水温对不同规格细鳞鲑摄食和生长的影响

为探讨水温对不同规格细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)摄食和生长的影响,采用自制饲料在不同温度(6℃、10℃、14℃、18℃和22℃)下对小(7 g)、中(68 g)、大(169 g)三种规格的细鳞鲑进行饲养实验。研究结果表明,小规格细鳞鲑在18℃时获得最大摄食率,中规格细鳞鲑在14℃和18℃获得最大摄食率,而大规格细鳞鲑在14℃时获得最大摄食率(P0.05)。小、中规格细鳞鲑在14℃和18℃时的特定生长率最高,而大规格细鳞鲑特定生长率在14℃时有最大值(P0.05)。相同水温条件下,细鳞鲑的最大摄食率随体重的增加而增加,特定生长率随体重的增加而降低,鱼体能值随体重的增加而升高。多元回归分析显示,水温和体重对细鳞鲑最大摄食率(C_(max))的影响可以用下式模拟:lnC_(max)=–6.8282+1.1603ln W+0.3729T–0.0095T~2–0.0157Tln W;水温和体重对细鳞鲑湿重特定生长率(SGR_w,%/d)的影响可用下式拟合:ln SGRw=–1.9390–0.2184ln W+0.4376T–0.0147T~2,水温和体重对细鳞鲑能值E_t(k J/fish)的影响可用如下方程进行较好拟合:ln Et=1.0012+1.2070ln W–0.0002T~2–0.0021Tln W。逐步回归分析表明,水温和体重对细鳞鲑最大摄食率和鱼体能值的影响存在显著的交互作用(P0.05),而对湿重特定生长率的影响不存在交互作用(P0.05)。综合上述研究结果可以认为细鳞鲑养殖的适宜水温范围是14~18℃。     

二、三倍体细鳞鲑幼鱼生长特性的研究

细鳞鲑Brachymystax lenok成熟卵受精后20min,在26℃下处理20min,获三倍体细鳞鲑幼鱼。将二、三倍体细鳞鲑幼鱼饲养在210cm×50cm×45cm(水深60cm)的玻璃钢水槽内,每槽30尾,每种倍性鱼类设3个平行,水温8~10℃下常规养殖90d后,测定试验鱼体长、体质量和肥满度等生长指标。结果表明,三倍体细鳞鲑幼鱼的日增重、增重率和特定生长率显著高于二倍体幼鱼(P<0.05),但二、三倍体细鳞鲑幼鱼的肥满度、饲料系数和存活率等差异不显著(P>0.05)。二、三倍体细鳞鲑幼鱼的体长(L)与体质量(W)呈幂指数增长相关,均为异速生长。两者的特定生长率随体质量的变化趋势相同,均呈显著负相关。本研究结果表明:三倍体细鳞鲑幼鱼的生长特性优于二倍体,可示范养殖、推广。     

温度与盐度对细鳞鲑仔、稚鱼生长和行为的影响

为丰富细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)早期幼鱼培育的基础生物学资料和规模化人工养殖提供理论指导,探究了不同温度(9、13、17、21、25℃)、不同盐度(0、3、6、9、12)及在不同盐度下温度变化对细鳞鲑仔、稚鱼存活和生长的影响。结果表明,温度25℃和盐度9、12条件下,细鳞鲑仔、稚鱼存活率显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),温度17℃对细鳞鲑仔、稚鱼末重和特定生长率显著高于其他温度水平(P<0.05);随着盐度的升高,细鳞鲑仔、稚鱼末重和特定生长率显著降低(P<0.05);在不同盐度的水体中,水温升至19℃时,盐度6、9、12时细鳞鲑仔、稚鱼开始死亡。试验显示,在细鳞鲑仔、稚鱼培育阶段,在9～17℃范围内可适当提高水温,增加其生长速度和增重效果,缩短养殖周期;在一定的盐度水环境中,细鳞鲑仔、稚鱼对温度的适应范围缩小,适应能力减弱。     

