面上与轮式模型车进行通过性对比试验,结果表明仿螃蟹步行机构在农业生产所涉及的松软地面上具有较高的通过性能,在崎岖硬地面上波动比轮式模型车降低5%~75%。该步行机构还可作为试验平台,通过对其腿部杆件尺寸和足端触地方式的优化,为开展提高步行机构在不同地面通过性提供基础研究设备条件。     

蝼蛄前足爪趾三维几何构形的减阻机理

触土部件的阻力直接影响耕作机械和工程机械的作业效率,该研究利用工程仿生设计方法,基于蝼蛄前足爪趾优异的地下掘进能力,提取前足爪趾的三维几何构形特征用于仿生试件设计,通过土槽切削阻力试验和有限元模拟,分析蝼蛄前足爪趾几何构形的减阻性能和机理。研究结果表明,前足爪趾的构形特征对切削阻力有显著影响（P<0.05）,仿生试件的切削阻力较楔状体试件最高可降低56.96%,三维仿生构形的减阻性能优于一维和二维构形。蝼蛄前足爪趾构形能使被切削土壤沿挖掘面顺畅移动,避免了土壤在仿生试件尖部的堆积和对中后部的挤压,实现切削阻力的减小。该基于蝼蛄前足爪趾的工程仿生研究可为耕作和工程机械触土部件的减阻设计提供理论基础。     

Site-Specific Gastrointestinal Metal Variability in Relation to the Gut Content and Fish Age of Indigenous European Chub from the Sava River

This comprehensive field survey on indigenous European chub (Squalius cephalus L.) presents, for the first time, site-specific variability of trace metal concentrations in the gut content, gastrointestinal tissue and two gastrointestinal sub-cellular fractions, operationally defined as metal-sensitive fraction (S50, which was isolated at 50,000?×?g and contains total water soluble proteins), and metal detoxified fraction (heat-treated S50 (HT S50), which contains heat-stable proteins like metallothioneins). At five sampling sites along the Sava River in Croatia 1 to 5-year-old chub were collected in the post-spawning period (September) in order to estimate if metal concentrations in fish intestine are related to their levels in the gut content or fish age. Concentrations of essential metals (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn) and non-essential Cd decrease in the gut content as follows: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cd, while in the gastrointestinal tissue: Zn > Fe > Cu ?? Mn > Cd. Observed difference in metal abundance between the gut content and gastrointestinal tissue points to the selective metal absorption in fish intestine. Relationship among metal concentrations in the gastrointestinal tissue and two sub-cellular fractions (S50/HT S50) is significant for all analysed metals, with Spearman correlation coefficients (r) at p?<?0.01 for Zn 0.84/0.73, Cu 0.73/0.73, Fe 0.62/0.58, Mn 0.81/0.78, Cd 0.81/0.82. Site-specific differences point to the age-related increase of gastrointestinal Cu, Mn and Cd towards the downstream sites, while significant correlation between metal concentrations in the gut content and fish age exists only for Mn. In the sub-cellular gastrointestinal fractions, site-specific differences were not recorded on total water-soluble protein and metallothionein concentrations, which might be ascribed to the constitutional level.     

Assessment of degradation and intestinal cell uptake of carotenoids and chlorophyll derivatives from spinach puree using an in vitro digestion and Caco-2 human cell model

Although numerous studies have demonstrated the health benefits of chlorophyll derivatives, information regarding the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of these phytochemicals is quite limited. To better understand the digestion of these pigments, green vegetables including fresh spinach puree (FSP), heat- and acid-treated spinach puree (HASP), and ZnCl(2)-treated spinach puree (ZnSP) were subjected to an in vitro digestion method which simulates both the gastric and small intestinal phases of the process. Native chlorophylls were converted to Mg-free pheophytin derivatives during digestion. Conversely, Zn-pheophytins were completely stable during the digestive process. Transfer of lipophilic chlorophyll derivatives, as well as the carotenoids lutein and beta-carotene, into the aqueous micellar fraction from the food matrix was quantified. Micellarization of total chlorophyll derivatives differed significantly (p < 0.05) for FSP (37.6%), HASP (17.2%), and ZnSP (8.7%). Micellarization of chlorophyll a derivatives was determined to be significantly more efficient than chlorophyll b derivatives in FSP and HASP (p < 0.01), but not in ZnSP (p > 0.05). Intestinal cell uptake of micellarized pigments was investigated using HTB-37 (parent) and clonal TC7 lines of human Caco-2 cells. Medium containing the pigment-enriched fraction generated during digestion was added to the apical surface of fully differentiated monolayers for 4 h. Pigments were then extracted from cells and analyzed by C18 HPLC with photodiode array detection. Both Caco-2 HTB-37 and TC7 clone cells accumulated 20-40% and 5-10% of micellarized carotenoid and chlorophyll derivatives, respectively. These results are the first to demonstrate uptake of chlorophyll derivatives by human intestinal cells and to support the potential importance of chlorophylls as health-promoting phytochemicals.     

沙地刚性轮构型仿生设计及牵引性能数值分析

为了提高车轮牵引性能,改善车辆在松散沙土介质环境的通过能力,该文以善于沙地奔跑的鸵鸟足部关键部位—足趾甲为仿生原型,通过仿生优化轮刺结构,设计出具有高牵引性能的仿生轮刺式沙地刚性轮,并以一种模拟月壤作为试验松散沙土介质材料,采用离散元软件PFC2D?的内置语言FISH和相关命令,建立了适用于非规则结构刚性轮的轮壤相互作用动态模拟系统,并获得试验验证。通过仿生轮刺式刚性轮与模拟月壤相互作用离散元模拟,并与矩形轮刺式刚性轮模拟结果对照,从轮下模拟月壤颗粒细观运动、接触力场、速度场以及车轮挂钩牵引力角度,验证了仿生轮刺式刚性轮具有优越的牵引性能,在车轮滑转率50%的稳定运行状态下,仿生轮刺式刚性轮的牵引性能可提高5.2%左右。该研究为提高刚性轮在松散沙土介质环境中的牵引性能提供了全新设计和研究手段。