温度对细鳞鲑幼鱼最大代谢率和代谢范围的影响

为了探究温度对细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)幼鱼的代谢特征和有氧运动能力的影响,在不同温度(4℃、8℃、12℃、16℃、20℃)下测定了实验鱼的静止代谢率(RMR)、有氧运动过程中的最大代谢率(MMR)以及能量代谢范围(MS)和临界游泳速度(UCrit)。结果表明,随着温度的上升,RMR和MMR均显著提高(P0.05),各温度下的RMR和MMR分别较4℃条件的提高了62%(8℃)、165%(12℃)、390%(16℃)、411%(20℃)和3%(8℃)、34%(12℃)、111%(16℃)、115%(20℃);MS随水温的升高呈现下降的趋势,且4℃条件具有最大的代谢范围。不同温度条件下UCrit存在显著性差异,但随着温度升高未表现出明显的变化规律。有氧运动过程中,不同流速下测定的MMR多出现在70%UCrit附近,可能是由于无氧代谢过早启动,使得机体乳酸积累过多进,降低了有氧代谢水平。     

秦岭细鳞鲑的年龄与生长

 2009—2012年于陕西省陇县秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis)国家级自然保护区内采集秦岭细鳞鲑样本397尾。以鳞片为年龄鉴定材料, 显微镜下观察发现, 秦岭细鳞鲑鳞片上的年轮特征主要表现为普通切割形; 研究样本的年龄共分为5个年龄组, 其中以1～3龄为主, 约占85.64%; 体长(L, mm)和鳞径(R, mm)具有显著的相关性(L= -5.83R² + 208.06R + 34.99, r²=0.88); Von Bertalanffy生长方程分别为: L_t=729.38[1-e^-0.08(t+0.5)], W_t=        6 288.74·[1-e^-0.08(t+0.5)]^{2.968 1}, 雌雄个体的生长速率无显著差异; 生长系数为0.08, 拐点年龄为13.10 龄, 对应的的体长和体质量分别为483.66 mm和1 857.86 g。结论认为, 秦岭细鳞属生长缓慢型鱼类, 在所调查的保护区中秦岭细鳞鲑显现出个体小型化趋势。在制定资源保护策略时, 应考虑采取人工增殖放流措施来扩大自然种群数量, 增强种群的自然调节能力, 恢复种群数量。本研究旨在了解秦岭细鳞鲑的生长规律, 为秦岭细鳞鲑的资源保护与合理利用提供理论指导。

     

饲料不同脂肪和脂肪酶水平对细鳞鲑生长性能、血清生化指标和肝脏抗氧化性能的影响

本实验旨在研究饲料不同脂肪和脂肪酶水平对细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)生长性能、血清生化指标和肝脏抗氧化性的影响。采用2×3双因素实验设计,配制2个脂肪水平(180和220 g/kg)和3个脂肪酶水平(0、2500和5000 U/kg)的6种实验饲料,即C-0、C-2500、C-5000和H-0、H-2500、H-5000。挑选270尾初始体重为(7.34±0.16) g的细鳞鲑,随机分为6个组,每组3个重复,每个重复15尾鱼。各组实验鱼分别投喂6种不同的实验饲料,养殖63 d。结果显示,不同脂肪含量和脂肪酶水平对终末平均体重存在极显著交互作用(P<0.01),对增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)存在显著的交互作用(P<0.05),脂肪与脂肪酶二者均对机体的生长性能产生影响,其中,同一脂肪水平,鱼体重、WGR和SGR均以C-5000组最高。H-0、H-2500、H-5000组血液中的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)分别低于C-0、C-2500、C-5000组,其中,H-0、H-5000与C-0、C-5000组存在显著差异(P<0.05);H-0、H-2500、H-5000组的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)分别高于C-0、C-2500、C-5000组,其中,H-0、H-2500与C-0、C-2500组存在显著差异(P<0.05)。随着脂肪酶水平升高,肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)水平提高,且相同脂肪酶水平的220 g/kg组GPX高于180 g/kg组。综上所述,在脂肪水平为183.7 g/kg、脂肪酶添加量为5000 U/kg时,可以明显改善细鳞鲑幼鱼的生长和抗氧化性能。     

细鳞鲳肌肉营养成份分析

对细鳞鲳成鱼肌肉中的水分、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分含量和氨基酸、脂肪酸组成及含量进行了分析，结果表明：细鳞鲳肌肉蛋白质和脂肪含量均较高，分别为19．54％6.22％。肌肉中含有18种氨基酸，氨基酸总量为73．72％；脂肪酸含有15种，其中高度不饱和脂肪酸含量为15．54％。     

铜对细鳞鲑幼鱼鳃和肝组织的急性毒性

在水温(16±0.5)℃下,采用静水实验法研究不同浓度的铜离子对体质量(35.8±9.6)g的细鳞鲑Brachymystaxlenok幼鱼鳃和肝脏的急性毒性,铜离子浓度为24h半致死浓度(LC_(50))的1/4倍、1/2倍,及1倍。结果表明:铜胁迫初期细鳞鲑幼鱼的鳃充血而颜色而变暗,后期鳃血管和细胞病变,颜色变浅。鳃丝先弯曲,然后溃烂,最后脱落;肝脏出血、肿大,切片显示肝脏细胞空泡化,后期可以看到坏死的细胞核。铜离子对细鳞鲑幼鱼的鳃和肝脏组织有明显的破坏作用,是铜急性中毒致死的原因之一。     

MS-222对细鳞鲑和美洲红点鲑的麻醉效果研究

通过测定不同质量浓度MS-222对细鳞鲑和美洲红点鲑的麻醉效果,检测麻醉时鱼的呼吸频率以及空气暴露时长对鱼体复苏的影响,探究两种鱼类在渔业生产和科研实验中的最适麻醉剂浓度。结果显示：当MS-222质量浓度为80、100 mg/L时,细鳞鲑麻醉所需的时间显著少于40、60 mg/L浓度组,而显著多于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为100 mg/L时,细鳞鲑的复苏时长最短(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为80 mg/L时,美洲红点鲑麻醉所需的时间显著少于40、60 mg/L浓度组,而显著多于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。当MS-222质量浓度为100 mg/L时,美洲红点鲑的复苏时长显著大于40、60和80 mg/L浓度组,而显著小于其余浓度组(P<0.05)。比较MS-222对两种鱼的麻醉效果,美洲红点鲑对MS-222更为敏感。两种鱼的呼吸频率总体上都随着麻醉程度的加深而下降,当空气暴露时长少于5 min时,细鳞鲑的复苏时长先减少后增加,美洲红点鲑的复苏时长则呈逐渐减少趋势。     

细鳞鲑对谷氨酸行为趋向的反应阈值

为了筛选细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)的氨基酸类诱食剂,通过Y型迷宫实验研究了细鳞鲑幼鱼对不同浓度谷氨酸(glutamic acid)刺激液的行为趋向及反应阈值。依据行为反应评分和偏好度分析结果,细鳞鲑幼鱼对1×10^-5、1×10^-6、1×10^-7、1×10^-8、1×10^-9 mol·L^-1的谷氨酸刺激液的相对偏好度分别为0.396、0.436、0.381、3.801、1.142,表明细鳞鲑幼鱼对1×10^-5、1×10^-6、1×10^-7 mol·L^-1谷氨酸有负趋向反应,对1×10^-8、1×10^-9 mol·L^-1谷氨酸有正趋向性,其中对1×10^-8 mol·L^-1谷氨酸的趋向性与对照组有显著性差异(P<0.05),其嗅觉行为趋向的反应阈值为0.7×10^-8 mol·L^-1。结果表明,谷氨酸可作为细鳞鲑潜在的氨基酸类诱食剂。     

Growth,feed utilization and body composition of juvenile Manchurian trout,Brachymystax lenok (Pallas) fed different dietary protein and lipid levels

A 10‐week feeding trial with four dietary protein levels (400, 450, 500 and 550 g kg^?1 crude protein) and two dietary lipid levels (80 and 160 g kg^?1 crude lipid) was conducted to assess optimum dietary protein and lipid levels for the growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile Manchurian trout (initial weight 11.80 ± 0.15 g). Fish were fed twice daily (08:30 and 16:30 h) to apparent satiation. The results showed that fish fed the diet with 500 g kg^?1 protein and 80 g kg^?1 lipid had the highest growth and feed efficiency. However, fish fed the diet with 450 g kg^?1 protein and 160 g kg^?1 lipid showed comparable growth to that of the fish fed diet 5 (500/80) and had higher protein efficiency ratio (PER), nitrogen retention (NR) and energy retention (ER) than other groups (P < 0.05). Growth, PER, NR and ER of fish fed the 160 g kg^?1 lipid diet was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of fish fed the 80 g kg^?1 lipid diet at 400 and 450 g kg^?1 protein diet, whereas these values showed an opposite trend at 500 and 550 g kg^?1 protein diet, and the lowest PER, NR and ER was found by fish fed the 400 g kg^?1 protein diet with 80 g kg^?1 lipid. Fish fed diets with 400 g kg^?1 protein had lower feed intake (FI) than that of other groups. Feed intake of fish fed 80 g kg^?1 lipid level was significantly lower than that of fish fed 160 g kg^?1 lipid diet at 400 g kg^?1 protein (P < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed at 450, 500 and 550 g kg^?1 protein‐based diets. Contrary to moisture content, lipid content of whole body and muscle increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing lipid levels. The results of this study indicated that the diet containing 450 g kg^?1 protein and 160 g kg^?1 lipid, with a P/E ratio of 23.68 g protein MJ^?1 would be suitable for better growth and feed utilization of juvenile Manchurian trout under the experimental conditions and design level used in this study.     

细鳞鲑幼鱼n-3 HUFA需求量的研究

为确定细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)n-3 HUFA需求量以减少鱼油使用和降低养殖成本,研究饲料中不同水平的n-3 HUFA对细鳞鲑的生长性能、体成分和肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响。以脱脂鱼粉、脱脂豆粕、明胶和酪蛋白为主要蛋白源,通过调节饲料中的猪油和浓缩油EPA、DHA水平,使饲料n-3HUFA的含量分别达到0.25%、0.50%、0.75%、1.00%、1.25%、1.50%,配制出6种等氮等能的试验饲料(D 0.25、D 0.50、D 0.75、D1.00、D 1.25和D 1.50),分别投喂细鳞鲑幼鱼(60.0 g±2.8 g)84 d。结果显示:饲料中n-3HUFA不同水平对细鳞鲑成活率和饲料系数没有显著影响,但是显著影响了其末重(FW)、增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)。随着添加饲料中n-3HUFA水平的升高,FW、WGR和SGR有先升高后下降的趋势,且3者在饲料中n-3HUFA水平为0.75%均最大。随着饲料中n-3 HUFA水平的升高,鱼肌肉18∶1n-9的含量逐渐下降,而22∶6n-3的水平相应升高。结果表明,以WGR为评价指标时,用二次曲线模型推测出细鳞鲑对饲料n-3 HUFA的需求量约为0.69%。     

The effect of light intensity on the growth of Brachymystax lenok (Pallas, 1773)

A 35‐day experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of light intensity on growth of Brachymystax lenok under different light intensities: 10, 70, 240 and 1000 lx. Fish(5.5 ± 0.24 g)used in the experiment were fed to satiation twice a day (08:00 hours, 14:00 hours).The photoperiod was 12L:12D (08:00–20:00 hours). The specific growth rate(SGR) of B. lenok under lower intensities(10 lx,70 lx)was significantly higher than the other groups(P < 0.05).No significant difference in feed intake was observed at different light intensities, but feed efficiency (FE) in wet weight at lower intensities (1070 lx) was higher than that at higher intensities(240,1000 lx) (P < 0.05).The final survival rate of juveniles varied from 86.33% to 93.66%,and there was no significant difference between experimental groups. The tested fish under higher light intensities (240 and 1000 lx) spent much more energy in respiration and excretion while depositing less energy for growth than those fish under lower light intensities. It is concluded that light intensity significantly affected growth and optimal light intensity for B. lenok juveniles was about 10–70 lx.     

水温对细鳞鱼幼鱼消化酶活性的影响

1在水温6℃、14℃、22℃下和180×60×50cm控温水族箱中,饲养初始鱼体质量11.3±0.94g的细鳞鱼Brachymystax lenok幼鱼21d,测定了幼鱼消化器官（胃、幽门盲囊、肝脏和肠）中的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活力。结果表明：水温14℃下胃蛋白酶活性最高,其次为水温6℃时,22℃时消化酶活性最低,显著低于前2个处理组（P〈0.05）。肠中脂肪酶活性最高,显著高于胃和肝中（P〈0.05）,其次为幽门盲囊。各消化器官脂肪酶活力均在14℃时最高,其中肠和幽门盲囊中脂肪酶活力显著高于其他2个处理组。各水温条件下,幽门盲囊中淀粉酶活性最高,其次为肠。6℃时,幽门盲囊中淀粉酶活性显著高于胃和肝脏中（P〈0.05）;14℃和22℃时,幽门盲囊和肠中淀粉酶活性显著高于胃和肝脏中（P〈0.05）,胃和肝脏中差异不显著（P〉0.05）。14℃时各消化器官淀粉酶活力最高,6℃时肝脏和肠中淀粉酶活性显著低于14℃时,其它组织中各处理组间淀粉酶活力差异不显著（P〉0.05）。     

水温对细鳞鱼幼鱼消化酶活性的影响

1在水温6℃、14℃、22℃下和180×60×50cm控温水族箱中,饲养初始鱼体质量11.3±0.94g的细鳞鱼Brachymystax lenok幼鱼21d,测定了幼鱼消化器官（胃、幽门盲囊、肝脏和肠）中的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活力。结果表明：水温14℃下胃蛋白酶活性最高,其次为水温6℃时,22℃时消化酶活性最低,...     

Effects of dietary lipid levels on growth,feed utilization,digestive tract enzyme activity and lipid deposition of juvenile Manchurian trout,Brachymystax lenok (Pallas)

Six isoproteic diets were designated to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid levels (from 70 to 270 g/kg) on the growth performance, feed utilization, digestive tract enzyme activity and lipid deposition of juvenile Brachymystax lenok (average initial weight 0.54 ± 0.04 g). Each diet was fed to triplicate tanks (30 fish per tank) in an indoor closed recirculating system for 9 weeks. Final body weight and weight gain were highest in fish fed 190 g/kg diet and lowest in fish fed the 70 g/kg diet. Specific growth rate of fish fed with 190 g/kg diet was significantly higher than those fed with 70 and 270 g/kg diets (p < .05). Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed with 70 g/kg diet was significantly lower than the 110–230 g/kg treatments and was not significantly different from the 270 g/kg treatment. Fish fed with 270 g/kg diet had significantly higher hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index than those fed with 70–190 g/kg diets (p < .05). Intraperitoneal fat ratio and the whole‐body lipid content had a trend to increase with increase in dietary lipid level. Muscle crude lipid content increased up to 190 g/kg with increase in dietary lipid level. Lipid retention decreased with increase in dietary lipid level, while no significant differences in protein intake and retention levels were observed in fish among all treatments. Lipase activity of the mixture of pyloric caeca and foregut in fish fed 190 and 230 g/kg diets was significantly higher than those fed 70 and 110 g/kg diets. Midgut and hindgut lipase activities of fish were significantly higher than those fed the 190 and 230 g/kg diets. In conclusion, based on the second‐order polynomial model of WG and FCR, this study suggested that 173.8–195.0 g/kg dietary lipid levels were appropriated for B. lenok.